ACS Applied Bio Materials最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing Tumor Immunogenicity through Hyaluronic Acid-Mediated Delivery of Nonself Antigenic Peptides","authors":"Aki Kakinami,&nbsp;Sayaka Oitate,&nbsp;Shinichi Mochizuki","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01600","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01600","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) recognize and eliminate tumor cells presenting the tumor-associated antigens on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. However, the efficacy of vaccine-induced CTLs is often limited by the low immunogenicity of self-derived tumor antigens. Because the magnitude of an immune response is closely associated with antigen immunogenicity, strategies that enhance the antigenicity of tumor cells can improve the effectiveness of cancer vaccines. In this study, we prepared a series of conjugates consisting of hyaluronic acid (HA), a tumor-targeting carrier, and the highly immunogenic ovalbumin (OVA)-derived peptide OVA_257–264. The peptide was conjugated to amino-modified HA through a disulfide linkage using a cysteine-extended OVA_257–264 (C-OVA_257–264). We then evaluated whether delivery of C-OVA_257–264 could induce presentation of a foreign antigen on MHC class I molecules of B16F10 melanoma cells. Treatment of B16F10 cells with the conjugate HA-C-OVA_257–264 efficiently induced presentation of C-OVA_257–264 on H-2K^b molecules. Coculture of B16F10 cells treated with HA-C-OVA_257–264 and splenocytes containing OVA_257–264-specific CTLs resulted in robust interferon gamma production and pronounced CTL-mediated cytotoxicity. Similar antigen results were obtained using C-SARS_902–909, a peptide capable of binding H-2K^b and potentially compatible with selected human HLA class I molecules. These findings indicate that foreign antigenic peptides delivered by HA can be presented on MHC class I molecules of tumor cells and subsequently recognized by antigen-specific CTLs. This antigen-replacement strategy represents a promising platform for the development of next-generation cancer vaccines and other antigen-specific immunotherapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":"9 21","pages":"10391–10402"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Smart Antifouling Surfaces Using Enzyme-Responsive Surface Topographies","authors":"Sneh Dagar,&nbsp;Chong Qiu,&nbsp;Huan Gu","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01491","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01491","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biofilm accumulation on polymeric surfaces remains a persistent challenge in biomedical, industrial, and environmental systems. Here, we report an enzyme-responsive antifouling surface that integrates particle-generated topography with biologically activated surface renewal. Microparticles of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and the chitinase-responsive polymer PHEVD were generated by mechanical abrasion and embedded into poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) to create polymer-composite surfaces with three-dimensionally distributed microparticles. PET served as a nonenzyme-responsive control while PHEVD provided an enzyme-degradable phase designed to respond to bacterial activity. Particle-containing PDMS surfaces significantly reduced 24 h <em>Escherichia coli</em> RP437/pRSH109 biofilm biomass, with 2000-grit PHEVD surfaces producing the strongest inhibition and reducing biomass by 86 ± 3% relative to flat PDMS. In contrast, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> PAO1 biofilm biomass after 24 h was not significantly reduced by either PET- or PHEVD-containing surfaces, indicating species-dependent early–stage antibiofilm behavior. However, after 7 days, PHEVD-containing surfaces significantly reduced mature PAO1 biofilm biomass. Under static culture, 600- and 2000-grit PHEVD surfaces reduced PAO1 biomass by 60.0 ± 5.5% and 71.0 ± 13.4%, respectively. Under shaking culture at 200 rpm, 600-grit PHEVD reduced retained PAO1 biomass by 93.6 ± 0.03% compared with flat PDMS and by 93.1 ± 0.03% compared with 600-grit PET. These results suggest that PHEVD-containing surfaces do not primarily prevent early PAO1 attachment but instead promote mature biofilm destabilization and removal. The observed 7-day PAO1 reduction is consistent with a coupled mechanism in which mechanical disturbance exposes PHEVD-rich domains, enabling PAO1-associated enzymatic activity to degrade the exposed PHEVD phase and weaken the biofilm–surface interface. This work establishes a facile strategy for designing biologically activated antifouling surfaces that convert microbial enzymatic activity into a trigger for prolonged biofilm control.