Environmental Science: Nano最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of the toxicity of bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles on Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia)","authors":"L. G. Ribeiro, E. Barbieri and A. O. de Souza","doi":"10.1039/D4EN01125B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN01125B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have garnered significant attention due to their antimicrobial properties. However, their potential environmental impact remains a concern. This study evaluates the acute toxicity and physiological effects of biogenic AgNPs synthesized using <em>Aspergillus tubingensis</em> (AgNP-AT) on <em>Oreochromis niloticus</em> (Nile tilapia), a widely used bioindicator species. AgNP-AT were characterized using UV-vis spectrophotometry (SPR peak at 420 nm), dynamic light scattering (DLS; 48 ± 5 nm), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM; 35 ± 10 nm). The 96-hours median lethal concentrations (LC<small>₅₀</small>) for AgNP-AT was determined as 8.8 μM, whereas AgNO<small>₃</small> exhibited a significantly lower LC<small>₅₀</small> of 0.028 μM, indicating its higher toxicity. Exposure to AgNP-AT at 30, 35, and 40 μM resulted in a significant increase in oxygen consumption (from 0.2 to 0.4 mL O<small>₂</small> g<small>⁻¹</small> L<small>⁻¹</small> h<small>⁻¹</small>) without affecting ammonia excretion. Swimming activity was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner, with fish exposed to 40 μM showing the most pronounced impairment. Histopathological analysis revealed a reduction in lamellar length (50% decrease) and an increase in lamellar width (60% increase), demonstrating structural alterations in the gills. These findings show that AgNP-AT, although less toxic than AgNO<small>₃</small>, still induces physiological and morphological effects in Nile tilapia. This study provides valuable data for assessing the environmental risks of biogenic AgNPs and contributes to the development of safer nanotechnology applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 6","pages":" 3173-3181"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143837591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the ecotoxicity of multicomponent nanomaterials using a classification SAR approach†","authors":"G. P. Gakis, I. G. Aviziotis and C. A. Charitidis","doi":"10.1039/D4EN01183J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN01183J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The emerging applications of nanotechnology have led to the synthesis, production and use of a continuously increasing number of nanomaterials. In recent years, the focus is being shifted to multicomponent nanomaterials (MCNMs), due to the control over their functional properties. At the same time, the increasing exposure of ecosystems to such materials has raised concerns over their environmental hazard, with several <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em> studies used to assess the ecotoxicity of MCNMs. The demanding nature of such methods has also led to the increasing development of <em>in silico</em> methods, such as structure–activity relationship (SAR) models. Although such approaches have been developed for single component nanomaterials, models for the ecotoxicity of MCNMs are still sparse in scientific literature. In this paper, we address the case of MCNM ecotoxicity by developing an <em>in silico</em> classification SAR computational framework. The models are built over a dataset of 652 ecotoxicity measurements for 214 metal and metal oxide MCNMs, towards bacteria, eukaryotes, fish, plants and crustaceans. This dataset is, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the largest dataset used for MCNM ecotoxicity. It is found that two descriptors can adequately classify different MCNMs based on their ecotoxicity over the whole heterogeneous dataset. These descriptors are the hydration enthalpy of the metal ion and the energy difference between the MCNM conduction band and the redox potential in biological media. Although the classification does not allow a quantitative ecotoxicity assessment, the heterogeneous nature of the dataset can reveal key MCNM features that induce toxic action, allowing a more holistic understanding of MCNM ecotoxicity, as well as the nature of interaction between the different MCNM components.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2828-2845"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/en/d4en01183j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143832034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards the next decade for research on the environmental impact of nanoscale zerovalent iron on microorganisms","authors":"Hakwon Yoon, Jaehwan Kim, Eun-Ju Kim and Yoon-Seok Chang","doi":"10.1039/D4EN01226G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN01226G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) is among the most widely used nanomaterials in environmental applications. With such an increased use of NZVI, there is a need to understand its potential impact on microorganisms, vital components of various ecosystems. Significant progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying NZVI toxicity in model bacteria, while recent research has shifted toward evaluating its long-term impacts on environmental microbial systems. Herein, we first revisit a range of studies on NZVI–single microorganism interactions under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in an effort to make general conclusions regarding the NZVI toxicity mechanism at the cellular level. Additionally, a comprehensive overview is provided on the effects of NZVI on complex bacterial consortia in natural aquatic and soil environments, as well as in wastewater treatment systems. Finally, we discuss future research directions for sustainable and environmentally friendly application of NZVI.