Chemosphere最新文献

{"title":"Microplastics in rice-based farming systems and their connection to plastic waste management in the Chicoral district of Espinal-Tolima","authors":"Jorge Leonardo Muñoz Yustres ,&nbsp;Lina María Zapata-Restrepo ,&nbsp;Maria Carolina Garcia-Chaves ,&nbsp;Luis David Gomez-Mendez","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The presence of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural soils is a growing concern, especially in rice cultivation systems, where information is limited, particularly in Latin America. Given the economic importance of this crop in Colombia and the generation of plastic waste from some associated practices, it is crucial to determine the presence of MPs related to agricultural activities in soils dedicated to this activity. This study evaluated the presence of MPs in soils and irrigation water of rice crops in Chicoral, Tolima, Colombia, during two contrasting seasons. Soil samples from seven plots (upper, middle, and lower zones) and water samples from seven points along the irrigation canal were collected. MPs were found in all samples, with similar concentrations in water samples collected in the rainy and dry seasons (0.11 ± 0.10 vs. 0.10 ± 0.06 items/m³, respectively), and higher abundance in soil samples during the rainy season (4 ± 2.71 vs 3.62 ± 1.92 items/50 g). Fragments and fibers were the most abundant forms of plastics (53 % water, 55 % soil), predominantly larger than 100 μm and blue in color. Polypropylene (PP) was the most abundant polymer (50 %) in the meso- and macroplastic samples. Our results suggested that MPs contamination in rice crop soils at Chicoral is influenced by irrigation water transport and improper plastic waste management, highlighting the need for further research on their effects on agricultural systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 144423"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetite/reduced graphene oxide composites: A sustainable strategy for selenium immobilization and improved corn growth","authors":"Khatereh Sarmasti ,&nbsp;Ahmad Golchin ,&nbsp;Amir Bostani ,&nbsp;Mehran Misaghi","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the effectiveness of magnetite/reduced graphene oxide (MRGO) in immobilizing selenium (Se) in contaminated soils and its impact on corn (<em>Zea mays</em>) growth and nutrient uptake. A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse conditions. Soil samples were contaminated with sodium selenate at Se concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg/kg, equilibrated for two months, and subsequently treated with MRGO at 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 %, followed by a three-month incubation period. Corn plants were then cultivated from the seedling stage to the vegetative phase, and growth parameters, along with Se and nutrient concentrations in roots and shoots, were analyzed. MRGO significantly enhanced Se immobilization, increasing retention from 62–71 % to 82–90 % at 1 % MRGO. Se exhibited a biphasic effect on plant growth, promoting growth at 2 mg/kg but inducing toxicity at concentrations exceeding 4 mg/kg, leading to reduced biomass and nutrient uptake. MRGO mitigated Se toxicity by lowering Se accumulation in roots and shoots. However, in Se-free soils, higher MRGO levels negatively affected plant growth, likely due to nutrient adsorption. Trends in potassium (K), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) mirrored plant growth, peaking at 2 mg/kg Se and 1 % MRGO, whereas P (P) exhibited an inverse root-shoot distribution. These findings underscore MRGO's potential for Se immobilization in contaminated soils, improving plant performance at optimal Se levels. However, its application in Se-deficient soils requires careful management to prevent nutrient depletion (P, K, Zn, and Fe) and long-term declines in soil fertility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 144424"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of resistance and biochemical responses of tree species as a biomonitor of heavy metals pollution in an urban-industrial setting (Yasouj, Iran)","authors":"Ahmad Mohtadi ,&nbsp;Masoud Hatami-manesh","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air pollution, particularly from heavy metals, poses significant health and socioeconomic risks in areas of high human activity. Plants offer a potential solution for air pollution remediation and can serve as biomonitors for heavy metal concentration in regions with extensive anthropogenic activities. This research investigates the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals in tree leaves, identifies tolerant tree species for planting in sensitive areas, and evaluates biochemical markers in the leaves of seven tree species collected from six urban-industrial areas with varying pollution levels in Yasouj city, Iran. The highest mean concentrations of Ni and Cu in <em>Ulmus umbraculifera</em> (12.57 ± 4.96 and 13.95 ± 1.99 mg/kg) and Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cr were observed in <em>Robinia