Environmental Science: Nano最新文献

{"title":"Mechanistic insights into Sb(iii) adsorption and oxidation on MnO2 facets","authors":"Rohit Kumar, Song Chai, Ran Mao, Yanpeng Chen, Hasan Ubaid Ullah, Jianbo Shi and Li Yan","doi":"10.1039/D5EN01218J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5EN01218J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Antimony (Sb) contamination from mining and industrial activities poses a major environmental concern. Manganese dioxide (MnO<small>₂</small>) exhibits strong potential for Sb removal from aqueous solutions through adsorption and redox processes. The surface reactivity of MnO<small>₂</small> facets critically governs interfacial Sb(<small>III</small>) reactions; however, the structural and mechanistic controls underlying facet-dependent reactivity remain unclear. This study investigates Sb(<small>III</small>) adsorption and oxidation on three MnO<small>₂</small> nanomaterials with distinct exposed facets, δ-001, α-310, and α-110, to elucidate surface structure-dependent mechanisms. Sb(<small>III</small>) adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm, with maximum capacities of 153.9, 107.3, and 70.1 mg g<small>⁻¹</small> for δ-001, α-310, and α-110, respectively. The oxidation of Sb(<small>III</small>) to Sb(<small>V</small>) followed the order α-310 (13.2%) &gt; α-110 (10.0%) &gt; δ-001 (2.5%). ATR-FTIR analysis showed that Sb(<small>III</small>) forms inner-sphere surface complexes whose structures evolve during adsorption and transformation. XPS results revealed that Sb(<small>III</small>) oxidation is coupled with Mn reduction, controlled by facet-dependent Mn(<small>III</small>)/Mn(<small>IV</small>) and O<small>_ads</small>/O<small>_lat</small> ratios. XRD confirmed mineral transformations from MnO<small>₂</small> to MnO(OH) and Mn<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small>. EPR measurements demonstrated that Mn(<small>II</small>)/Mn(<small>IV</small>) species play key roles in Sb(<small>III</small>) adsorption and oxidation. Overall, the three MnO<small>₂</small> facets exhibited distinct Sb(<small>III</small>) adsorption and oxidation behaviors. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into facet-dependent redox processes and enhance predictive understanding of Sb transformation at mineral surfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2442-2453"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147630621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking protein corona composition to ecotoxicological outcomes: a comparative study of different engineered nanoparticles in Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus","authors":"Patrizia Romano, Arianna Bellingeri, Marco Morelli, Rosanna Lucignano, Eugenio Paccagnini, Iole Venditti, Andrea Carpentieri, Pietro Lupetti, Ilaria Corsi and Serena Leone","doi":"10.1039/D5EN00836K","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5EN00836K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Once released into the environment, nanoparticles (NPs) rapidly interact with biomolecules present in biological fluids, leading to the formation of a protein corona that strongly influences their biological fate and interaction with living beings. In the field of ecotoxicology, investigating this bio–nano interface is crucial to understand how NPs are recognized and processed by marine organisms. In our study, we analyzed the formation of the protein corona around four NPs, two metal-based, AgcitLcys and TiO<small>₂</small>, and two polymer-based, PS-COOH and PS-NH<small>₂</small>, after incubation in the coelomic fluid (CF) of the sea urchin <em>Paracentrotus lividus</em>. NPs were characterized before and after incubation in CF using DLS and TEM, while proteomic analysis enabled the identification of adsorbed proteins and the estimation of their relative abundance. The composition of the coronas differed depending on the chemical nature and surface functionalization of the NPs, suggesting selective interactions with components of the CF biological matrix. <em>In vitro</em> bioassays on sea urchin's coelomocytes revealed distinct ecotoxicological outcomes among NPs: AgcitLcys induced the strongest effects, significantly reducing cell viability and lysosomal membrane stability at environmentally relevant concentrations (25 μg L<small>⁻¹</small>) while PS and TiO<small>₂</small> elicited milder responses. A combined analysis of proteomic and <em>in vitro</em> data suggests that the protein corona is essential for mediating interactions between NPs and coelomocytes. The different affinity of NP surfaces for specific extracellular proteins may influence their recognition, internalization, and impact on cellular physiology. For instance, the corona formed around AgcitLcys contained proteins that bind to and transport other molecules, which could facilitate cellular interactions and activate redox and inflammatory pathways at the extracellular level, thereby modulating particles toxicity. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of accounting for the biological corona in the ecotoxicological assessment of NPs and confirm the protein corona as a key determinant in mediating nano–bio interactions in marine organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2284-2301"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147630622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon dots in green agriculture: next-generation tool for photosynthesis enhancement and agricultural resilience","authors":"Diya Ann Maria, Aishwarya Joji Mathew, T. P. Vinod and Jos T. Puthur","doi":"10.1039/D5EN01050K","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5EN01050K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >To overcome the current environmental constraint in agriculture, innovative integration of nanomaterials has emerged as a promising strategy leading to the enhancement of crop productivity and resilience. Carbon dots (CDs), a novel class of carbon-based nanomaterials, are gaining attention for their unique properties like superior photostability, tunable photoluminescence, adjustable surface functionality, light conversion efficiency and biocompatibility. They are very small in size, typically less than 10 nm in diameter, and possess high aqueous solubility and negligible toxicity, which aid in efficient interaction with plants. The versatility and efficacy of CDs in sustainable agriculture make them feasible options for future agricultural practices. This review discusses the recent developments and discoveries in the mode and mechanism of action of CDs in plants, the specific influence of CDs on photosynthetic function, along with discussions on how carbon dots alleviate abiotic and biotic stresses. This article also aims to provide a comprehensive overview of carbon dots as a seed priming agent, the environmental friendliness of CDs, and challenges in using CDs in agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2235-2261"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147630625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergent impacts of antibiotics on ferrihydrite biotransformation by Shewanella oneidensis: electron transfer regulation and iron redox cycling","authors":"Xinyue Li, Jianxin Chen, Xiyuan Chen, Yuxin Wang, Jieyu Li, Xiangchun Guo, Yan Shi, Kejing Zhang and Zhang Lin","doi":"10.1039/D5EN01195G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5EN01195G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Antibiotics, as ubiquitous environmental pollutants, disrupt iron biogeochemical cycles. However, their role in regulating ferrihydrite (Fh) transformation mediated by dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria, and their coupled conversion, remains poorly understood. This study investigates the influence of antibiotics on Fh biotransformation by <em>Shewanella oneidensis</em> MR-1, focusing on the regulation of microbe–mineral interfacial electron transfer. Among seven representative antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole enhanced Fe(<small>II</small>) production by promoting microbial electron flux, thereby accelerating Fh transformation toward magnetite. Conversely, chloramphenicol suppressed Fe(<small>II</small>) generation by competing for microbial electrons <em>via</em> nitro group reduction and inhibiting extracellular electron transfer, kinetically trapping mineral transformation at the goethite stage. Sulfamethoxazole was reductively degraded by biogenic Fe(<small>II</small>) <em>via</em> N–O bond cleavage, facilitating green rust formation and further promoting magnetite nucleation, whereas chloramphenicol was predominantly hydrolyzed by microbes or on mineral surfaces without contributing to Fe(<small>III</small>) reduction. These findings reveal that antibiotics can serve as either electron mediators or competitors, directly coupling their degradation to iron redox cycling and controlling mineral transformation pathways. This work provides novel insights into the environmental persistence of antibiotics and their previously overlooked role in mineral transformation, with critical implications for managing antibiotic-contaminated ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2412-2427"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147630626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reprogramming of black bean leaf metabolism by zinc nanofertilizers and biofertilizers revealed through NMR metabolomics","authors":"Elsy Rubisela López-Vargas, Diego Hidalgo-Martínez, Oscar Camacho-Nieto, Luis Gerardo Zepeda-Vallejo, Marissa Pérez-Álvarez, Gregorio Cadenas-Pliego, Alma Delia Hernández-Fuentes and Elvia Becerra-Martínez","doi":"10.1039/D5EN00872G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5EN00872G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Zinc (Zn) is one of the essential micronutrients required for plant growth. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of two Zn oxide nanoparticles (NPs) as nanofertilizers (NFs): cotton-synthesized Zn NPs (ZnC) and chitosan-synthesized Zn NPs (ZnCh), and two biofertilizers (BFs): nopal cactus extract (NE) and commercial lumbrihumus Biojal® (WH), and the combination of both, as well as a control (water), on the growth and metabolomic profile of black bean seedlings. Leaf application of ZnC, NE + ZnCh and WH increased plant height (35.9%, 35.5%, and 25.7%) and the number of leaves (38.4%, 39.3%, and 36.9%). Metabolic profiling analysis obtained by NMR identified 44 metabolites: 7 sugars, 17 amino acids, 12 organic acids, 4 nucleosides, 1 alcohol (methanol) and 3 miscellaneous compounds (trigonelline, choline, and NAD+). WH + ZnC treatment increased the concentration of organic acids such as 3-<em>O</em>-caffeoylquinic acid (5%), 5-<em>O</em>-caffeoylquinic acid (152.6%), fumaric acid (292.3%), and pyruvic acid (150.0%), amino acids such as methionine (177.8%), leucine (241.9%), histidine (233.3%), aspartate (79.6%), and alanine (127.4%), and nucleosides such as uridine and cytidine (156.3% and 266.7%). Metabolic pathway analysis predicted 11 altered metabolic pathways mainly affecting amino acids, sugars, and organic acids. From the above, it is assumed that the use of Zn as NFs, as well as the combination of NFs + BFs, can improve growth and enhance the accumulation of metabolites by acting synergistically, which could help improve the quantitative and qualitative development of the crop.