ACS Applied Bio Materials最新文献

{"title":"Biomimetic Elastomer-Clay Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Control of Biological Chemicals for Soft Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing.","authors":"Sungkwon Yoon, Biqiong Chen","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.4c01944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.4c01944","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Resilient hydrogels are of great interest in soft tissue applications, such as soft tissue engineering and wound healing, with their biomimetic mechanical and hydration properties. A critical aspect in designing hydrogels for healthcare is their functionalities to control the surrounding biological environments to optimize the healing process. Herein, we have created an elastomer-clay nanocomposite hydrogel system with biomimetic mechanical behavior and sustained drug delivery of bioactive components and malodorous diamine-controlling properties. These hydrogels were prepared by a combined approach of melt intercalation of poly(ethylene glycol) and montmorillonite clay, followed by <i>in situ</i> cross-linking with a branched poly(glycerol sebacate) prepolymer. The hydration, vapor transmission, and surface wettability of the hydrogels were readily controlled by varying the clay content. Their mechanical properties were also modulated to mimic the Young's moduli (ranging between 12.6 and 105.2 kPa), as well as good flexibility and stretchability of soft tissues. A porous scaffold with interconnected pore structures as well as full and instant shape recovery was fabricated from a selected nanocomposite to demonstrate its potential applications as soft tissue scaffolds and wound healing materials. Biodegradability and biocompatibility were tested <i>in vitro</i>, showing controllable degradation kinetics with clay and no evidence of cytotoxicity. With the high surface area and absorption capacity of the clay, sustained drug delivery of a proangiogenic agent of 17β-estradiol as a model drug and the ability to control the malodorous diamines were both achieved. This elastomer-clay nanocomposite hydrogel system with a three-dimensional interconnected porous scaffold architecture and controllable hydration, mechanical, and biodegradable properties, as well as good biocompatibility and the ability to control the biological chemical species of the surrounding environments, has great potential in soft tissue engineering and wound healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activating Thermoplastic Polyurethane Surfaces with Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Recombinant Human α-Defensin 5 Monolayers for Antibiofilm Activity.","authors":"Xavier Rodríguez Rodríguez, Adrià López-Cano, Karla Mayolo-Deloisa, Oscar Q Pich, Paula Bierge, Nora Ventosa, Cristina García-de-la-Maria, José M Miró, Oriol Gasch, Jaume Veciana, Judith Guasch, Anna Arís, Elena Garcia-Fruitós, Imma Ratera","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.4c00732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.4c00732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Addressing multidrug-resistant microbial infections linked to implantable biomedical devices is an urgent need. In recent years, there has been an active exploration of different surface coatings to prevent and combat drug-resistant microbes. In this research, we present a facile chemical modification of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) surfaces with poly(ethylene glycol)-based recombinant human α-defensin 5 (HD5) protein with antimicrobial activity. TPU is one of the most relevant materials used for medical devices with good mechanical properties but also good chemical resistance, which makes it difficult to modify. The chemical modification of TPU surfaces is achieved via a three-step procedure based on (i) TPU activation using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI); (ii) interfacial reaction with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives; and finally, (iii) a facile click reaction between the PEG-maleimide terminated assembled monolayers on the TPU and the cysteine (-thiol) termination of the recently designed recombinant human α-defensin 5 (HD5) protein. The obtained PEG based HD5 assembled monolayers on TPU were characterized using a surface science multitechnique approach including scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, contact angle, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The modified TPU surfaces with the HD5 protein derivative exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial properties reducing biofilm formation against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (Gram-negative), methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) (Gram-positive) and methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> (MRSE) (Gram-positive). These findings underscore the substantial potential of protein-modified TPU surfaces for applications in combating bacterial infections associated with implantable materials and devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial Polymers Based on Two Orthogonal Binding Motifs Coalesce