pseudoacacia</em> (1.86 ± 0.61), <em>Salix alba</em> (31.32 ± 14.29), <em>Morus nigra</em> (5.71 ± 3.81), and <em>Platanus orientalis</em> (45.06 ± 7.56) mg/kg leaves, respectively. The highest metal accumulation index and comprehensive bio-concentration index were detected in <em>Morus nigra</em> and <em>Ailanthus altissima</em>, respectively. Based on air pollution tolerance index values, <em>Platanus orientalis</em>, <em>Morus nigra</em>, and <em>Ailanthus altissima</em> demonstrated the highest tolerance to air pollution, while <em>Salix alba</em>, <em>Ulmus umbraculifera</em>, <em>Fraxinus excelsior,</em> and <em>Robinia pseudoacacia</em> were identified as sensitive species. The results showed trees at polluted sites exhibited higher levels of malondialdehyde and anthocyanin compared to those at unpolluted areas. The study concludes that tree plantings at various polluted sites show notable variations in heavy metal accumulation and biochemical responses to pollutants, particularly heavy metals, when compared to those from the reference site.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 144402"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particulate matter in ambient air (Krk island, Croatia): elemental analysis, sources and microplastics","authors":"Marija Čargonja ,&nbsp;Maria Kolympadi Markovic ,&nbsp;Boris Mifka ,&nbsp;Ivna Kavre Piltaver ,&nbsp;Darko Mekterović ,&nbsp;Davor Mance ,&nbsp;Diana Mance","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Particulate matter (PM) in ambient air is a significant public health concern. While PM monitoring is commonly conducted at urban and industrial sites, background stations are important for understanding broader atmospheric processes. This study presents the first elemental analysis of PM at a background station on the island of Krk in the northern Adriatic (Croatia). The sampling period lasted from June to December 2023. The results reveal fair air quality, with occasional episodes of air quality deterioration, mainly during the winter months. These episodes are likely linked to distant sources such as industrial areas or Saharan dust, although local influences, including soil dust, and traffic, also contribute. The study also investigates the detection of microplastics (MPs) in the air using fluorescence microscopy. Concentrations of detected MPs particles showed no connection to PM pollution. Validations with more established techniques like micro-FTIR or Raman spectroscopy are recommended, as the proposed method is a cost-effective option for financially constrained laboratories. A key contribution of this study is the placement of the sampler adjacent to the water reservoir, the island's primary source of drinking water. Understanding potential pollution sources is vital for maintaining water quality. Continuation of monitoring at this site is essential to assess whether episodes of poor air quality are isolated incidents or linked to long-term pollution sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 144416"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interference of PFAS sorption on zeolites from natural water characteristics","authors":"Nathaniel P. Sheehan ,&nbsp;Charles A. Ponge ,&nbsp;Abe Pankratz ,&nbsp;Justin M. Hutchison ,&nbsp;Brian B. Laird ,&nbsp;Nuong P. Nguyen ,&nbsp;Mark B. Shiflett ,&nbsp;Deepak Timalsina ,&nbsp;Michael Zhuo Wang ,&nbsp;Edward F. Peltier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging anthropogenic pollutants of concern and are associated with potential human and environmental health concerns. PFAS removal can be achieved using adsorbents such as activated carbon and ion exchange resins. Recently, zeolites have been identified as another potential adsorption technology with increased selectivity and product regenerability that is not currently achieved with other adsorbents. Zeolite CP814E∗ (BEA) was tested in batch reactions for PFAS removal in different water matrix characteristics, including pH, select cations, humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA), and natural organic matter (NOM). In synthetic EPA waters, BEA performance increased compared to ultrapure water testing. BEA performance also significantly increased in the presence of Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ ions compared to ultrapure waters. PFOA and PFOS sorption did not vary significantly in the 6–9 pH range. HA, FA, and NOM did not significantly impact the sorption of PFOA and PFOS on the BEA at 1 g/L zeolite loading. One organic interferent, Suwannee River humic acids, did reduce PFOA sorption when the ratio of adsorbent to liquid was reduced to 0.1 mg/L<strong>.</strong> BEA retained sorption capacity over seven thermal regeneration cycles, and a BEA test with a real water demonstrated PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS adsorption at the parts per trillion level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 144414"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid phase persulfate-based oxidation for the treatment of a toluene waste gas stream – Parametric study","authors":"Ana S.P. Alves ,&nbsp;Carmen S.D. Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Luís M. Madeira","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to assess the degradation and mineralization of the toluene present in a gas stream by application of a liquid phase persulfate-based advanced oxidation process in a bubble column reactor. Up to the authors' knowledge, this is the first time where the oxidizing agent has been activated through the presence of transition metal ions and pH change, to treat a toluene-containing gas stream. A detailed parametric study was performed, with the objective of analyzing the effect of some of the main operating variables in the process performance, varying parameters such as catalyst concentration (from 0 to 0.27 g/L of Fe²⁺), oxidizing agent dosage (0.80 - 2.40 g/L of S₂O₈²⁻) and initial pH (from 2.0 to 6.8). The best treatment performance was achieved for the following operating conditions: [Fe²⁺] = 0.20 g/L, [S₂O₈²⁻] = 1.70 g/L and initial pH = 3.0, with the process being extended for 6 h before saturation of the liquid with toluene. Under these conditions, the toluene transferred from the gaseous effluent to the liquid phase, wherein it was then degraded by the radicals, reached a value of 7.8 x 10⁻² mol/L, showing an improvement of 13 times when compared with toluene solubility in water; still, it was found that under the optimum acidic conditions, sulfate radicals have a higher contribution than hydroxyl radicals for the oxidative process. Finally, it was evidenced that the amount of toluene transferred almost duplicated when compared to other studies reported in the literature that applied Fenton's reaction to degrade toluene.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 144376"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dermal permeation of perfluoroalkyl substances in human skin – An in-vitro study","authors":"Lore Jane L. Espartero ,&nbsp;Zubaria Ishaq ,&nbsp;Samuel Bradley ,&nbsp;Mark Moore ,&nbsp;Miko Yamada ,&nbsp;Xianyu Wang ,&nbsp;Tarl Prow ,&nbsp;Albert Juhasz ,&nbsp;Phong K. Thai","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous, persistent environmental contaminants, posing significant health risks to animals and humans. While dermal exposure to PFAS through daily contact with consumer products such as school uniforms and personal care items is common, the mechanisms and extent of skin uptake remain poorly understood. This study investigated the dermal penetration of 30 PFAS, both as mixtures and individual compounds, using <em>in vitro</em> human skin models in a Franz Diffusion Cell system. Results showed that in a mixture, short-chain PFAS, including FBSA, PFBA, PFPrS, and PFPeA, demonstrated permeation rates of 4.8 ± 2.5 %, 3.7 ± 0.3 %, 2.0 ± 0.1 %, and 1.1 ± 0.1 %, respectively, over 24 h. In contrast, none of the long-chain PFAS penetrated the skin in the same period. When tested individually in water, FBSA exhibited the highest permeation, achieving 7.0 ± 0.9 % (p &lt; 0.05), underscoring its ability to cross the stratum corneum under simulated environmental conditions. These findings highlight that while permeation of long-chain PFAS could be slowed down by the skin barrier, certain short-chain PFAS, such as FBSA, can penetrate human skin <em>in vitro</em>. This study provides crucial preliminary data on PFAS dermal absorption, emphasizing the need for standardized experimental conditions that account for the chemical properties of PFAS and the physiological properties of human skin. Our findings suggest that further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of PFAS dermal absorption and better assess the risk of dermal exposure to PFAS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 144408"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient and anti-interference plastic classification method suitable for one-shot learning based on laser induced breakdown spectroscopy","authors":"Zhiying Xu ,&nbsp;Xingyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Xinying Peng ,&nbsp;Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Kedong Wang ,&nbsp;Nan Zhao ,&nbsp;Jiaming Li ,&nbsp;Qingmao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xueqing Yan ,&nbsp;Kun Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient recycling of plastics is critical for environmental sustainability. In this work, an efficient and anti-interference method for plastic classification based on one-shot learning and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was proposed. A residual neural network model with full-spectrum training (ResNet-FST) was developed based on convolutional neural networks, achieving an accuracy of 99.65 % in one-shot learning classification. A multi-parameter peak search algorithm was employed to extract key spectral features, and a linear residual classification model with peak auto-search (LRC-PAS) was developed to further enhance efficiency. The number of residual blocks and neurons was optimized to 2 and 80, respectively. Compared with ResNet-FST, LRC-PAS significantly improved classification