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2507-2515"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143806033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoplastic paradox: unraveling the complex toxicity of nano-sized polyethylene†","authors":"Katarzyna Roszek, Milena Jankowska, Agnieszka Bielicka and Marek Wiśniewski","doi":"10.1039/D4EN01032A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN01032A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The increasing production of polyethylene has inevitably led to its accumulation in the environment, which gradually created a global environmental problem. Unfortunately, despite the huge attention paid to microplastics and the increasing research interest in nanoplastics in the environment, we are still far from fully understanding their true toxicity. The aim of the present work was to mimic the real oxidation process that forms nano-sized polyethylene (nPE) particles from larger waste, and to characterize the obtained nPE in terms of their chemical properties and cytotoxicity. Environmentally relevant nanoplastic was used to avoid the biased interpretations of its impact on cell viability <em>in vitro</em> and on the physiology of the American cockroach (<em>Periplaneta americana</em>) as an <em>in vivo</em> model. The results obtained might be at least surprising, as the toxicity of nPE in both <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> tests increased with the dilution of the solution. This apparent contradiction is explained by the unique physicochemical properties of the obtained nanomaterial and the increasing contribution of the polar layer of nanoparticles formed during oxidation. Thus, the presence of Lewis acidic sites and the polarity of the surface underlie the observed phenomena: (i) the ability of nanoplastic particles to agglomerate and aggregate, (ii) their influence on cell viability, (iii) the decrease in the membrane potential of neurons, and (iv) the changes in the behavior of highly resistant organisms such as <em>Periplaneta americana</em>.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2846-2856"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143806032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production, labeling, and applications of micro- and nanoplastic reference and test materials†","authors":"Guillaume Crosset-Perrotin, Angélique Moraz, Raquel Portela, Victor Alcolea-Rodriguez, David Burrueco-Subirà, Casey Smith, Miguel A. Bañares, Hosein Foroutan and D. Howard Fairbrother","doi":"10.1039/D4EN00767K","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN00767K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Challenges inherent to the extraction of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) from the environment, combined with the limited range of commercially available MNPs, have prompted an increasing number of researchers to generate in-house reference and test MNPs. The first part of this review provides a comprehensive overview of existing MNP production methods, including top-down and bottom-up fabrication techniques. Strengths and weaknesses of different methods are compared and contrasted, and the potential for optimization and control over MNP properties is discussed. Methods to label and to artificially weather MNPs before, during, or after production, as well as appropriate dispersion protocols for introducing MNPs into different media, are also covered. The second part of this review focuses on how reference and test MNPs have been implemented in different types of studies, categorized as toxicity, uptake, fate, and monitoring. Given the wide range of properties needed to fully define MNPs, we propose a set of essential properties that need to be characterized depending on the study type. Looking forward, we suggest future needs, not only in the creation of reference MNPs, but also in experimental protocols that would help to better understand the behavior and impacts of MNPs. Overall, this review aims to provide the necessary information to guide researchers in decision-making regarding which reference MNPs are most appropriate to answer their specific research questions and to serve as a framework that will contribute to obtaining reliable, benchmarked data urgently needed to develop consensus on the fate and risk posed by MNPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 6","pages":" 2911-2964"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/en/d4en00767k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143805966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilizing manganese-based nanoparticles for enhancing environmental stress resilience and productivity of plants","authors":"Pallavi Sharma, Ambuj Bhushan Jha and Rama Shanker Dubey","doi":"10.1039/D5EN00292C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5EN00292C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Climate change, coupled with various abiotic and biotic stresses, continues to cause substantial global losses in crop yields, threatening food security. Innovative technologies, such as nanotechnology, have shown potential to address these challenges by improving agricultural productivity and sustainability. Manganese (Mn), an essential micronutrient, plays a crucial role in photosynthesis, nitrogen assimilation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, hormone signaling, pathogen defense, structural polymer synthesis, and interactions with plant-associated microbes. As a vital cofactor