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2396-2411"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147630627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-step synthesis of Fe-doped metal–organic framework nanozymes for colorimetric detection and removal of tetracycline antibiotics","authors":"Mengru Shan, Yufeng Zhang, Haobin Jin, Siyu Luo, Yanqing Cong, Shiwen Lv, Jing Xu and Yi Zhang","doi":"10.1039/D6EN00055J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D6EN00055J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this work, ZIF-67/Fe nanozymes with specific binding sites toward tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) were synthesized <em>via</em> a one-step method, taking advantage of the strong interaction between Fe and oxygen-containing functional groups in TCs. Taking advantage of the specific enhancement effect of TCs on the peroxidase-like activity of ZIF-67/Fe, a high-performance colorimetric sensor array was constructed. This array could successfully discriminate four types of TCs, namely oxytetracycline, tetracycline, doxycycline, and doxycycline hydrochloride. It exhibited a linear detection range of 50–1000 μg L<small>⁻¹</small> for all four antibiotics, with limits of detection (LOD) as low as 17.78, 19.71, 33.39, and 38.05 μg L<small>⁻¹</small>, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that Fe doping significantly enhanced the peroxidase-like activity of the nanozyme by facilitating electron transfer between the nanozyme and TCs. Furthermore, the ZIF-67/Fe nanozyme could effectively achieve TC removal after the detection process, and it still maintained the capability to accurately distinguish tetracycline antibiotics in real water samples. The one-step preparation strategy proposed in this study simplifies the synthesis process of MOF-based nanozymes. The constructed sensor array breaks through the technical bottleneck that traditional methods find it difficult to distinguish antibiotics of the same category. With the dual functions of high-sensitivity detection and pollutant removal, it provides a new idea for the accurate monitoring and control of TCs in aquatic environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2428-2441"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147649308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rational design of a dummy-imprinted nanoplatform for ultrasensitive and leakage-free headspace-electrochemical detection of 2-MIB","authors":"Zeyang Li, Anuja Tripathi, Yuan Tian, Jingsi Gao, Jianfeng Zhou and Xing Xie","doi":"10.1039/D6EN00099A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D6EN00099A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The accumulation of taste and odor (T&amp;O) metabolites, particularly 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), poses persistent challenges to drinking water security. Conventional reliance on centralized chromatography creates logistical bottlenecks that impede real-time decision-making. Herein, we report an integrated headspace-electrochemical nanoplatform (IHEN) utilizing a high-fidelity “dummy” template strategy for rapid on-site detection. Guided by a multi-scale computational screening protocol involving topological similarity analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, 2-ethylfenchol (2-EF) was rationally selected as a cost-effective, isostructural analog to create precise recognition cavities. This approach significantly enhances analytical fidelity by distinguishing signal responses from potential template residues, while the integrated headspace configuration ensures a physically leakage-free detection process that protects the original sample matrix from secondary contamination. The sensing interface integrates a dummy-imprinted polymer with a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<small>₃</small>N<small>₄</small>) nanocomposite scaffold, which synergistically amplifies electron transfer kinetics and vapor-phase capture efficiency. The resulting sensor achieves an ultralow limit of detection (LOD) of ∼96 pg L<small>⁻¹</small>, far surpassing human sensory thresholds. Validated by excellent recovery in natural waters, this portable, cost-effective paradigm enables decentralized monitoring for the proactive management of T&amp;O events in water treatment facilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2350-2363"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147641948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and removal of nano-/micro-plastics using nanostructured materials: from fundamentals to environmental applications","authors":"Jai Prakash, Nikita Sharma, Rupam Sharma, Sahil Thakur, Samriti Sharma, Pradeep Kumar, Farikhatul Fitria, Sakthivel Gandhi, K. S. Shalini Devi, Hideki Kuramitz and Mikhael Bechelany","doi":"10.1039/D5EN01001B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5EN01001B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The rising issue of microplastic (1 μm–5 mm) and nanoplastic (&lt;1 μm) pollution in the environment due to urbanization, industrialization, and modernization of society poses serious health and environmental risks. These nano-/micro-plastic (NMP) contaminants infiltrate air, water, and soil systems, threatening the ecological balance and food safety through their persistence and toxicity. Consequently, extensive research efforts have been devoted to developing sensitive detection and efficient removal strategies for NMPs at trace levels. Interestingly, due to the advancements in nanoscience and the development of various nanostructured materials (<em>i.e.