Environmental Pollution最新文献

{"title":"Atmospheric Imidazole Formation: Unraveling the Roles of Precursors, Humidity, and Aerosol Acidity","authors":"Huifeng Xu, Tong Sun, Yunyun Wang, Lingjia Wang, Linghong Chen, Xiang Gao, Kefa Cen","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127214","url":null,"abstract":"To analyze the physicochemical properties and formation mechanisms of atmospheric imidazole-containing particles, a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) was employed to sample particulate matter in a major city in eastern China from December 19, 2018, to January 19, 2019. Throughout the monitoring period, particles containing carbonyls (183,952), amines and carbonyls (64,019), and imidazole (120,429) were collected. Four pollution episodes (E1-E4) and three clean periods (C1-C3) were identified based on increases in dominant precursor carbonyl particle concentrations. During pollution episodes, carbonyl-containing, amine-carbonyl mixed and imidazole-containing particles increased by 79.4%, 43.3%, and 61.9% on average, respectively. Relative humidity between 50%-70% and aerosol acidity in the range of 20-30 facilitated the conversion of carbonyl and amine/ammonium precursors into imidazole. Notably, glyoxal and methylglyoxal exhibited higher uptake rates under RH < 70%. Precursor particles peaked during the daytime. Imidazole particle concentrations were elevated at night, reflecting reduced photolysis and contributions from secondary formation processes. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified four factors, explaining 81.0% of the total variance. PC1 (41.0%) revealed C₂HO₃^-, NH₄HSO₄, and DEA as key precursors. Factor loading analysis across different periods revealed that imidazole formation is a multi-factor process influenced by precursor composition and environmental parameters.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145247634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Winter behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in frozen lakes: fugacity insights into partitioning, transport, and key driving mechanisms","authors":"Hanyu Ju, Lili Jiang, Yifan Yuan, Shubin Zou, Karina Yew-Hoong Gin, Fuliu Xu, Jingjie Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127232","url":null,"abstract":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose ecological risks when the ice in lakes melts, which may trigger sharp increases in pollution in the spring. Nevertheless, there is insufficient information about the behavior of PAHs in lakes in cold regions during winter. This study investigated the partitioning and transport of PAHs during a freezing period in a representative lake. The dynamic distribution of PAHs was assessed across five environmental media: ice, suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the ice column, bulk water, SPM in the water column, and sediment. Based on field data collected in 2021, a multimedia fugacity model and Spearman correlation analysis were used to characterize the fate of PAHs and identify key influencing mechanisms. The results show that over 87.00% of low-ring PAHs are trapped in the ice column in aerosol form, while more than 88.00% of total PAHs are bound to SPM in the water column. The fugacity fraction revealed opposing vertical migrations in that low-ring PAHs tended to move upward from sediment to water, while high-ring PAHs exhibited the opposite trend. The Spearman correlation analysis indicated that the key driving mechanisms included the total suspended matter, chlorophyll-<em>a</em>, and temperature, which play critical roles in shaping the distribution of PAHs across different media. The distribution of PAHs during the freezing period was strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties, the natural conditions of the study area, and anthropogenic activities such as oil extraction and irrigation return flow. These findings highlight the need for revised monitoring protocols to address SPM-mediated PAH transport in winter.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145247612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"META-ANALYSIS ON MICROPLASTICS MONITORING IN GLOBAL WATER RESOURCE RECOVERY FACILITIES: AN EMPHASIS ON OVERLOOKED FACTORS","authors":"Elinor S. Austin, Dana M. Austin, Linda Y. Tseng, Lin Liu, Zeth Kleinmeyer, Danielle Drake, Diego Rosso, Yian Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127220","url":null,"abstract":"As municipal water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) provide an important conduit between microplastics (MPs) and the environment, it is critical to understand global trends. This meta-analysis integrates data from studies worldwide, providing a comprehensive overview of MP occurrence and removal from wastewater while emphasizing overlooked variables and regions. Principal component analysis (PCA) found that Europe and Asia form largely separate clusters in terms of MP removal performance, likely due to differences in study methodologies and the range of wealth within included countries. Asian studies tended to include countries of greater economic diversity, while European studies overall included smaller MPs and more often employed spectroscopy for polymer identification and quantification. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified study methodology, secondary treatment type, and wastewater type to have the most significant effects on MP removal (p-values &lt; 0.01) globally and continentally, with other variables both internal and external to WRRFs exerting varied effects depending on the socioeconomic lens (i.e., relative vs. absolute wealth in terms of gross domestic product, or GDP, per capita). Post hoc analysis identified China, South Korea, and Vietnam to display significantly different means in MP removal from other Asian countries. Lastly, component regression (PCR) and machine learning-based partial least squares regression (PLSR) were conducted to create prediction models for MP removal from WRRFs, which supported the regional patterns in behaviour identified with PCA and ANOVA while streamlining an efficient method for predicting WRRF performance. Future research should address global monitoring bias, mismanaged plastic waste, and standardized MP reporting and analysis.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145247633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation mechanisms of chlorophenylacetonitriles from aromatic amino acids in chloramine disinfection","authors":"Xinru Zhang, Yifan Jin, Qianqian Fang, Zhenyi Chen, Jiangmin Liu, Xiaoxuan Wei, Haiying Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127224","url":null,"abstract":"Chlorophenylacetonitriles (CPANs), a class of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (DBPs) with high cytotoxicity, are increasingly detected in chloraminated water systems. However, their formation mechanisms from aromatic amino acids (ArAAs), critical nitrogen-rich precursors in proteinaceous waters, remain poorly understood. This study systematically investigated the intermediates, reactive sites, nitrogen sources, and pathways involved in CPANs formation from phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr), and tryptophan (Trp) under chloramine disinfection. A total of 26 DBPs were identified, including 7 CPANs, with Trp exhibiting the highest diversity (18 species). ¹⁵N isotope experiments revealed dual nitrogen sources for CPANs: over 50% of nitrogen was derived from chloramine via aldehyde intermediates (phenylacetaldehyde/indole-3-acetaldehyde), while decarboxylation pathways contributed the remaining residual nitrogen from amino acid backbones. Notably, chloramine dosage governed pathway competition: Increasing chloramine concentrations (C[ArAAs]:C[NH₂Cl] ≤ 1:10) progressively shift pathway dominance toward the aldehyde route during CPAN formation. Molecular electrostatic potential calculations pinpointed α-amino groups (ALIE: 0.30∼0.46 Hartree; ESP: −0.03∼0.01 Hartree) and aromatic rings as primary reactive sites, driving sequential chlorination and cyclization. These findings challenge the perception of chloramination as a \"safer\" alternative, emphasizing the need for precursor-specific control strategies to mitigate CPAN risks in nitrogen-rich waters.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145247635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased S-adenosyl methionine strengthens the suppression in mitochondrial unfolded protein response induced by 6-PPD quinone at environmentally relevant concentrations in Caenorhabditis elegans","authors":"Yuxing Wang, Guocheng Hu, Dayong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127231","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ) caused mitochondrial dysfunction; however, underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In cells, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) can be generated from methionine. In nematodes, 6-PPDQ (0.1-10 μg/L) reduced methionine content by decreasing expression of <em>msra-1</em> encoding methionine sulfoxide reductase. 6-PPDQ further increased SAM content by enhancing expressions of <em>sams-1</em> and <em>sams-5</em> encoding methionine adenosyltransferases, which activated expressions of mitochondrial <em>slc-25A26</em> encoding SAM transporter and <em>trmt-10C.2</em> encoding tRNA methyltransferase. The 6-PPDQ induced mitochondrial dysfunction was inhibited by <em>slc-25A26</em> and <em>trmt-10C.2</em> RNAi. Additionally, <em>slc-25A26</em> and <em>trmt-10C.2</em> RNAi inhibited 6-PPDQ caused suppression in mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mt UPR) by increasing expressions of <em>haf-1</em> and <em>clpp-1</em>, two mitochondrial genes governing mt UPR. Moreover, after treatment with methionine to reduce SAM content, 6-PPDQ induced mitochondrial dysfunction and suppression in mt UPR were inhibited. Therefore, 6-PPDQ caused increase in SAM could strengthen mitochondrial dysfunction by enhancing mt UPR suppression, which suggested a metabolic regulatory mechanism of 6-PPDQ toxicity on mitochondrial function.