with Bacterial Matter.","authors":"Esteban Bautista, Eduardo Estrada, Jacob Deyell, Melody Sun, Albert R La Spada, Seunghyun Sim","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.4c01872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.4c01872","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Addressing the growing concern about antibiotic-resistant bacteria, we have developed a series of polymers exhibiting intrinsic antibacterial activities with a dual-targeting system that induces physical lysis upon copolymer coalescence with bacterial matter. These polymers are equipped with two orthogonal binding motifs that form electrostatic interactions and dynamic covalent complexes on bacterial surfaces and exhibit potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The effect of the chemical composition and architecture of copolymers incorporating phenylboronic acid and quaternary ammonium groups on the antimicrobial activities was systematically examined. This work expands the current chemical repertoire to combat antimicrobial resistance by intrinsically antibacterial polymers with a unique mode of action.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction of \"Development and Immunological Evaluation of a Multiantigen Thermostable Nanovaccine Adjuvanted with T-Cell-Activating Scaffold for African Swine Fever\".","authors":"Lidan Sun, Jinsong Zhang, Lijun Shi, Yuanli Peng, Xiangning Feng, Fang Huang, Feixia Yang, Jinyu Li, Shuo Wang, Jingqi Niu, Jinling Liu, Yingjun Li, Shanhu Li, Zeliang Chen","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.5c00194","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conductive Hybrid Hydrogel of Carbon Nanotubes-Protein-Cellulose: In Vivo Treatment of Diabetic Wound via Photothermal Therapy and Tracking Real-Time Wound Assessment via Photoacoustic Imaging.","authors":"Kaustubh Naik, Shikha Tripathi, Rahul Ranjan, Somesh Agrawal, Shweta Singh, Prodyut Dhar, Kanhaiya Singh, Vinod Tiwari, Avanish Singh Parmar","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.4c01755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.4c01755","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic wounds pose significant challenges in healthcare due to their slow healing rates and susceptibility to infections, leading to severe complications. In this study, we developed a carbon nanotube-based conductive protein-cellulose hydrogel designed to enhance wound healing through photothermal therapy. The hydrogel's unique properties, including high electrical conductivity and biocompatibility, were assessed in vitro for cell viability, hemolysis, and histological evaluations. In vivo studies on diabetic rats revealed that the hydrogel significantly improved wound healing, with faster wound closure rates. These results were supported by noticeable reductions in inflammatory markers and enhanced blood vessel formation, as observed through immunohistochemical analysis. Additionally, photoacoustic imaging offered real-time data on blood flow and tissue oxygen levels, showing positive trends in the healing process. Overall, these findings point to the potential of this conductive hydrogel, especially when paired with photothermal therapy, to serve as an effective treatment for diabetic wounds, offering promising possibilities in wound care strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143447282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper-Based Metal-Organic Framework as a Potential Therapeutic Gas Carrier: Optimization, Synthesis, Characterization, and Computational Studies.","authors":"Chitrangda Singh, Chandan Bhogendra Jha, Avnika Singh Anand, Ekta Kohli, Neha Manav, Raunak Varshney, Sreedevi Upadhyayula, Rashi Mathur","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.4c01907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.4c01907","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The broad spectrum of health conditions and the global pandemic, leading to inadequate medical oxygen supply and management, has driven interest in developing porous nanocarriers for effective oxygenation strategies. We aim to develop an injectable oxygen carrier with regard to biocompatibility, safety, prehospital availability, and universal applicability. In this study, we have tried to identify important functional sites on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for gas binding with the help of Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation. We have synthesized a copper-based MOF (Cu-BTC) with a 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid linker through a solvothermal approach as a competent porous adsorbent for oxygen storage and delivery. To optimize process variables, we performed statistical analysis using response surface methodology. A quadratic model was developed to study the interaction between independent variables and the response (i.e., maximizing surface area), whose adequacy is validated by the correlation between experimental and predicted values using the ANOVA method. The synthesized Cu-BTC, before and after oxygen loading, was characterized using X-ray diffraction, surface area, along with pore distribution measurement, particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and gas adsorption studies. The Cu-BTC MOF exhibited an oxygen uptake of 4.6 mmol g^-1, the highest among all the oxygen carriers reported in the literature under the same operating conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that this synthesized Cu-BTC with high surface area (1389 m² g^-1), high porosity, optimum oxygen uptake, and good biocompatibility would show potential toward efficient storage and delivery (direct to the targeted site) of medical oxygen to raise the blood oxygen saturation level.