</em>, 0D–3D nanomaterials) with excellent surface and optoelectronic properties, several promising strategies have been developed for the ultra-detection of NMPs and their removal from the environment (including air, water, and soil). Such nanostructured materials have been explored in recent years as a next-generation solution for environmental monitoring and remediation of NMPs. This review comprehensively discusses various nanostructured materials, including plasmonic metals, semiconductor photocatalysts, 2D nanomaterials, and 3D frameworks, such as MOFs, along with their hybrids, emphasizing their unique structural and functional attributes that enable effective sensing, identification, and removal of NMPs from the environment. The present review also highlights the sources, characteristics, and impacts of NMPs and discusses conventional detection and removal methods. The emerging use of nanostructured materials in SERS and electrochemical sensing is then discussed, together with NPS removal through adsorption and photocatalytic processes. While such nanomaterial-based methods demonstrate superior efficiency and selectivity compared to the conventional methods, their practical application is constrained by their cost, synthesis complexity, and scalability limitations. Finally, various challenges, including laboratory performance and the environmental implications and related risks, are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2164-2210"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147626024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MOF-derived magnetic microrobots for the active capture of nanoplastics","authors":"Minitha Cherukutty Ramakrishnan and Martin Pumera","doi":"10.1039/D5EN00665A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5EN00665A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The widespread use of synthetic polymeric products in modern life has led to an uncontrolled presence of micro-/nano-plastics in the ecosystem. Tiny plastic debris are now commonly found in water bodies, posing potential threats to the well-being of living organisms. Among various water remediation methods, adsorption stands out as a safe and effective strategy for removing micro-/nano-plastics because it avoids the release of toxic by-products. However, diffusion-limited interactions complicate the practical implementation of this approach. Herein, we adopted a microrobotic approach to actively and selectively collect nanoplastics from aqueous solutions. As a model system, we utilized microrods derived from iron-based metal–organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) as magnetically actuated microrobots to remove polystyrene nanobeads. For microrobot fabrication, we employed a two-stage strategy, in which the Fe-MOF structures are carbonized to form the porous FeO<small>_<em>x</em></small>@C microrods. Structural and morphological studies confirmed the successful fabrication of hexagonal microrods with an intrinsic magnetic behavior and surface-active sites. Under rotating magnetic fields, the FeO<small>_<em>x</em></small>@C microrods (MILBots) demonstrated externally controllable locomotion, enabling the active removal of nanoplastics from aqueous solutions. Such a microrobotic approach could pave the way for externally controllable water remediation.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2313-2324"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147641523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-exposure to a high-fat diet and nanoplastics synergistically exacerbates intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and susceptibility","authors":"Baoyi Tan, Lei He, Zijie Wu, Ruikun Sun, Zhenqing Dai and Chengyong Li","doi":"10.1039/D5EN00967G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5EN00967G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In real life, humans will continue to be affected by the combined influence of environmental pollutants and specific dietary patterns for a long period of time. An unbalanced diet structure may increase human susceptibility to the toxicity of environmental pollutants. This study indicates that under a high-fat diet, exposure to PS NPs will further exacerbate the disorder of the intestinal flora structure and function. The main manifestations include reduced diversity, simplified community structure, and enrichment of mobile genetic elements. This ultimately led to the evolution of the intestinal microbial ecosystem towards a simpler structure and reduced genetic stability. At the molecular mechanism level, the combination of a high-fat diet and PS NPs leads to impaired intestinal barrier function (inhibition of <em>Occludin</em> and <em>Muc2</em> expression), decreased mucosal immune defense capacity (disorder in <em>Reg3a</em>/<em>Reg3b</em> expression), and exacerbation of the imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors (<em>TNF-α</em> and <em>IL-6</em> levels increased, and the <em>IL-10</em> level decreased). These results collectively indicate that under high-fat diet conditions, the composite PS NPs will further exacerbate the disruption of the intestinal barrier structure, suppress the mucosal defense ability, and intensify the inflammatory response. This discovery highlights that the intestinal flora disorder caused by a high-fat diet lays the foundation for intestinal susceptibility formation. A high-fat diet may significantly reduce the intestinal defense against environmental pollutants, resulting in higher health risks for individuals consuming a high-fat diet at the same level of PS NP exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2325-2340"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147626023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}