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145247632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy metal accumulation in deep sediment benthic invertebrates downstream from a historical mining district","authors":"Sam Miess, Yetkin Ipek, Andrew R. Dzialowski","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127230","url":null,"abstract":"Metal mining has resulted in substantial ecological impacts, with effects lasting long after mining activity has ceased. Metals can leach from abandoned mines and mining waste (i.e. “chat”) into waterbodies, affecting the native biota and associated processes. Often, metals precipitate or otherwise leave the water column, depositing in deep sediments. These deep sediments can be densely populated with immature insects and other invertebrates; however, they are often ignored in the assessment of ecosystem impacts. Our study assessed heavy metal concentrations in common macroinvertebrates collected from deep sediments (&gt;3 m depth) located downstream of Tar Creek, a stream draining Pb and Zn minefields in the historic Tri-State mining district (Oklahoma/Kansas/Missouri, USA). Macroinvertebrate, water, and sediment samples were collected at multiple sites in the Neosho River and Grand Lake in northeast Oklahoma (USA). The concentrations of 17 elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Higher concentrations of Zn were observed in invertebrates collected near the Neosho River-Tar Creek confluence than in invertebrates collected further downstream. Additionally, metal concentrations were higher in invertebrates than in the environmental samples collected, and higher than biological samples collected in previous studies. Although these concentrations appear to be sublethal, this study demonstrates the downstream spread of impact from the TCSS. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of including deep sediment fauna when assessing the impact of pollutants on aquatic ecosystems. These deep sediment assemblages can harbor high concentrations of metals, and through emergence reintroduce these pollutants to aquatic and terrestrial food webs.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145247636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multigraph fusion neural network for predicting available cadmium levels in farmland soils","authors":"Ren-Jie Zhang, Shu-Fang Pan, Huai-Zeng Xing, Tian-Hao Dong, Sai-Hua Liu, Tao Xue, Fa-Xiang Tian, Hong-Yu Fu, Yun-He Xie, Xiong-Hui Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127225","url":null,"abstract":"Cadmium (Cd), a primary heavy metal pollutant in farmland soils, poses a significant threat to soil ecosystems and human health, developing accurate machine learning models to predict soil available Cd concentration is crucial for formulating effective remediation strategies. However, most existing models rely on the simple aggregation of multiple environmental and geographical variables to predict soil available Cd concentration, often neglecting the complex interrelationships among these variables and the spatial effects of geographic factors. In this work, a novel multigraph fusion neural network model based on the spatial relationships between sampling points and various geographic factors (elevation, mine, roads, and rivers) is proposed. By integrating multiple spatial relationship graphs, the model effectively captures the spatial effects of geographic factors on the farmland soil environment. The results demonstrate that the multigraph fusion model significantly outperforms the other models in predicting soil available Cd concentration, achieving R² value of 0.82, RMSE value of 0.0338 mg·kg^-1, and MAE value of 0.0249 mg·kg^-1. Compared with the single-graph models and baseline models, the multigraph fusion model provides lower residual distribution range and more stable prediction performance. These findings validate the feasibility of incorporating the spatial effects of geographic factors to increase the prediction performance of soil available Cd concentration models and offer valuable analysis tools into the environmental drivers underlying the spatial heterogeneity in heavy metal contamination in farmland soils.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conventional and biodegradable agricultural microplastics: effects on soil properties and microbial functions across a European pedoclimatic gradient","authors":"Klára Šmídová, Helena Soinne, Shin Woong Kim, Jyri Tirronniemi, Raffaella Meffe, Paula E. Redondo-Hasselerharm, Melanie Braun, Matthias C. Rillig, Hannu Fritze, Bartosz Adamczyk, Johanna Nikama, Janne Kaseva, Vili Saartama, Wulf Amelung, Rachel Hurley, Jakub Hofman, Luca Nizzetto, Salla Selonen, Sannakajsa Velmala","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127212","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural plastics like mulching films may become a major source of microplastic (MP) soil contamination during their degradation and fragmentation. This study investigates the effects of agricultural MPs from conventional (linear low-density polyethylene, PE) and biodegradable (starch-blended polybutylene adipate co-terephthalate, PBAT-BD) mulching films on soil physicochemical properties, aggregation, microbial diversity and functions, litter decomposition, and greenhouse gases emissions (GHG). For this purpose, MPs were mixed into soils at realistic MP concentrations of 0.005% and 0.05% (w/w) in 2022 on experimental plots in three EU countries representing different pedoclimatic conditions (Finland, Germany and Spain), followed by monitoring of the above-mentioned