Environmental Pollution最新文献

{"title":"Organic ultraviolet filters in the blubber of two free-ranging deep-diving cetacean species","authors":"Eva Íñiguez ,&nbsp;Sarah Montesdeoca-Esponda ,&nbsp;Filipe Alves ,&nbsp;Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera ,&nbsp;Manfred Kaufmann ,&nbsp;Nereida Cordeiro ,&nbsp;Ana Dinis","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing use of personal care products has led to the widespread of organic UV filters (oUVFs) in marine ecosystems, yet their occurrence and potential impacts on pelagic and deep-sea environments remain unclear. This study assessed oUVFs contamination in the blubber of two deep-diving cetacean species —the short-finned pilot whale (<em>Globicephala macrorhynchus</em>) and the sperm whale (<em>Physeter macrocephalus</em>)—off Madeira Island, Eastern North Atlantic. Using microwave-assisted extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS, four of eleven targeted oUVFs were detected in blubber: homosalate, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, octocrylene, and methylene bis-benzotriazole (UV-360). Concentrations reached up to 352.3 ng/g wet weight (w.w.) in pilot whales and 1505 ng/g w.w. in sperm whales. Detection frequencies were higher in pilot whales (60–100 %) than in sperm whales (30–50 %). This study provides the first evidence of UV-360 concentration in cetaceans. These findings suggest that pilot whales’ higher site fidelity in Madeiran waters may increase exposure to oUVF, while sperm whales may accumulate oUVFs through benthopelagic feeding at higher trophic levels. These results highlight the potential for oUVF to disperse into deep marine ecosystems and underscore the importance of monitoring emerging contaminants in oceanic apex predators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"383 ","pages":"Article 126830"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144693841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into toxic elements mobilization in Karstic paddy soil of southwest China: The overlooked significance of Iron-organic matter colloids","authors":"Ran Wei, Junbin Liu, Ming Li, Weipeng Xie, Jingjing Li, Lirong Liu, Yanjun Jiang, Shengsheng Sun, Tenghaobo Deng, Shizhong Wang, Yetao Tang, Qingqi Lin, Zhuobiao Ni, Ting Liu, Rongliang Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126897","url":null,"abstract":"Due to their large specific surface area, variable surface charge, and abundant reactive functional groups, soil colloids are important \"carriers\" for the migration of HMs (heavy metals) in the soil. This study systematically investigates the migration-transformation mechanisms of colloidal As, Cd, Tl and their driving factors in paddy soils of the Karst region in southwest China. Results show that colloidal Fe and OM are the primary environmental factors influencing the formation and distribution of these three colloidal heavy metals, with significant positive correlations (correlation coefficients r² = 0.56-0.79). TEM-EDS and XRD analyses confirm that As/Cd are closely associated with Fe oxides (e.g., magnetite, goethite) at the nanoscale. AF4-UV-ICP-MS technology reveals that colloidal HMs primarily occur in the 100-350 nm size range, and anthropogenic activities in artisanal smelting areas promote the formation of smaller-sized colloids (20-350 nm), enhancing their migration potential. Metagenomic analysis indicates that N/S metabolic genes (e.g., narA, cysN) are significantly correlated with colloidal HMs concentrations, and microbial metabolites affect the binding of HMs to soil colloids. Traditional assessments overlook the high mobility and stability of colloidal HMs (e.g., 100–350 nm), leading to underestimation of potential risks to paddy ecosystems and adjacent water bodies. Future biogeochemical research should prioritize colloid - and nanoparticle - bound HMs to improve risk assessment and remediation strategies.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144701759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research advances of micro/nanoplastics in groundwater: occurrence, environmental impacts and control strategies","authors":"Ruixin Jin, Haokai Li, Xiang Li, Maocai Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126899","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastic pollution in groundwater systems has garnered significant global attention. Understanding the factors and mechanisms that influence microplastic migration in groundwater is crucial for accurately assessing their distribution and environmental risks. As microplastic pollution in groundwater environments is a relatively new area of study, research is still in its early stages. There are limited reports on the abundance, polymer types, sizes, and other characteristics of microplastics in this field. The strong heterogeneity, complexity, and obscurity of the environment present numerous challenges for conducting related research. In this context, this article reviews the sources, distribution characteristics, potential risks, and removal strategies of microplastics in groundwater environments. It also emphasizes the existing knowledge gaps in the sampling processes and the environmental behavior of microplastics in groundwater. It systematically elucidates the factors influencing microplastic migration in groundwater and analyzes the mechanisms that affect this migration. Exploring the transport mechanisms of microplastics in groundwater aquifers is crucial for assessing their potential harm to the ecological environment and for implementing effective measures to combat microplastic pollution. Additionally, to gain a deeper understanding of the transformation behavior and environmental effects of microplastics in groundwater, a systematic summary and analysis of the current research shortcomings and deficiencies regarding microplastics in the groundwater environment will be conducted, along with a discussion of future research directions.