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":"9 21","pages":"10317–10328"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and Drug Release Property of Poly(p-dioxanone) Antibacterial Fiber Coated with Chitosan/Polydopamine","authors":"Wenxiang Wang,&nbsp;Xiaoxuan Xi,&nbsp;Xuekai Shen,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Zhao","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01686","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01686","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The adhesion of coating layer, retention of mechanical properties and release control of antibacterial agents have always been the goals and challenges in the preparation of medical sutures. This work constructed a rough and uniform chitosan/polydopamine (CS/PDA) composite coating on biodegradable poly (p-dioxanone) (PPDO) monofilament. A rough structure is conducive to drug adhesion. Subsequently, the antibiotics levofloxacin (Levo) and triclosan (TCS) were introduced into the composite coating by impregnation and in-situ loading methods. Compared with immersion method, in-situ drug loading could effectively control the release rate of drugs. The release kinetics of TCS conformed more closely to the Korsmeyer Peppas model (<em>R</em>² ≥ 0.94), and was dominated by Fickian diffusion. The antibacterial rates of fibers loaded with Levo and TCS against <em>Escherichia coli</em> were 97.5 and 93.4%, respectively, while the antibacterial rates against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> were 94.3 and 99.9%, respectively. In vitro cytotoxicity tests showed that the composite fiber possessed excellent biocompatibility. Additionally, the tensile strength of composite fiber still maintained 13.66 N after 4 weeks in vitro degradation. This ensures sufficient mechanical stability during its service life. This study provides a feasible strategy for developing surgical sutures that combine mechanical stability, controlled drug release, and efficient antibacterial properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":"9 21","pages":"10455–10464"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149236226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Adhesive Aminated Silk Fibroin/Oxidized Alginate Hybrid Hydrogel with Intrinsic Material-Driven Immunomodulatory and Proangiogenic Activities.","authors":"Jutharat Waiyawat, Tanapong Watchararot, Jiraporn Sriwong, Ratirat Sangpayap, Ruedee Hemstapat, Yasuhiko Tabata, Juthamas Ratanavaraporn","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01769","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Effective wound healing requires the coordinated regulation of inflammatory responses and vascular remodeling. However, many bioactive wound dressings rely on exogenous growth factors, therapeutic agents, or cells, which increases formulation complexity and hinders clinical translation. Whether adhesive biomaterials can intrinsically modulate the immune and vascular microenvironments remains poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the intrinsic bioactivity of an adhesive hydrogel composed of aminated silk fibroin and oxidized alginate (ASF/OA), dynamically crosslinked via Schiff-base reactions without any exogenous bioactive additives. Its immunomodulatory and angiogenic potential was evaluated using macrophage assays and the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. The ASF/OA hydrogel suppressed tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) secretion in a concentration-dependent manner (greater than 90% inhibition at 300 mg mL-1) while upregulating arginase-1 (Arg1) expression at 200-300 mg mL-1, indicating modulation toward a reparative macrophage activation state. Furthermore, the hydrogel promoted macrophage migration, evidenced by pronounced cell elongation and remodeled F-actin cytoskeletal organization. The hydrogel also exhibited no detectable irritation in the hen's egg test (HET)-CAM assay. In the CAM model, ASF/OA significantly increased the number of blood vessels and the vascular index. Histological evaluation revealed host cell infiltration into the peripheral region of the hydrogel, blood vessels beneath and adjacent to the implant, and a continuous hydrogel-CAM interface without obvious fibrous separation. These findings demonstrate that the ASF/OA hydrogel intrinsically modulates macrophage behavior in vitro and enhances neovascularization in the CAM model, effects attributed to its physicochemical and adhesive interfacial properties. This work establishes a simplified, material-driven paradigm for designing multifunctional adhesive biomaterials without relying on external bioactive cues. Further validation using in vivo wound models is warranted to assess the potential of ASF/OA for tissue regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149316068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Star-Chained Near-Infrared-Responsive Upconversion Nanoparticle/Fe-TCPP for Synergistic Photodynamic Therapy/Chemodynamic Therapy to Selectively Eradicate Staphylococcus aureus and Repair Infected Wounds","authors":"Yu’e Hao,&nbsp;Yuena Li,&nbsp;Yu Chen,&nbsp;Yaqi Guo,&nbsp;Zhiqin Xiao,&nbsp;Xiao Jiang,&nbsp;Sheng Li,&nbsp;Sihan Chen,&nbsp;Miao Jiang,&nbsp;Deshuai Zhen","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01660","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01660","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, a star-chained near-infrared responsive upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)/Fe-TCPP nanocomposite (UFT) was fabricated via a two-step solvothermal method. Its phase, morphology, and structure were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Owing to electrostatic matching, UFT selectively targeted and killed <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. Under 980 nm irradiation at 1.0 W/cm², 200 µg/mL UFT achieved a 98.46% bactericidal rate against 1 × 10⁶ CFU/mL <em>S. aureus</em> within 18 min via a synergistic photodynamic/chemodynamic effect. In vivo wound healing experiments showed UFT promoted epidermal regeneration and accelerated wound repair. Radical trapping experiments coupled with electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy identified superoxide anions (•O₂^–) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) as the main reactive oxygen species involved in the process. These findings demonstrate that the as-prepared UFT nanocomposite exhibits both excellent near-infrared-responsive antibacterial performance and wound-healing efficacy, providing a promising experimental basis and theoretical foundation for the development of efficient photoresponsive antibacterial materials for the treatment of wounds infected with Gram-positive bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":"9 21","pages":"10427–10440"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149163335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manufacturing Route-Dependent Biointerface Modulation in 3D-Printed and Conventional Dental Implant Systems","authors":"Maria Helena Rossy Borges,&nbsp;Marcio da Costa Marques,&nbsp;Julia Nascimento Souza,&nbsp;Luis Rafael Mangueira Ribeiro,&nbsp;Catia Sufia Alves Freire de Andrade,&nbsp;Agnaldo R. de Souza Junior,&nbsp;Aljomar José Vechiato-Filho,&nbsp;Valentim A. R. Barão,&nbsp;Jamil A. Shibli,&nbsp;João Gabriel S. Souza","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c00473","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.6c00473","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Implant manufacturing routes determine surface architecture and, consequently, modulate biointerface interactions that govern early biological responses. Although additive manufacturing has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional subtractive techniques, direct comparisons among commercially available systems remain limited. In this study, a commercially available additively manufactured dental implant was compared with four market-available conventionally machined systems to elucidate manufacturing route-dependent biointerface modulation. Physicochemical properties, surface topography, and electrochemical behavior were evaluated alongside biological responses. Protein adsorption profiles were characterized by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), while polymicrobial accumulation was quantified and profiled. Microbially induced surface degradation was assessed by titanium ion release. The additively manufactured implant and the market-leading conventional system exhibited higher surface roughness and distinctive topographical features, which were associated with reduced polymicrobial biofilm accumulation, lower titanium ion release following microbial challenge, and stable electrochemical behavior. Although conventionally machined implants exhibited broader proteomic profiles, functional enrichment analyses revealed overlapping biological categories among implant systems. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that the manufacturing route critically modulates implant biointerface characteristics, with additive manufacturing achieving performance comparable to established commercial systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":"9 21","pages":"10090–10106"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149163372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harigabri-Derived Carbon Dots as FRET Probes for E. coli Analysis","authors":"Rile Ou,&nbsp;Denggerile Ao,&nbsp;Lu Ga,&nbsp;Ailing Su,&nbsp;Lan Yu,&nbsp;Jun Ai","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01618","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01618","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Green-fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were hydrothermally synthesized from the Mongolian medicine Harigabri, exhibiting uniform size (∼2.5 nm) and strong emission at 521 nm under 468 nm excitation. Based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the CQDs (donors) and AgNPs (acceptors), an aptamer-functionalized biosensor (Apt-CQDs/AgNPs) was constructed for selective <em>Escherichia coli</em> detection. Target recognition by the aptamer inhibited FRET and restored fluorescence. The sensor showed a linear response from 9 × 10² to 9 × 10⁷ CFU/mL with a detection limit of 5 CFU/mL. This work highlights Harigabri-derived CQDs as promising nanomaterials for rapid pathogen detection and demonstrates the potential of traditional medicinal resources in biosensing applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":"9 21","pages":"10403–10411"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149206268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Easy Oligonucleotide Platform for Rapid, Post-Isolation EV Modification: Dual-Function Uptake Control and Enhanced Targeting","authors":"Christopher G. Blum,&nbsp;Shan Ying,&nbsp;Huda Usman,&nbsp;Phil G. Campbell,&nbsp;Tagbo Niepa,&nbsp;Elizabeth Ransey,&nbsp;Jonathan E. Henninger,&nbsp;Subha R. Das","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01051","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01051","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold immense therapeutic potential, yet their clinical translation is hindered by nonspecific cellular uptake and the complexity and cost of surface engineering. Here, we present the EZON (Easy OligoNucleotide) EV modification platform, a cost-effective, post-isolation modification system that addresses both limitations simultaneously. The EZON platform employs unmodified DNA aptamers that bind directly to tetraspanin proteins on EV surfaces, eliminating the need for cholesterol conjugation, covalent chemistry, or genetic engineering of producer cells. EVs are thus easily and rapidly functionalized in a