Environmental Science: Nano最新文献

{"title":"Upcycling plant waste: iron nanoparticles synthesized from Cannabis sativa enhance biomass and antioxidative properties in soybean (Glycine max)†","authors":"Milica Pavlicevic, Shital Vaidya, Terri Arsenault, Anuja Bharadwaj, Craig Musante, Yingxue Yu, Itamar Shabtai, Joseph Liquori, Jose A. Hernandez-Viezcas, Vinka Oyanedel-Craver, Jorge L. Gardea-Torresdey, Christian O. Dimkpa, Jason C. White and Nubia Zuverza-Mena","doi":"10.1039/D4EN01018C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN01018C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Iron nanoparticles were phytosynthesized from biomass residues of two subspecies of <em>Cannabis sativa</em> (ssp. <em>sativa</em> and ssp. <em>indica</em>) and evaluated as a nanofertilizer for soybean growth. Both nanoparticles were identified as magnetite (Fe<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small>) with a dry size smaller than 30 nm. The Fe<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small> nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized from ssp. <em>indica</em> (Fe NP-I) were negatively charged (−27.2 ± 0.2 mV) with a smaller hydrodynamic diameter (164 ± 47 nm) than those from ssp. <em>sativa</em> (Fe NP-S) (+ 4.3 ± 0.1 mV; 1739 ± 146 nm). These differences were the result of variable composition of extracts from the two subspecies used for NP synthesis. Notably, <em>C. sativa</em> ssp. <em>sativa</em> contained a higher ratio of alcohols and mercaptans, while <em>C. sativa</em> ssp. <em>indica</em> contained more amines, ketones and organic acids. The dissolution of ions from the subspecies ssp. <em>sativa</em> and ssp. <em>indica</em> was 0.28 and 0.01% after 168 hours, respectively. When foliarly applied to soybean at 200 mg L<small>⁻¹</small> (6.25 ml per plant), Fe NP-S and Fe NP-I increased the content of chlorophylls by 142% and 115%, antioxidants by 121% and 124% and polyphenols by 177% and 106%, respectively, after 3 weeks of growth, compared to corresponding controls. However, Fe NP-S increased soybean biomass by 148%, whereas Fe NP-I had no impact on growth. These findings highlight the impact of the plant genotype on the characteristics and effects of biosynthesized nanoparticles and provide novel insights for plant feedstock preferences for nanoparticle synthesis from plant waste for sustainable nano-enabled agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 2","pages":" 1669-1684"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142917518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Luminous polystyrene upconverted nanoparticles to visualize the traces of nanoplastics in a vegetable plant†","authors":"Bushra Maryam, Muhammad Asim, Jiaxuan Li, Hamna Qayyum and Xianhua Liu","doi":"10.1039/D4EN01052C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN01052C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In light of the growing use of plastics, assessing their impact on edible plants is essential for environmental preservation and food security. Researchers have employed various traditional fluorescence labeling methods to visualize nanoplastic traces in plants. However, these techniques are hindered by various limitations, such as shallow penetration depth, high background noise, and interference from autofluorescence, which compromise their accuracy and applicability in studying nanoplastic behavior in plant systems. This study utilized luminous upconverted labeled polystyrene nanoparticles (PS@NaYF<small>₄</small>:Yb<small>⁺³</small>/Er<small>⁺³</small>) to visualize nanoparticle uptake and accumulation in komatsuna (<em>Brassica rapa var. perviridis</em>) under a 980 nm near-infrared laser. Results from stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, <em>Z</em>-depth coding, and three-dimensional visualization confirm the accumulation of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) in the plant, not only in the roots but also in edible parts. This accumulation led to a 33.18% reduction in fresh yield and a 19.05% reduction in dry yield. Our findings highlight that labeling PS-NPs with α-NaYF<small>₄</small>:Yb<small>⁺³</small>/Er<small>⁺³</small> offers an innovative approach for studying nanoplastic uptake and translocation behavior in plants. Their high emission efficiency under near-infrared excitation and resistance to background fluorescence make them an excellent tool for tracking nanoplastics in complex biological and environmental systems, mitigating the drawbacks associated with traditional fluorescence methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 2","pages":" 1273-1287"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142917521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of unmodified and amine-functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics on nitrogen removal by Pseudomonas stutzeri: strain characteristics, extracellular polymers, and transcriptomics†","authors":"Rui Yang, Jianwei Qu, Hanxiang Li, Weile Meng, Xiaowei Xu, Jinsong Guo and Fang Fang","doi":"10.1039/D4EN00983E","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN00983E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Nanoplastics (NPs) are emerging pollutants that widely exist in wastewater treatment systems, but their potential effects and mechanism of action on aerobic denitrifying bacteria remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of different concentrations (1, 10, 20, 50, 100 mg L<small>⁻¹</small>) of polystyrene nanoplastics with/without amino group (PS NPs and PS-NH<small>₂</small> NPs) on a typical aerobic denitrifier, <em>Pseudomonas stutzeri</em> (<em>P. stutzeri</em>). The results indicated that NPs were abundantly adsorbed on the surface of <em>P. stutzeri</em>, which have hindered oxygen transfer and favored denitrification. The expression of genes related to nitrogen metabolism were both downregulated under the stress of NPs. However, PS NPs promoted the nitrogen removal performance by enhancing energy metabolism and biosynthesis, notably through the upregulation of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and ribosome pathways. In contrast, PS-NH<small>₂</small> NPs impaired the <em>sdhC</em> involved in the TCA cycle, leading to an obstruction of cellular energy metabolism. Additionally, PS-NH<small>₂</small> NPs triggered more severe membrane damage and oxidative stress, leading to a significant upregulation of genes related to EPS secretion, biofilm formation, and ROS scavenging to alleviate cellular stress. However, this did not overcome the negative effects caused by the downregulation of nitrogen metabolism, energy metabolism, and biosynthesis, resulting in a decline in the nitrogen removal performance of <em>P. stutzeri</em>. This study provides an understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying changes in <em>P. stutzeri</em> to different NPs stressors.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 2","pages":" 1531-1544"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142917705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental and human risk assessment of polymer nanocarriers: a review on current analytical challenges and promising approaches","authors":"Dona Manayath, Jadranka Travas-Sejdic, Erin M. Leitao and Melanie Kah","doi":"10.1039/D4EN01033G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN01033G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Polymer nanocarriers (PNCs) are designed to deliver active ingredients in pharmaceuticals, food science and agricultural applications and it is essential to ensure their safety towards environmental and human health. Most research and guidance documents on the fate and effect of nanoparticles primarily focus on metal and metal oxide nanomaterials, while nanosafety research on organic nanomaterials is still in the early stages. This review aims to address a set of critical questions that currently prevent the risk assessment of PNCs. Our focus is on the analytical challenges associated with the detection, quantification and characterisation of PNCs in environmental and biological matrices. By addressing the key questions related to the durability, degradability and biological barrier-crossing properties of PNCs, we critically assess the analytical techniques used across different sectors. Our goal is to highlight the strengths and limitations of these analytical methods for the risk assessment of PNCs and to emphasize the significant overlap in the applications of PNCs across various sectors. We also discuss the urgent need for further research to scientifically advance analytical strategies for PNCs, which are essential for supporting responsible innovation in nanotechnology, ensuring the safety of both human and environmental health.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 2","pages":" 1079-1106"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142917577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Programming layer-by-layer liquid phase epitaxy in microfluidics for realizing two-dimensional metal–organic framework sensor arrays†","authors":"Huijie Jiang, Bo Staeglich, Joachim Knoch, Sandeep Kumar, Neeraj Dilbaghi, Akash Deep, Sven Ingebrandt and Vivek Pachauri","doi":"10.1039/D4EN00764F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN00764F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Detection of small molecules such as phthalates is a persistent challenge in current point-of-care sensor technology for environmental applications. Here, owing to their porous crystalline lattice and tunable molecular specificity, two-dimensional metal–organic frameworks (2D MOFs) present unique opportunities as an emerging class of transducers. Addressing the challenges of efficient nanomaterial design and device prototyping based on MOFs, this work demonstrates programmable liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) growth of a nickel(<small>II</small>) and 2-aminoterephthalic acid (BDC-NH<small>₂</small>) based 2D MOF in modular microfluidic circuits on a chip. Fully automated layer-by-layer (LbL) LPE yields homogeneous growth of crystalline 2D Ni-BDC-NH<small>₂</small> or Ni-MOF of thicknesses ranging from 2 to 25 nm on the Si/SiO<small>₂</small> substrate. Employing specially designed chips with metal microelectrode arrays (MEAs) as substrates, the LbL-LPE approach is successfully used to carry out scalable integration of 2D Ni-MOF sensor arrays with high reproducibility. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the sensor chips are deployed for detection of diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), one of the plasticizers linked to serious illnesses of the endocrine system, in the concentration range from 1 to 20 μg mL<small>⁻¹</small>.