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144693839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical-oxidative dualism: Decoupling the acute effects of lake water-aged tire wear particles on periphytic biofilm-mediated denitrification","authors":"Kun Li ,&nbsp;Zhangle Chen ,&nbsp;Wanqi Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126876","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126876","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As emerging microplastic pollutants, tire wear particles (TWPs) have unclear photochemical impacts on aquatic nitrogen cycles. This study investigated how three types of TWPs—mechanically generated via rolling (R-TWPs), sliding (S-TWPs), and low-temperature crushing (C-TWPs)—and their aged counterparts (AC-, AR-, AS-TWPs) influenced nitrate reduction in periphytic biofilms. Aging in lake water altered the surface properties of TWPs: AC- and AR-TWPs accumulated inorganic ions and organic coatings, while AS-TWPs facilitated microbial colonization. Aged TWPs exhibited enhanced electron exchange capacity (EEC) and elevated levels of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs). However, neither fresh nor aged TWPs altered nitrate removal, denitrification gene abundance (<em>nirK</em>, <em>nirS</em>), or microbial community structure in a dose-dependent manner; their impacts showed no simple correlation with EEC or EPFRs. Under illumination, TWPs acted as electron shuttles, transferring photogenerated electrons. Quenching hydroxyl radicals (·OH) revealed a strong positive correlation between EEC (specifically, electron donating and accepting capacities) and nitrate removal rates (r = 0.928–0.957, p &lt; 0.01). Variance partitioning analysis identified EPFRs as promoters (contribution: 0.16) and ·OH as inhibitors (contribution: −0.18) of denitrification. At concentrations of 1.0–50.0 mg L⁻¹ over 7 days, TWPs exerted paradoxical effects on urban river nitrogen cycling. This paradox arose from synergistic interactions between surface-active components (e.g., carbon black, zinc oxide) and photosensitive moieties (e.g., EPFRs, redox functional groups). This work highlights the dual role of photoactive TWPs in modulating aquatic nitrogen cycles and underscores the necessity of evaluating their photochemical reactivity and oxidative stress effects when assessing microplastic pollution in urban water systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"383 ","pages":"Article 126876"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144684696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of changing agricultural management on the exceedance of empirical critical loads of nitrogen in terrestrial habitats of southwestern Europe","authors":"Héctor García-Gómez, Rasmus Einarsson, Mark Theobald, Eduardo Aguilera, Tania Carrasco-Molina, Victoria Gil, Benjamín S. Gimeno, Coralina Hernández, Luis Lassaletta, Isaura Rábago, Hans van Grinsven, Marta G. Vivanco, Alberto Sanz-Cobeña","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126867","url":null,"abstract":"Ammonia (NH₃) emissions from agricultural activities are one of the main sources of air pollution, a challenge for EU emission targets, and contribute significantly to nitrogen (N) deposition and eutrophication of sensitive ecosystems. This study used modelling to evaluate the mitigation of this eutrophication by improved fertilizer management techniques in the EU Interreg “SUDOE” region (Spain, Portugal, and southwestern France), comparing it with the current situation. The results showed that the implementation of improved fertilizer management -removing urea-based fertilizers and optimizing manure application- led to a 36% reduction in NH₃ emissions and a 20% decrease in total N deposition. Consequently, the area of habitats exceeding their critical nitrogen load dropped from 39% to 22%, representing a 43% reduction in area at risk of eutrophication. However, spatial heterogeneity was considerable, driven by atmospheric transport, deposition patterns, and distribution of sensitive habitats. The majority of the most sensitive habitats experienced a reduction of their area at risk, particularly natural and semi-natural grasslands, and most of shrublands. However, some others, such as coastal dunes and certain Mediterranean shrublands, experienced smaller improvements. The Alpine region remained the most threatened region. This study highlights the importance of improved fertilizer management in achieving strategic environmental goals, and confirms that spatially explicit modelling and precautionary assessments using critical loads are useful tools to inform regionally adapted environmental policies, considering sensitivity of the ecosystems, deposition magnitude and pollution sources as key factors.