in the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII), Mn catalyzes the water-splitting reaction essential for photosynthesis. Nanoscale Mn based nanoparticles (NPs), including Mn, MnO, Mn<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small>, MnO<small>₂</small>, Mn<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small>, MnFe<small>₂</small>O<small>₄</small>, Mn<small>_0.5</small>Zn<small>_0.5</small>Fe<small>₂</small>O<small>₄</small>, biochar-modified MnO<small>₂</small> (BC@MnO<small>₂</small>), and composite nanomaterials like chitosan/silver/Mn<small>_0.5</small>Mg<small>_0.5</small>Fe<small>₂</small>O<small>₄</small> (Cs/Ag/MnMgFe<small>₂</small>O<small>₄</small>), offer superior bioavailability, reactivity, and stress mitigation compared to bulk Mn sources or untreated controls. Studies report up to a 45% increase in growth parameters and a 49% increase in yield with Mn NP application compared to untreated plants under field conditions. Additionally, these NPs modulate signaling, regulate stress-related gene expression, and activate defense mechanisms, thereby supporting overall plant health and productivity. Optimizing Mn based NP synthesis, functionalization, and application strategies will be crucial for ensuring safety and maximizing efficacy. Although Mn based NPs hold great potential for sustainable agriculture, their widespread adoption demands thorough research and validation to ensure agricultural benefits while maintaining ecological responsibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2580-2602"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143805967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of rice straw nano-biochar by ball milling for efficient adsorption of ammonium nitrogen and reduction of ammonia volatilization: effects and mechanisms","authors":"Yidi Sun, Tao Zong, Qi Wu, Xuetao Wang, Huijing Hou, Xiaoping Xin, Jigan Xie, Yuhao Zhou and Jianchang Yang","doi":"10.1039/D5EN00103J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5EN00103J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The use of nitrogen fertilizers leads to substantial nitrogen losses and subsequent environmental pollution. Biochar (BC) demonstrates considerable potential for enhancing N fixation and reducing emissions, but it frequently induces a liming effect that increases ammonia (NH<small>₃</small>) volatilization. Nano-biochar (NBC) is attracting considerable attention due to its higher surface energy. However, little information is available whether it could enhance nitrogen adsorption and reduce NH<small>₃</small> volatilization. Therefore, this study utilized a one-step ball milling method to produce NBC, characterized its physicochemical properties, and investigated its effects and mechanisms on NH<small>₄</small><small>⁺</small>–N adsorption and NH<small>₃</small> volatilization. Our results showed that the specific surface area, pore volume and acidic functional groups (carboxyl, lactone group and phenolic hydroxyl groups) of NBC were higher than those of bulk BC, while the pore diameter, zeta potential and pH were the opposite, which was more conducive to promoting adsorption. The maximum adsorption amount of NBC for NH<small>₄</small><small>⁺</small>–N was 6.880 mg g<small>⁻¹</small>, approximately 1.9 times that of bulk BC. The adsorption process conformed to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation, indicating that the adsorption was monolayer and chemical. The primary adsorption mechanisms included physical adsorption, ion exchange, electrostatic and π–π interactions. The addition of 0.30–30% of bulk BC and NBC reduced NH<small>₃</small> volatilization by 6.40–31.50% and 5.00–42.20%, relative to no BC addition, respectively. The main reason for lower NH<small>₃</small> volatilization observed with NBC was its ability to improve soil mineral nitrogen content, mineralization and nitrification rates, and decrease urease activity and pH. Therefore, NBC is a green and efficient adsorbent for reducing nitrogen emissions.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 6","pages":" 3122-3138"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nickel binding with magnetite nanoparticles†","authors":"Laura Fablet, Mathieu Pédrot, Fadi Choueikani, Isabelle Kieffer, Olivier Proux, Anne-Catherine Pierson-Wickmann, Vyria Cagniart, Takumi Yomogida and Rémi Marsac","doi":"10.1039/D4EN01114G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN01114G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Nickel is generally found in trace amounts in the environment and can be beneficial to living organisms, but it is also an environmental contaminant of high concern, primarily due to anthropogenic releases. Fe oxides play a significant role in the behavior and fate of Ni in the environment, as they can interact with metal cations. However, the interactions between magnetite (Fe<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small>) and Ni are not well described, and in particular the effect of magnetite stoichiometry (Fe(<small>II</small>)/Fe(<small>III</small>) = <em>R</em>) is not well considered. Ni sorption experiments were performed on stoichiometric (R0.5) and oxidized (R0.1) magnetite as a function of Ni concentration and pH under anaerobic conditions. Samples were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and magnetic circular dichroism at the Ni L<small>_2,3</small>-edges and XAS at the Ni K-edge. At high Ni concentrations, Ni precipitates as Ni(OH)<small>₂</small> on the magnetite surface, but also as distinct sheet-like particles. At low Ni concentrations, high energy resolution fluorescence detection (HERFD) XAS analyses at the Ni K-edge revealed Ni incorporation into R0.5 magnetite and surface adsorption of Ni onto R0.1 magnetite. The present results were compared with those previously published for Co, which revealed an unexpected distinct behavior of Ni and Co. This element-specific binding mechanism highlights the unique properties of magnetite compared to other naturally occurring iron oxides (<em>e.g.