Chemosphere最新文献

{"title":"Environmental contaminants and the HPA axis: Advances in adrenocortical hormone research in cetaceans","authors":"Layane Joyce Rosa Maia ,&nbsp;Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis ,&nbsp;Elane Guerreiro Giese","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental pollution is one of the main threats to marine life, and chemical contaminants are known endocrine disruptors capable of altering the physiological balance of exposed organisms. Among marine mammals, cetaceans stand out as environmental sentinels due to their high trophic level, longevity, and ability to bioaccumulate lipophilic substances. This review explores the impact of environmental contamination on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, a key endocrine system involved in stress responses, whose chronic dysregulation may lead to adverse health outcomes. Existing evidence suggests that environmental pollutants can interfere with the production and regulation of steroid hormones, such as glucocorticoids, aldosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, potentially triggering HPA axis dysfunction and prolonged stress responses. However, substantial knowledge gaps remain, particularly concerning free-ranging cetaceans, highlighting the need for integrated assessments that combine hormonal and contaminant analyses. The development and validation of non-invasive methods capable of providing physiological data without inducing additional stress are also paramount. Integrating endocrine biomarkers with ecotoxicological data may offer a comprehensive approach to assessing environmental health risks and supporting more effective conservation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"385 ","pages":"Article 144562"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144579192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics detection and characterisation in the urban water cycle of Geneva, Switzerland: Assessing the supply network impacts","authors":"Angel Negrete Velasco ,&nbsp;Delphine Borboën ,&nbsp;Stéphan Ramseier Gentile ,&nbsp;Stéphane Zimmermann ,&nbsp;Pascal Ramaciotti ,&nbsp;Pauline Perdaems ,&nbsp;Blaise Jeanneret ,&nbsp;Lina Ramirez Arenas ,&nbsp;Philippe Le Coustumer ,&nbsp;Serge Stoll","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs) are increasingly detected in aquatic environments and are a growing concern due to their persistence, mobility, and potential risks to ecosystems and human health. This study aims to investigate the presence of MPs (&gt;20 μm) across the urban water cycle of Geneva (Switzerland). The scope of the assessment includes large water volumes (50–2000 L) of raw water sources (groundwater and surface water), drinking water treatment, water supply network, and effluents of three wastewater treatment plants. MPs concentrations, size distributions, and chemical compositions were determined across these interconnected systems. Sampling and analysis followed a strict quality assurance protocol aligned with current MP analysis guidelines and standards. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterise MPs.</div><div>Geneva's main conventional drinking water treatment plant (serving approximately 500,000 consumers) showed high removal efficiency, reducing MPs concentrations from 640 ± 292 MP/m³ in raw water to 10 ± 6 MP/m³ after treatment (including coagulation, sand filtration, ozonation and granular activated carbon filtration), demonstrating a removal efficiency of 97 ± 3 %. Groundwater samples showed low concentration of MPs (8 ± 7 MP/m³). However, the drinking water supply network (DWSN) contributed to an increase of MPs concentration, with values equal to 27 ± 37 MP/m³ in the eastern section and 23 ± 19 MP/m³ in the western section. Effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) exhibited the highest concentrations, averaging 5829 ± 5108 MP/m³.</div><div>This study highlights the importance of full-cycle monitoring and supports the need for improved mitigation strategies across all stages of the urban water cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"385 ","pages":"Article 144558"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144579190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking radiolabelled polystyrene microplastics in young Atlantic scallop (Placopecten magellanicus): bioaccumulation, depuration and bioenergetic impacts assessment","authors":"Marie Faraut ,&nbsp;Youssouf Djibril Soubaneh ,&nbsp;Réjean Tremblay ,&nbsp;Émilien Pelletier ,&nbsp;Claude Rouleau ,&nbsp;Véronique Langlois","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The massive production and use of plastics have resulted in their release, under various forms, in marine ecosystems, now a major environmental pollution concern. Degradation and fragmentation