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144684622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing 3-D Variability of Ultrafine Particle Using a Geo-AI Modelling Approach: A Case Study in Zhunan-Miaoli, Taiwan","authors":"Chia-Wei Hsu, Yinq-Rong Chern, Jun-Jun Su, Pei-Yi Wong, Aji Kusumaning Asri, Candera Wijaya, Yu-Cheng Chen, Shih-Chun Candice Lung, Ta-Chih Hsiao, Tee-Ann Teo, Yi-Liang Shih, Chih-Da Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126879","url":null,"abstract":"Previous air pollution modeling studies have predominantly emphasized horizontal distributions, overlooking the critical vertical variability of pollutant concentrations in urban environments. Therefore, the three-dimensional (3-D) behavior of air pollutants, and of ultrafine particulate matter (PM_0.1) in particular, is insufficiently characterized. This study examined the 3-D distribution of PM_0.1 in the Zhunan and Toufen regions in Miaoli, Taiwan. Using a hexacopter drone, PM_0.1 concentrations were measured at 12 locations, at altitudes of 40, 60, and 100 m. A geospatial-artificial intelligence (Geo-AI) model was developed to estimate 3-D PM_0.1 concentrations, incorporating databases such as land use, meteorology, and 3-D building data as predictor variables. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis for variable selection showed that key predictors were building height, temperature, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, forest coverage and 3-D spatial distance from buildings. Five machine learning algorithms were used for modeling. Extreme Gradient Boosting Regressor (XGBR) achieved the best performance with a training R² of 0.98. The model’s robustness was further examined through 10-fold cross-validation and stratified validation, which yielded R² values exceeding 0.85, indicating a strong ability to capture the spatial variation of PM_0.1 across different environmental conditions. These findings underscored the crucial role of vertical pollutant dispersion in urban environments and the need to incorporate detailed 3-D measurements into urban planning and public health policies.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144693842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric Fate and Deposition of Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Urban Environment","authors":"Alexis Trinquet, Alexander Kasperkiewicz, Daniel Persaud, Jason Miller, Mathieu Babin, Trevor C. VandenBoer, Chubashini Shunthirasingham, Elisabeth Galarneau, Hayley Hung, Gerald R. Tetreault, Zhe Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126878","url":null,"abstract":"Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are of emerging environmental concern due to their dioxin-like toxicity and widespread distribution in the aquatic environment. However, knowledge of the occurrence, fate, and impacts of PHCZs in the atmospheric environment is limited. The present study investigated air concentrations and atmospheric deposition of 11 PHCZs in Toronto, Canada, during the winter of 2024. The event-based effects of atmospheric deposition on the mass load of PHCZs to urban streams were also evaluated to better understand the transport of PHCZs from urban environments to receiving watersheds. Results showed that 3-chloro-9H-carbazole (3-CCZ) and 3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazole (36-CCZ) were the predominant PHCZs in all matrices. Similar concentrations of 3-CCZ (0.020 ± 0.013 pg/m³) and 36-CCZ (0.030 ± 0.022 pg/m³) were found in the gas phase, while higher concentrations of 36-CCZ (0.086 ± 0.045 pg/m³) were observed in the particle phase compared to 3-CCZ (0.029 ± 0.022 pg/m³). Temperature positively affected the partitioning of 36-CCZ to the gas phase. Although these two PHCZs were frequently found in the air, the estimated Toxic Equivalent Quantity and Estimated Daily Intake suggested they were unlikely to pose risks to human health relevant to dioxin-like effects via outdoor inhalation. The atmospheric deposition of 3-CCZ and 36-CCZ was 45 ± 63 pg/m²/day and 89 ± 60 pg/m²/day, respectively. The scavenging of 3-CCZ increased at lower temperatures due to greater partitioning to precipitation. In addition, rain and snowmelt could increase the mass flux of these two PHCZs (approximately up to 3-fold) in urban streams and result in more PHCZs being delivered to aquatic environments.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144693840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimated exposure of flame-retardants in Spanish toddlers: a modelling approach","authors":"Roser Esplugas, Joaquim Rovira, Helena García-Cortés, Vikas Kumar, Montse Mari, Antonio F. Hernández, Marina Lacasaña-Navarro, José L. Domingo, Marta Schuhmacher","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126873","url":null,"abstract":"Flame retardants (FRs) are chemicals used to reduce the flammability of materials and are commonly found in consumer products such as furniture and electronics. These substances can migrate from products (e.g., furniture foam and electronic devices) into indoor environments such as air and dust and may pose risk to human health by direct exposure. Some FRs are known endocrine disruptors capable of affecting thyroid hormone homeostasis, neurodevelopment, behaviour and reproduction. Thus, there is a need to understand the emission, transport, sorption, and distribution of FRs. In line with the 3R principles (Reduce, Replace and Refine) used in scientific research and risk assessment, modelling has become a valuable tool for elucidating and predicting the emissions, behaviour and fate of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in indoor environments. i-SVOC is a software application designed