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 3","pages":" 1849-1857"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142911462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micromotors for antimicrobial resistance bacteria inactivation in water systems: opportunities and challenges","authors":"Carmen Cuntín-Abal, Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez and Alberto Escarpa","doi":"10.1039/D4EN00863D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN00863D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The intensive use of antibiotics and the inadequate removal in water treatment plants have contributed to the phenomena of antimicrobial resistance. Bacterial colonies and biofilms present in water distribution and aquatic systems respond to the presence of antibiotics by the generation of resistance genes and other determinants transmitted through the environment. In this perspective, we identify the opportunities and challenges of self-propelled micromotors in the fight against antimicrobial resistance by the elimination of antibiotics and bacteria in water. Recent progress is contextualized in the current scenario in terms of bacteria and antibiotics found in real settings and current removal technologies. As illustrated in this perspective, the unique features of micromotors result in a high surface area to-mass ratio for enhanced degradation capabilities, for both antibiotic removal and bacteria biofilm inactivation, as compared with static current technologies. The autonomous movement of micromotors allows us to reach more volumes of water and even hard-to-access areas, offering great opportunities to reach hard-to-access pipelines, not accessible by current approaches. Yet, as envisioned in this perspective, micromotors are far away from real applications, hampered mainly by the main challenges of the treatment of high-water volumes. We also advocate scientists to include in the proof-of-concept studies real water and the evaluation of a major number of antibiotics and bacteria commonly found in real settings, as will be described in this perspective. Micromotors hold considerable promise as a holistic approach to fight antimicrobial resistance, but cross-discipline collaborations are a must to translate the recent progress into real practical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 2","pages":" 967-978"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142902245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological and biochemical responses of maize plants exposed to seed coating and foliar spray of distinct seaweed nanopowder†","authors":"Rafiqi Mohammed Abdul Rahman, Mahendran Peyandi Paraman, Sharmila Rahale Christopher, Subramanian Kizhaeral Sevathapandian, Kannan Pandian, Gurusamy Arumugam and Kumutha Karunanandham","doi":"10.1039/D4EN00521J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN00521J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Seaweeds carry a wide array of metabolites and nutrients that facilitate growth, development, and physiological and biochemical changes in plants, which vary among seaweed species. Among the seaweeds, three distinct seaweed species, <em>viz.</em>, brown (<em>Sargassum muticum</em> (SM)) and red (<em>Gracilaria edulis</em> (GE) and <em>Kappaphycus alvarezii</em> (KA)) were collected from the coastal area of Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, and studied. Size reduction using a high-energy ball mill at 500 rpm for 3 h produced seaweed powders with sizes of 30–190 nm (KA), 70–120 nm (GE) and 40–220 nm (SM). Characterization was done using PSA, TEM, SEM, XRD and FTIR. The FTIR profile reveals major functional groups like alkenes, carboxylic acids, alcohols and amines. The seaweeds contained macro- and micronutrients, especially potassium (2.67–13.4%). Biochemical profiling indicated high levels of amino acids, vitamins, fatty acids and growth hormones. Maize seeds were coated with 100 g of seaweed powder per kg of seeds using gum acacia (0.1%) as a sticky agent. Furthermore, the maize seedlings were sprayed three times (20, 30, 40 DAS) with seaweed powder at 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg L<small>⁻¹</small>. The combined application of seed coating and foliar spray of GE significantly increased the growth and physiological and biochemical parameters of the plants. The results demonstrated that seaweeds are rich in metabolites and nutrients that enhance maize growth and physiological parameters. This paper provides foundational information for utilizing seaweed as an organic resource to improve crop growth and productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 4","pages":" 2383-2394"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142888014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity of mercuric chloride when combined with ionic and nanoparticulate silver on Artemia salina: growth, fatty acid composition, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation†","authors":"Nahid Ravantab, Zahra Ghasemi, Seyed Ali Johari and Richard D. Handy","doi":"10.1039/D4EN00130C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN00130C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study assessed the individual and binary toxic effects of inorganic mercury (Hg) plus total dissolved Ag (Ag), or silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), on the immobilization, fatty acid composition, and oxidative stress of <em>Artemia salina</em> nauplii as an aquatic animal model. Acute toxicity tests revealed that the immobilization of nauplii exposed to 5 × 10<small>⁻⁹</small> M, 2.5 × 10<small>⁻⁸</small> M, and 5 × 10<small>⁻⁸</small> M of Hg as HgCl<small>₂</small> decreased in the presence of 1 × 10<small>⁻⁴</small> M of Ag NPs or dissolved Ag as AgNO<small>₃</small>. The median effective concentration (EC<small>₅₀</small>) of Hg increased from 4.5 × 10<small>⁻⁸</small> M to 9 × 10<small>⁻⁸</small> M (two-fold) in the presence of Ag (Hg + Ag). Both Ag NPs and Ag decreased the immobilization of nauplii and diminished the oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation induced by Hg. Total amounts of saturated fatty acids (∑SFA) in Hg and Hg + Ag increased compared with that in the control, but this increase was significantly (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) lower in Hg + Ag than in Hg. Total amounts of monounsaturated (∑MUFA) and polyunsaturated (∑PUFA) and