efficiency. The mechanism underlying the spectral interference caused by plastic additives in LRC-PAS was elucidated. The anti-interference of additives in LRC-PAS was achieved with high accuracy. The results demonstrated that the proposed method achieves highly efficient and anti-interference classification of plastics, demonstrating great potential for real-time classification in the recycling industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 144412"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative potential of ambient particulate matter from community sites in Alberta's oil sands region","authors":"Pourya Shahpoury ,&nbsp;Jasmin Schuster ,&nbsp;Tom Harner","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air pollution is a major environmental health risk and it has been associated with various diseases and mortality worldwide. The inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM) is an important cause of health effects from air pollution with one of underlaying mechanisms involving the induction of oxidative stress in the body. Oil sands mining is a major economic sector and a notable source of air pollution in northern Alberta, Canada. Despite this, studies investigating the potential health impacts associated with exposure to air pollutants in the region are rare. For the first time in this work, using an acellular ^•OH assay, we studied the oxidative potential (OP) of fine (&lt;2.5 μm diameter) and coarse (2.5–10 μm diameter) PM from four community sites in the vicinity of oil sands production facilities. OP_OH was found to be dominated by fine PM, which on average accounted for 70 % reactivity of the studied PM size range. The highest OP_OH was found at the most populated sites located south of the open pit mines and with mixed emission sources, suggesting a cumulative effect of oil sands and non-oil sands sources. Nevertheless, OP_OH was relatively small compared to values reported for urban sites influenced by traffic and industrial emissions in Canada. OP_OH variation could not be linked with a statistical significance to changes in the concentrations of PM, trace metals, and secondary inorganic salts but, for a small set of samples, OP_OH was associated with organic carbon and potassium, which suggests the influence of reactive organic species from biomass combustion. A larger sample size will be needed in order to examine more closely the links between various OP metrics and the aerosol composition and sources in the region. This work provides a proof of concept to support future studies aimed at assessing potential health impacts associated with exposure to air pollutants in the oil sands region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 144374"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sources and characterisation of organic pollutants in airborne particle fractions in an urban area, Bab Ezzaour, Algeria: A focus on n-alkanes and polar substances","authors":"Amira Teffahi ,&nbsp;Hamza Merabet ,&nbsp;Abdellah Ibrir ,&nbsp;Yacine Kerchich ,&nbsp;Angelo Cecinato ,&nbsp;Paola Romagnoli","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The main objective of this study was to determine the loads, sources and behaviour of n-alkanes and several polar organics, including plasticisers (phthalates, [bis]2-ethylhexyl adipate), psychotropic substances (both legal and illegal) and the mosquito repellent DEET, in the atmosphere of the city of Bab Ezzouar, northern Algeria. Particulate matter was classified into three fractions according to aerodynamic diameter: coarse (PM_10-2.5), fine (PM_2.5-1) and ultrafine (PM_1-0.01) particles. s. Particulate samples were collected from the atmosphere using a high-volume sampler (HVS), and target compounds were characterised using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS) over a one-year period (January 2018 to January 2019). In detail, 41 organic compounds were analysed. The total content of n-alkanes, considering the three particle size fractions, was found to be 43.8 ± 18.0 ng/m³, while the phthalate reached 27.4 ± 13.6 ng/m³. The incremental risk to human health was assessed using a model in accordance with USEPA guidelines. The results indicate that the carcinogenic risk for BBP and DEHP were 1.49 × 10⁻¹⁰ and 7.72 × 10⁻⁸, respectively.</div><div>The study of psychotropic substances revealed the occurrence of significant concentrations of nicotine and caffeine (up to tens of ng/m³), accompanied by cotinine and cannabinol. According to principal component analysis and three molecular indices (i.e. carbon preference index [CPI], carbon number of n-alkane maximum concentration [Cmax] and natural wax percentage [NW%]), PVC combustion and vehicle exhaust were the main sources of organic pollutants associated with airborne particles at Bab Ezzouar. Tabacco smoke and biogenic emissions (microorganisms/bacteria and high vegetation) contribute less to the formation of organic contaminants, although they cannot be ignored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 144391"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}