processes break down plastics into fine particles, called microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), whose bioaccumulation and effects on marine organisms remain largely unknown. This study investigates the long-term bioaccumulation and depuration kinetics as well as the biodistribution of 1.5 ± 0.3 μm polystyrene microparticles (PS-MPs) and assesses their impact on the energy reserves of young non-reproductive Atlantic scallops (<em>Placopecten magellanicus</em>). Three treatments were used during a three-month exposure period; organisms fed with a mixture of microalgae and ¹⁴C-labelled PS (¹⁴C-PS-MPs) at concentrations close to those expected in the marine environment; organisms on the same treatment but with non-radiolabelled PS-MPs, and control organisms fed only a mixture of microalgae. Thereafter, depuration was monitored over 3 months, scallops receiving only microalgae. Autoradiographic data showed that ¹⁴C-PS-MPs ingested by scallops were concentrated in the digestive tract. ¹⁴C-PS-MPs levels measured in samples of hepatopancreas (6300 ± 4900 Bq•g⁻¹_ww) and muscle (85 ± 81 Bq•g⁻¹_ww) exhibited large interindividual variability and no temporal trend during exposure. Upon depuration, 91 % of ¹⁴C-PS-MPs in scallops was eliminated in less than 0.65 d and little radioactivity remained in hepatopancreas and muscle after 7 d (&lt;200 and &lt; 20 Bq•g⁻¹_ww, respectively). Finally, the consumption of non-labelled PS-MPs had no detectable impact on the energy reserves of scallops such as lipid and glycogen concentrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"385 ","pages":"Article 144559"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicological assessment of inorganic arsenic: Bioaccumulation and immunotoxicity in Acanthopagrus schlegelii","authors":"Zhen-Hao Liao,&nbsp;Bo-Ying Chen,&nbsp;Han-Yang Yeh,&nbsp;Huai-Ting Huang,&nbsp;Shih-Lun Yuan,&nbsp;Po-Tsang Lee,&nbsp;Huu-The Nguyen,&nbsp;Yeh-Fang Hu,&nbsp;Fan-Hua Nan","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inorganic arsenic contamination in the marine environment can have adverse effects on aquatic animals. This study investigated the toxicity of trivalent As (III) and pentavalent As (V) in <em>Acanthopagrus schlegelii</em> by analyzing tissue bioaccumulation and non-specific immune responses. Fish were exposed to dietary As (III) or As (V) at 0, 5, 10, and 15 mg kg⁻¹ for 28 d. The total arsenic (TAs) accumulation (mg kg⁻¹ wet weight) was highest in the liver (4.26–8.87), followed by the muscle (2.13–2.88), intestine (0.97–2.02), and blood (0.30–0.89) at the end of exposure. During the exposure, inorganic arsenic was detected in the liver (0.05–0.06), blood (0.07–0.16) and intestine (0.05–0.36), whereas no accumulation was observed in muscle. The accumulation of arsenobetaine (AsB) was slightly lower than that of TAs across all tissues. Arsenic bioaccumulation in all tissues was not directly proportional to the levels of inorganic arsenic exposure, as both As (III) and As (V) were rapidly biotransformed into less toxic AsB, indicating normal arsenic metabolism in black seabream. Moreover, a two-way MANOVA analysis revealed that the bioaccumulation of all arsenic species differed significantly among tissues and between two arsenic exposure forms. In terms of immunotoxicity, dietary exposure to As (III) and As (V) significantly suppressed nonspecific immune responses in leukocytes, with marked reductions in phagocytic rate, phagocytic index, and respiratory burst activity observed from 7 d onward. These findings enhance the understanding of arsenic bioaccumulation and immunotoxicity in marine fish and provide important data for the risk assessment of arsenic contamination in aquaculture feeds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"385 ","pages":"Article 144561"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144579191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gas chromatography–trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry: A highly specific and ultra-sensitive platform for quantifying sub-ppt levels of dioxins and PCBs in food","authors":"Hugo B. Muller,&nbsp;Georges Scholl,&nbsp;Gauthier Eppe","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144557","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"385 ","pages":"Article 144557"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential for atmospheric transport of contaminants to remote lakes: An assessment using COSMO-RS solvation theory","authors":"J. Mark Parnis ,&nbsp;Chris D. Metcalfe","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmaceuticals and personal-care products (PPCPs), pesticides, and per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been detected in lakes far from known point sources. These compounds may be transported into the atmosphere in the gas