the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (unsat./sat.) decreased compared with the control; however, this reduction was significantly (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) smaller for ∑PUFA in Hg + Ag than in Hg. In Hg + Ag NP co-exposure, ∑SFA and the unsat./sat. ratio showed no significant (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) change compared with the control. However, MUFAs exhibited a significantly (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) increased response, while the amount of PUFAs decreased compared with that in the control, but it was significantly (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) higher than that in Hg. A decline in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity in nauplii due to exposure to mercury alone was mitigated in the presence of Ag or Ag NPs. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance also decreased in the Hg + Ag and Hg + Ag NP treatments. The toxicity effect of the treatments was in the order of Hg &gt; Hg + Ag &gt; Hg + Ag NPs, revealing the antagonistic effect of Ag or Ag NPs on Hg toxicity, with the highest amelioration observed in the presence of Ag NPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 2","pages":" 1626-1637"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142888012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano zinc oxide activates MdCDF2 to promote DNA replication and cell proliferation in apple calli†","authors":"Yuxiao Yi, Xiaowei Li, Qing Wang, Tongtong Guo, Changjian Xie, Fengtang Yang and Jianing Xu","doi":"10.1039/D4EN00997E","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN00997E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Apple (<em>Malus domestica</em>) is grown worldwide. The yield and quality of apple depend on cultivation techniques and nutrition. Nano zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) has been widely applied in agricultural production, commonly used in fertilizers to help crops increase yield and enhance abiotic stress tolerance. However, there are few studies on the effects of ZnO NPs on apple growth. This study found that treatment with 500 ppm ZnO NPs can promote the proliferation of apple callus cells. Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) technology, it was confirmed that ZnO NPs can enter apple callus cells more efficiently than ZnO bulk particles (ZnO BPs) and ZnSO<small>₄</small>. Through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it was observed that the ZnO NPs were mainly aggregated in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression levels of some zinc finger-containing transcription factors (TFs) were up-regulated after treatment with 500 ppm ZnO NPs. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis found that the expression levels of some DNA replication-related genes were significantly changed. DNA pull-down experiments proved that <em>MdCDF2</em> (a zinc finger-containing TF) can bind to the promoter regions of three DNA replication-related genes (<em>MdClpB1</em>, <em>MD01G1182200</em>, <em>MD12G1082300</em>). These data indicated that ZnO NPs may promote DNA replication and cell proliferation in apple callus cells by increasing the expression level of <em>MdCDF2</em>. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which ZnO NPs enhance plant growth efficiency and crop yield.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 3","pages":" 1828-1839"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142888778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A portable and reusable sensor system based on graphene for real-time and sensitive detection of lead ions in water†","authors":"Byunghoon Ryu, Wen Zhuang, Hyun-June Jang, Zhenwei Gao, Yuqin Wang and Junhong Chen","doi":"10.1039/D4EN00884G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EN00884G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Long-term exposure to Pb<small>²⁺</small> can cause irreversible damage to the nervous, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems. Therefore, developing a fast and sensitive detection system capable of monitoring minuscule concentrations of Pb<small>²⁺</small> is essential. In this study, we demonstrated a fully portable sensor system enabling rapid, sensitive, and real-time monitoring of Pb<small>²⁺</small>. The sensor system adopted the remote-gate field-effect transistor (RGFET) detection scheme and was easy to operate, even for non-experts. The sensor system comprised two printed circuit boards (PCBs): a sensor PCB with a remote-gate electrode and an analyzer PCB with a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) transducer and peripheral electronics to manage sensor signals. To achieve a high sensitivity for Pb<small>²⁺</small>, we utilized graphene ink drop-casted on the sensor PCB as a sensing membrane. The graphene film was easy to deposit and remove, enabling the sensor PCB to be reused multiple times. The sensor system was further linked to a smartphone application that instantly monitors the sensor response, allowing for rapid point-of-use detection. The sensor exhibited a high sensitivity of 21.7% when the limit of detection (LOD) value of 1 nM (∼0.2 ppb) was detected, and the typical detection time for each sample was approximately 60 seconds. This portable sensor system advances sensing technologies and could potentially supplement expensive, laborious conventional sensing equipment.</p>","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":" 3","pages":" 1840-1848"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/en/d4en00884g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142886779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}