for dynamic modelling of these chemicals covering indoor compartments contributing to a more efficient evaluation of indoor pollution. This study had two main objectives. First, we aimed to develop and validate a model to estimate the concentrations of two FRs, tris(chloroisopropyl)-phosphate (TClPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) in Spanish indoor environments. Second, we sought to estimate the indoor levels and exposure to both FRs in Spain by modelling environmental data from a toddler Spanish birth cohort (GENEIDA). Four scenarios were simulated using the i-SVOC software, considering variation in ventilation (high/low) and emissions factors (high/medium). This study demonstrated the ability of i-SVOC model to estimate TClPP and TPhP concentrations in air and dust. The application of the model to environmental data from the GENEIDA cohort showed statistically similar mean/median values to those experimentally collected, leading to comparable estimates of FR-exposure. Furthermore, the non-carcinogenic risk from exposure to TClPP and TPhP in toddlers were assessed. However, no correlation was found between the estimated exposure levels and the measured concentrations of FR metabolites (bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate -BClPP- and diphenyl phosphate -DPhP-) in the cohort toddlers. This discrepancy is likely due to variability in environmental characteristics and individual differences in metabolite concentrations.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144684623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What differences between underground and aboveground metro stations in iron-bearing particles are?","authors":"Yinglu Chen, Weiguo Zhang, Tuqin Huang, Binhuan Qiu, Xiaoting Wang, Zhangbao Cheng, Chenyin Dong, Yunjiang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126872","url":null,"abstract":"Iron (Fe)-bearing particle species (e.g., metallic Fe, magnetite, and hematite) play a critical role in determining toxicity, yet few studies compare aboveground and underground metro stations. This study employed multiple approaches, including magnetic measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and geochemical methods, to analyze the abundance and species of Fe-bearing particles in these environments. Results reveal that total Fe in underground platforms (23.2 ± 4.5 wt%) is approximately three times higher than in aboveground platforms (7.7 ± 0.9 wt%). The proportion of magnetite-derived Fe (Fe_mag) is significantly greater in underground stations (47 ± 4%) compared to aboveground stations (22 ± 2%), while silicate mineral-derived Fe (Fe_r) is more abundant in aboveground platforms (8.8 ± 0.9%) than underground (4.2 ± 1.6%). Multiple lines of evidence, including magnetic properties, SEM imaging, and Fe species analysis, confirm two primary sources of Fe-bearing particles in platform dust: urban topsoil/street dust and wheel/rail abrasion. Urban topsoil/street dust more likely influenced aboveground stations, whereas underground stations was mainly impacted by wheel/rail abrasion. These findings offer key insights for toxicological research, emphasizing particle composition variability in metro environments.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144677431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of interactions of particle-associated oxidative potential sources using multilayer perceptron neural networks: A case study in Shenyang, China","authors":"Siwei Wei, Zidan Zhang, Yuta Kamiya, Takeshi Ohura, Nozomu Tsuchiya, Takayuki Kameda","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126868","url":null,"abstract":"The oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter (PM) is a possible indicator for assessing the oxidative-imbalance risk caused by PM exposure. The OP contributions of different PM sources exhibit nonlinear relationships, and the specific patterns and intensities of these interactions remain unclear. This study sampled total suspended particulates (TSPs) seasonally in 2015 in Shenyang, a major industrial city in China. Chemical analyses were performed on samples, and six potential sources were identified via positive matrix factorization: automobile exhaust and road dust, biomass burning, secondary pollution, coal combustion, diesel combustion, and soil. The OPs of TSP samples were quantified using volume-based dithiothreitol assay. A multilayer perceptron, an artificial neural network, was used to model relationships among the sources and OP_DTTv (the sampling volume as a proxy for the OP level) considering nonlinear interactions between sources. The trained model was used to analyze potential pairwise interactions, whose strengths were determined by calculating interaction factors. Simulation of a typical winter reveals significant synergistic effects and weak antagonistic effects between certain source combinations, while simulation of a typical summer shows weak synergistic and antagonistic effects. Real-world sampling results confirm that some source concentration combinations are consistent with the simulated interactions. This study highlights interactions between source contributions to OP, identifies combinations with notable synergistic or antagonistic effects, and emphasizes the importance of comprehensive source control strategies for mitigating risks associated with synergistic effects.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144684699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}