variables in the subsequent growing seasons 2022 and 2023. We found several significant MP-induced effects for soil properties, aggregation, microbial diversity, litter decomposition, and GHG, but the effect endpoints were less pronounced or varied considerably. Contrarily, microbial activity, contributing to soil functions such as nitrogen cycling, was consistently reduced by both conventional and biodegradable MPs. The reductions were more pronounced after the second season and for the higher MP treatment. As the higher MP concentration (i.e., 0.05% w/w) is environmentally relevant in Europe, our findings emphasize the potential effects of environmentally relevant MP concentrations on soil health. Furthermore, the effects increased from north to south, probably modulated by varying pedoclimatic conditions, inducing reflection of a need for regionally tailored risk assessment to protect soil from plastic pollution.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled experimental and modeling approaches to reveal ion-specific migration behavior of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in soils surrounding Pb–Zn Smelters","authors":"Jiejie Yang, Jiaxin Shi, Ziwen Guo, Yulong Peng, Bo Miao, Hongwei Liu, Yili Liang, Xueduan Liu, Luhua Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127219","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamic migration mechanisms of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in soils contaminated by lead-zinc (Pb-Zn) smelting during runoff infiltration remain poorly understood. This study employed batch adsorption and dynamic column experiments to investigate the migration behavior of As, Cd and Pb in acidic red soils around typical Pb-Zn mining regions. Results demonstrated that surface soils exhibited significantly higher adsorption capacities than deeper layers. As(V) preferentially bound to surface aggregates in a monolayer configuration, while Cd(II) and Pb(II) adhered through a more complex, multilayered arrangement. The surface layer (S1) had lower <em>K</em>_s and <em>D</em> value, indicating a stronger pollutant retention capacity than the intermediate (S2) and deep (S3) layers. Column experiments established a descending mobility order of Cd(II) &gt; Pb(II) &gt; As(V) in acidic soils. At pH levels above 6.5, the deprotonation of soil adsorption sites enhanced Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ adsorption and complexation with Cd(OH)₂ and Pb(OH)₂, but simultaneously increased electrostatic repulsion against HAsO₄^2-, HAsO₃^-, and AsO₄^3-. A combined isothermal adsorption and non-equilibrium model effectively captured the migration trends of As, Cd, and Pb ions, though mid-migration hysteresis of Pb reduced predictive accuracy. Acidic soil chemical and mineral characteristics were instrumental in predicting As(Ⅴ) retention, whereas the retardation factors (<em>R</em>_f) for Cd(II) and Pb(II) were more closely associated with soil mineralogy, particularly Fe oxide content and speciation. These findings provide valuable insights into the controlling mechanisms of toxic metal migration in contaminated soils, which is crucial for developing effective remediation strategies for polluted soils in areas impacted by smelter.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145229291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flux Measurements of NOx, O3 and Ox: Emission Characteristics, Inventory Validation and Titration Effects","authors":"Xiaoxiao Zhang, Bin Yuan, Yibo Huangfu, Huizhi Liu, Thomas Karl, Ming Chang, Shiyi Chen, Tao Song, Jintai Lin, Guannan Geng, Hongjuan Li, Eran Tas","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127213","url":null,"abstract":"As the precursor of ozone and secondary particles, the incomplete knowledge of NO_x emission dynamics constrains our ability to fully elucidate air pollution formation. Flux measurements offer new insights into NO_x emissions and titration effects. Here, we present eddy covariance flux measurements of NO_x, O₃ and O_x in urban Beijing during the summer of 2023. The measured NO_x flux was positive with the 24-h average of 10.8 ± 10.7 nmol/m²/s, which is at the lower end of the flux reported in urban regions. The low NO_x emission strength in urban Beijing may be related to the successful control measures of diesel vehicles, while confirming significant dependence of NO_x flux with traffic flow. The discrepancies by a factor of 1.3-14.5 between measured NO_x flux and estimates in emission inventories are observed, indicating most emission inventories may fail to accurately characterize NO_x emissions in Beijing. Better agreements between flux measurements and satellite retrieval are obtained. In contrast to NO_x, predominantly downward fluxes were observed for ozone (O₃) and O_x (= O₃ + NO₂). A multiple linear regression (MLR) method is developed to examine the impacts of NO_x emissions on the ozone downward flux, revealing that NO_x emissions induce 54 ± 53% of ozone downward flux average over the observation period. This study demonstrates valuable information on emission strength and chemical transformation provided by eddy covariance flux measurements of NO_x, O₃ and O_x.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}