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of a <i>retro</i>-GFOGER Adamantane-Based Collagen Mimetic Peptide Imbibed in a Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel for Enhanced Wound Healing.","authors":"Variksha Singh, Thashree Marimuthu, Ntlama F Lesotho, Maya M Makatini, Thandokuhle Ntombela, Armorel Van Eyk, Yahya E Choonara","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.4c01895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.4c01895","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study reported the synthesis and formulation of an adamantane-based collagen mimetic peptide (CMP) hydrogel containing the integrin-binding motif <i>retro</i>-GFOGER, designed to enable the controlled delivery of CMPs with the ability of direct wound healing for the potential treatment of acute wounds. Initially, two adamantane-functionalized CMPs (peptides NL008 and NL010) were synthesized, characterized, and comparatively screened for their in vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity. In vitro evaluations of scratch closure and biocompatibility were assessed on human-derived keratinocytes. Release and permeation of the peptides were evaluated in vitro and ex vivo. Wound closure rates and histological evaluations were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats over 3, 7, and 14 days for the NL010-HAgel formulation. Peptide NL010 was found to be the most suitable candidate among the adamantane CMPs. For a comparative study, peptide NL010 and its palmitic acid analogue, NL009, were loaded into a hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel and lyophilized. The CMP hydrogels exhibited porosity (<30 μm) and were viscoelastic solids. The physicomechanical properties of the formulations showed optimal characteristics for application as wound dressings in terms of textural profile. Peptide NL008 exhibited lower bioactivity and cell viability compared to NL009 and NL010 across various concentrations and cell lines. Peptide release from NL009-HAgel and NL010-HA gel was 74% and 83%, respectively. Across an ex vivo porcine skin membrane, the CMP-HAgel showed good permeation and was retained in the epidermis and superficial dermis. CMP-HAgel at 0.1% (w/v) showed better HaCaT cell viabilities. In vitro assays demonstrated that the NL010-HA gel achieved scratch closure (99.9%) within 24 h, while the NL009-HAgel showed scratch closure (93.7%) within the same time frame. In vivo, NL010-HAgel improved healing by enhancing epithelialization and granulation tissue deposition (via fibroblast and collagen responses). The findings of this study suggested that the CMP cell-instructive hydrogel is a promising platform with the potential to accelerate wound healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial Surfaces Prepared through Electropolymerization of <i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: A Pivotal Role of the Metal.","authors":"Quentin Gaudillat, Hamdi Ben Halima, Agathe Figarol, Vincent Humblot, Isabelle Jourdain, Boris Lakard, Joan Bausells, Lydie Viau","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.4c01813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.4c01813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>N</i>-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes are known to have antibacterial properties in solutions. However, these complexes have never been immobilized on solid supports to prepare antibacterial surfaces. Here, we tackled this lack and succeeded in immobilizing these NHC complexes on gold surfaces by electropolymerization. For this, we synthesized a series of various NHC complexes of different low-valent transition metals (M = Ag(I), Au(I), Rh(I), Ru(II), Cu(I)) bearing a pyrrole function at the five-membered carbenic cycle. We measured the antibacterial properties of these complexes against two Gram-negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>) and two Gram-positive bacteria (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Listeria innocua</i>) by determining their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. All NHC complexes presented interesting antibacterial properties that are metal-dependent. The silver-NHC complex showed higher antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria (MIC = 16 μg·mL^-1) than against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC = 32 μg·mL^-1) and was poorly efficient against <i>L. innocua</i>. All other metal-NHC complexes were more efficient against Gram-positive bacteria, with MIC values in the range 4-16 μg·mL^-1. These NHC complexes were then electropolymerized on gold substrates using their pyrrole function. Efficient incorporation of these NHC species into polypyrrole (PPy) films was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements with metal contents ranging from 0.8% (Cu) to 12.3% (Ag). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and profilometry measurements ascertain that the homogeneity, structure, and thickness of the films depend on the metal. The antibacterial activities of the polypyrrole films were then determined by the halo inhibition method. A very good match between the antibacterial properties of the films and those of the monomers with Ag(I), Au(I), and Rh(I) complexes was found. For the other complexes, the metallic content was too low to obtain interesting antibacterial properties. The cytotoxicity of the films was finally evaluated on normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). Our study reveals a strong impact of the doping anions of polypyrrole on cell viability.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemosensitizer Loaded NIR-Responsive Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: A Tool for Drug-Resistant Breast Cancer Synergistic Therapy.","authors":"Cigdemnaz Ersoz Okuyucu, Gokce Dicle Kalaycioglu, Ayse Kevser Ozden, Nihal Aydogan","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.4c01675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.4c01675","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although numerous technical advances have been made in cancer treatment, chemotherapy is still a viable treatment option. However, it is more effective when used in combination with photothermal therapy for resistant breast cancer cells. This study introduces a smart drug delivery system, (DOX-OA+VERA+AuNRs)@NLC, which is designed for dual chemo/photothermal therapy of multiple-drug-resistant breast cancer. Type-III nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were used as drug delivery systems, where nano-in-nano structures offer several advantages. Doxorubicin (DOX) was used as the antitumor agent by ion-pairing it with oleic acid (OA) to increase the DOX loading capacity, as well as to reduce the burst release of the drug. Verapamil (VERA), which was used as a chemosensitizer to overcome the multiple-drug resistance, was co-loaded with DOX-OA. Gold nanorods (AuNRs) were exploited as the photothermal therapy agent in photothermal therapy (PTT) application, which would have a synergistic relation with chemotherapy. The release of DOX-OA and VERA from NLCs was studied <i>in vitro</i> by triggering with NIR laser irradiation. Thus, an all-in-one drug delivery system was designed to release the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) at higher concentrations in the desired region and provide both chemo/PTT. Besides, the application of a folic acid-chitosan (FA-CS) coating to NLCs has facilitated the development of systems capable of targeting and specifically releasing their cargo within cancerous tissues while preserving their surrounding environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noninvasive Monitoring of Palmitoyl Hexapeptide-12 in Human Skin Layers: Mechanical Interaction with Skin Components and Its Potential Skincare Benefits.","authors":"Cosimo Ligorio, Elham Tavasoli, Nevena Karaman-Jurukovska, Abraham Ittycheri, Anna M Kotowska, Mohammed H Khan, David J Scurr, Shovit A Gupta, Leah V Moogan, Jaime Emmetsberger, Fake Lu, Guy K German, Tom Mammone, Alvaro Mata","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.4c01816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.4c01816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Self-assembling peptides (SAPs) represent a rich source of building blocks that interact with biological structures. For instance, cosmetic SAPs like Palmitoyl hexapeptide-12 have gained increasing interest for their anti-aging properties. However, their short-term impact on the skin composition and mechanics remains unclear. In this study, a battery of label-free techniques is exploited to objectively monitor the effects of Palmitoyl hexapeptide-12 on human skin. Orbital trapping secondary ion mass spectrometry (OrbiSIMS) is used to discern between Palmitoyl hexapeptide-12 sol and gel forms, tracking its self-assembly and penetration within full-thickness human skin. Palmitoyl hexapeptide-12 is shown to permeate both stratum corneum and epidermal layers, initiating gel formation by harnessing endogenous ions. Hence, the ability of the peptide to strengthen and repair the skin barrier after delipidation is also demonstrated through a high-throughput mechanical characterization and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). Finally, the co-assembling properties of Palmitoyl hexapeptide-12 with native skin molecules are shown via <i>in vitro</i> tests and <i>ex vivo</i> histology. This study establishes a methodological benchmark for measuring the effects of cosmetic peptides on skin mechanics and hydration, introducing a platform to design SAPs capable of harnessing native skin molecules to create \"biocooperative\" structures with cosmetic benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}