single incubation step at substantially reduced oligonucleotide cost. The EZON platform enables dual functionality: (1) the oligonucleotide anchor (ONA) sequence inhibits nonspecific cellular uptake, while (2) the display strand enables targeted delivery through ligand-mediated internalization. We demonstrate that our optimized ONA construct efficiently functionalizes EVs from multiple mammalian cell types. Cancer cells selectively internalized EZON-modified EVs functionalized with AS1411, an aptamer that targets nucleolin, whereas off-target internalization was suppressed. The platform’s versatility extends to protein display via histidine-tag aptamers and therapeutic cargo delivery, as demonstrated by targeted doxorubicin delivery to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. This rapid, modular approach transforms unmodified EVs into precision delivery vehicles within hours, offering a scalable solution for targeted therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":"9 21","pages":"10209–10219"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the Interfacial-Wettability-Dependent Growth of Polydopamine: Transmittance Kinetics as a Rapid At-Line Quantitative Probe","authors":"Chenyang Liu,&nbsp;Yan Zhu,&nbsp;Yongmao Hu,&nbsp;Haiyan Zhang,&nbsp;Mingrong Dong,&nbsp;Tao Shen,&nbsp;Jinkun Liu,&nbsp;De-Quan Yang","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c00733","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.6c00733","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Polydopamine (PDA) deposition is often described as “substrate-independent,” yet its early-stage kinetics on chemically well-defined interfaces remain insufficiently quantified. Here, we employ average visible-light transmittance as a rapid, non-destructive at-line kinetic probe to monitor PDA film formation over short timescales (1–20 min) on model hydrophilic (–OH) and hydrophobic (–CH3) surfaces. Combined characterization reveals that wettability governs the initial nucleation and growth modes of PDA and thereby determines the evolution of optical responses and film microstructure. On hydrophobic interfaces, PDA undergoes Volmer–Weber (island-like) growth, producing rapid nucleation, pronounced early transmittance attenuation, and higher surface roughness. In contrast, hydrophilic interfaces favor Frank–van der Merwe-like (layer-by-layer) growth, leading to smoother, denser films and a delayed late-stage “oxidation burst.” As a result, the transmittance–time profiles establish a quantitative link between microscopic interfacial processes and macroscopic optical signals, enabling identification of the transition from nucleation-dominated to later-stage growth behavior. Functionality assays further show that coatings derived from hydrophobic substrates exhibit superior antibacterial performance (&gt;99.9% reduction against E. coli and S. aureus), while maintaining good cytocompatibility (cell viability &gt; 90%). This work elucidates the interfacial dependence of PDA assembly and introduces a simple, optics-based paradigm for rapid at-line process monitoring and quality control in coating technologies. Growth-mode terminology is used throughout as a descriptive analogy for the observed morphological and kinetic sequence, not as a claim of heteroepitaxial thermodynamic growth modes.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":"9 21","pages":"10152–10169"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149236264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Callicarpa nudiflora-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Based Hydrogel Loaded with Apremilast for Enhanced Therapy of Psoriasis","authors":"Yingmiao Ou,&nbsp;Baoliang Pei,&nbsp;Chong Wang,&nbsp;Liang Chen,&nbsp;Jizhou Zhu,&nbsp;Peng Xu,&nbsp;Haijun Zhong,&nbsp;Hongbo Zhang,&nbsp;Feng Guo","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01702","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01702","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Apremilast (APST) is an effective medication for psoriasis, but its clinical application is limited by its exclusive availability as an oral tablet formulation and the associated systemic adverse effects. Hydrogel-based transdermal delivery offers a promising alternative for localized APST administration. To address this, <em>Callicarpa nudiflora</em>-derived extracellular vesicle-based hydrogel loaded with APST (APST-EV-Gel) was developed. APST was first loaded into<em> Callicarpa nudiflora</em>-derived extracellular vesicles (APST-EVs) with a drug loading of 17.14% ± 0.13% and an encapsulation efficiency of 41.49% ± 0.48%. The resulting APST-EVs were then embedded in a carbomer hydrogel to form APST-EV-Gel. Pharmacodynamic evaluation demonstrated that APST-EV-Gel significantly ameliorated skin lesions and reduced splenic inflammation in mice. The treatment also decreased infiltration of T-lymphocytes and neutrophils, downregulated the proliferation marker Ki67, and markedly lowered levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-23. Furthermore, APST-EV-Gel promoted apoptosis in hyperproliferative keratinocytes, thereby contributing to disease alleviation. In conclusion, the combination of APST and EVs exerts superior therapeutic efficacy against psoriasis compared to monotherapy with either agent alone. APST-EV-Gel represents a promising topical therapeutic strategy for psoriasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":"9 21","pages":"10479–10496"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}