phase or associated with aerosols or particulates. Here, the CONductor-like Screening MOdel for Realistic Solvation (COSMO-RS) theory is used to estimate key partition ratios for selected chemicals from these classes and used to map their tendency to partition within the atmosphere under typical conditions. In cloud-free conditions, the target chemicals partition to one or more of the organic or aqueous phases of aerosols and the gaseous phase in air. Changing the pH of aerosols in the range 0–7 results in most chemicals shifting from one phase to another. Most acids and bases shift strongly to the water phase under ionizing conditions (i.e., pH 0 for bases and pH 7 for acids. Adjustments to the modelling for an increased volume in the water phase and changes in the pH of aerosols under cloudy conditions results in the prediction that most of these chemicals will partition into water droplets (i.e. rain) at some pH value between 0 and 7. It is proposed that wastewater treatment plants are point sources for PPCPs and possibly PFAS, while agricultural applications are the source of pesticides. Partitioning into the atmosphere and medium- or long-range transport, followed by wet deposition or direct diffusion could explain the presence of many of these chemicals in remote lakes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"385 ","pages":"Article 144555"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced photo Fenton-like AOP by N-doped and Cu–Fe loaded biochar for efficient sulfamethoxazole removal: Economic synthesis, catalytic, performance and mechanism","authors":"Shanshan Zhang,&nbsp;Jitao Yang,&nbsp;Heyang Wang,&nbsp;Shanqiao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, copper and iron-loaded biochar materials were innovatively prepared from wasted walnut green peel using a pyrolysis method with impregnation. Characterization results indicated that Cu and Fe impregnation not only enhanced biochar-specific surface area but also achieved a high degree of dispersion. The heterojunction of N elemental doping and Cu₂O/Fe₃O₄ in CuFe@BC-(1:1.5) demonstrated improved photo Fenton-like advanced oxidation processes (AOP). Under photolytic conditions, removal efficiencies for sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and total organic carbon (TOC) reached 92.25 % and 73.89 % at 30 min with neutral pH. The hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were the principal reactive species in the degradation of SMX, while x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) disclosed that the combined transitions of Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ and Cu²⁺/Cu⁺ enhanced redox cycling of the catalyst. CuFe@BC-(1:1.5) maintained a high removal rate after five recycling iterations, and the preparation process could be repeated more than five times. This work economically employed waste walnut green peel as a source of elemental carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), proposing a novel strategy to simultaneously achieve the dual objectives of waste reuse and pollutant removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"385 ","pages":"Article 144543"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-target and suspect screening of volatile organic compounds from Scots pine and Norway spruce building materials","authors":"Ingrid Bakke ,&nbsp;Roland Kallenborn ,&nbsp;Anders Q. Nyrud ,&nbsp;Alexander Håland","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wood building materials can be a source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the indoor environment and increasing focus is put on classification and regulation of the use of wood building materials in Europe. The main wood related VOCs such as monoterpenes rarely pose adverse health effects for humans, but as analytical procedures become more sensitive new hazardous VOCs are detected in low concentration. There is a need for comprehensive identification of VOCs emitting from different wood building materials for indoor use. This study performed a first semi-quantitative non-target and suspect screening of VOC emissions from three important wood-based building materials in Europe. Air samples collected from emission chambers were analyzed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry and resulting mass spectra were classified into confidence groups. A total of 84, 133 and 197 compounds were found to emit from cross-laminated timber, untreated spruce panel and untreated pine panel, respectively. Pine panel was found to emit a higher number of VOCs as well as higher concentrations of most VOCs compared to the spruce building materials. Several new VOCs were detected in the emission profile of pine and spruce. However, they were mostly structurally similar to previously reported wood VOCs. Two compounds of concern emitting