</em> goethite, hematite), for which Ni and Co binding mechanisms are similar. Taken together, these results will help not only to predict the behavior and fate of Ni under environmental conditions in the presence of magnetite but also to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles doped by the addition of Ni with interesting magnetic properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2815-2827"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143789994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction and characterization of environment-friendly antibacterial Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles and their induced metabolic changes in Escherichia coli†","authors":"Ying Wang, Fuming Wang, Xuyang Feng, Haoyou Jiang, Hualin Zhang, Yongfang Qian, Botian Zhu, Yaping Huang and Yimin Zhu","doi":"10.1039/D4EN01023J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN01023J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In recent years, microbial pollution has become a serious environmental problem, and the release of microorganisms into the water environment seriously threatens human health. As environment-friendly and low-cost antibacterial agents, Mg(OH)<small>₂</small> nanoparticles (M-NPs) have garnered considerable attention for their small size, innocuity, no drug resistance, chemical stability and thermal stability. However, little is known about the physiological changes that bacteria undergo in the presence of M-NPs. In this work, the antibacterial mechanism of M-NPs synthesized by applying the coprecipitation method was investigated using <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli</em>) as a model system. The oxygen vacancies on the M-NP surface, which can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS, ·O<small>₂</small><small>⁻</small>, H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small>, and ·OH), were examined <em>via</em> O<small>₂</small>-temperature programmed desorption (O<small>₂</small>-TPD). Abnormality in three central metabolic pathways (energy, glucose and tricarboxylic acid cycle) induced by M-NPs was detected by analyzing the activity of respiratory chain dehydrogenase, gluconokinase (GK) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). The downregulated activity and gene expression levels of GK confirmed that M-NPs play an inhibitory role, and these physiological changes result in cell death. Thus, M-NPs have great potential in the field of preventing and controlling microbial pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2726-2740"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143789819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined impacts of tetracycline and multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the growth of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. and its root environment†","authors":"Minling Gao, Hongchang Peng, Zhengzhen Xiao, Ling Xiao, Youming Dong, Iranzi Emile Rushimisha, Wenhao Yu and Zhengguo Song","doi":"10.1039/D4EN00790E","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN00790E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MW) and tetracycline (TC) usually co-occur in the environment and can threaten plant growth. However, little is known about their combined effect on plant growth. We conducted hydroponic experiments to investigate the uptake, transport, and compartmentalization of TC in <em>Chrysanthemum coronarium</em> L. in the presence of MW, and the combined effects of TC and MW on the root environment were also studied. The results revealed that the presence of MW reduced the concentration of TC in the four subcellular fractions, in both the leaves and roots, compared with TC alone. Co-pollution with TC and MW stimulated the production and accumulation of superoxide anions (O<small>₂</small>˙<small>⁻</small>) and hydrogen peroxide (H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small>) in the leaves and roots compared to TC alone, leading to an increase in the malondialdehyde content; this inhibited photosynthesis by reducing the activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and dehydrogenase, resulting in a decrease in the dry weight of leaves and roots. The increased O<small>₂</small>˙<small>⁻</small> and H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small> contents induced superoxide dismutase and catalase activities to alleviate oxidative damage. In addition, compared with single TC contamination, the co-application of TC and MW significantly increased the concentrations of oxalic acid and formic acid in root secretions, stimulated the activity of microorganisms, and improved autochthonous input and humification of dissolved organic matter in the growth medium. High-throughput sequencing revealed that <em>Proteobacteria</em> were the dominant bacteria in the medium solution across all groups, followed by <em>Bacteroidetes</em> and <em>Firmicutes</em>. Spearman and redundancy analyses demonstrated that an increase in the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria may stimulate the antioxidant system to defend against exogenous pollution. Our study provides valuable information about the combined toxicological effects of TC and MW on the growth of medicinal plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 5","pages":" 2871-2886"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}