from all three wood building materials were furfural and (E)-2-octenal, as these have been classified as group 2 carcinogen and potent eye irritant, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"385 ","pages":"Article 144538"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecotoxicological effects and risk of novaluron-based insecticides and vegetable oil to non-target in-soil organisms","authors":"Fernanda Benedet de Santo ,&nbsp;Júlia Carina Niemeyer ,&nbsp;José Paulo Sousa ,&nbsp;Tiago Natal-da-Luz","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Insecticide application is the strategy mostly used to combat insect pests, especially in monocultures like soybean. There is an increasing demand for the development of more efficient, eco-friendly, and target-specific active substances (a.s.), like novaluron, which is an insect growth regulator acting in the inhibition of chitin synthesis. Several insect pests, like the fall armyworm, have been successfully combated using multi a.s. pesticides composed of novaluron and methomyl. Moreover, the application of these Plant Protection Products (PPPs) can be more efficient when adjuvants, like vegetable oil, are mixed before their application. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the risk posed by novaluron-based insecticides and the adjuvant vegetable oil, namely for soil non-target organisms. Aiming to fill this knowledge gap, laboratory reproduction tests were performed with the soil non-target invertebrate species considered in the data requirements for PPPs environmental risk assessment, i.e., the earthworm <em>Eisenia andrei</em>, the collembola <em>Folsomia candida</em>, the predatory mite <em>Hypoaspis aculeifer</em>, following standard guidelines. The toxicity-exposure ratio (TER) was used to estimate the risk based on a single application for soybean crops. Tested formulations with vegetable oil (Veget’Oil®) and novaluron (Rimon® 100 EC) presented no risk for all tested species, but the one with novaluron + methomyl (Voraz®) evidenced risk for all of them. Results indicate that the toxicity of novaluron-based insecticides can be more relevant when novaluron is combined with other a.s. Moreover, even when the risk of the novaluron pesticides is low, they should be seen with concern due to their considerable persistence in soil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"385 ","pages":"Article 144544"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable synthesis and multifunctional applications of biowaste-derived carbon nanomaterials and metal oxide composites: A review","authors":"Subhash Chand ,&nbsp;Ravi Kumar ,&nbsp;Naveen Thakur ,&nbsp;Kuldeep Kumar ,&nbsp;Ahmad Umar ,&nbsp;Tubia Almas ,&nbsp;Sotirios Baskoutas","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The conversion of biowaste into carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) and their metal oxide composites has emerged as a sustainable strategy to address environmental challenges while advancing nanotechnology. This comprehensive review critically examines recent advancements in the green synthesis, properties, and applications of biowaste-derived CNMs, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon quantum dots, alongside their metal oxide hybrids. We highlight eco-friendly synthesis techniques such as hydrothermal carbonization, chemical vapour deposition, and microwave-assisted methods, which enable the scalable production of high-performance nanomaterials with tailored properties. These materials exhibit exceptional characteristics, including high surface area, tunable porosity, superior electrical conductivity, and biocompatibility, making them ideal for energy storage, environmental remediation, catalysis, and biomedical applications. The integration of metal oxides (e.g., ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₃O₄) with CNMs enhances their functional performance through synergistic effects, improving photocatalytic activity, electrochemical stability, and sensing capabilities. We discuss their role in supercapacitors, biosensors, antimicrobial agents, and pollutant degradation, emphasizing mechanistic insights and structure-property relationships. Despite significant progress, challenges such as scalable synthesis, long-term stability, and toxicity assessment remain unresolved. Future research should focus on optimizing synthesis protocols, exploring novel composite designs, and assessing environmental impacts to facilitate commercialization. This review provides a forward-looking perspective on the potential of biowaste-derived nanomaterials to drive sustainable technological innovations, aligning with global circular economy goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"385 ","pages":"Article 144540"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}