Ecological Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Soil seed bank characteristics and influencing factors of vegetation succession after 8–14 years reclamation projects in Tianjin, China","authors":"Longqin Li ,&nbsp;Jingya Zhang ,&nbsp;Zilin Shi ,&nbsp;Binyue Kang ,&nbsp;Zhibo Du ,&nbsp;Mengxuan He ,&nbsp;Yuanli Ning ,&nbsp;Jiaxu Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Chen ,&nbsp;Jing Hao ,&nbsp;Hongyuan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sea reclamation projects have caused serious damage to coastal wetland ecosystems and natural coastlines. Nature-based solutions are critical for ecological restoration in reclaimed areas, especially in promoting vegetation recovery. However, current vegetation restoration in reclaimed areas mainly relies on artificial greening, without deep insights on the restoration of natural vegetation. This study assessed aboveground plant communities and soil seed banks (SSBs) over 8–14 years of natural ecological succession in the reclamation area, using field surveys and remote sensing analyses. Soil and seed characteristics were evaluated, and a plant-soil-seed bank quality index (QI) was calculated. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore relationships between vegetation, soil properties, seed bank, and QI. The results show that after 8–14 years of natural recovery, the diversity of aboveground plant species remained stable, indicating that woody plants play a key role in stabilizing community composition. However, the species richness of the SSBs decreased after 12 years, with wind and self-reproduction as dominant modes of seed dispersal. Moreover, the potential for natural vegetation recovery increased over time. Soil total salinity (TS), available nitrogen (AN), and available phosphorus (AP) were identified as the main drivers affecting the natural succession of SSBs and aboveground vegetation. Therefore, the potential for natural vegetation recovery in reclamation areas increases over time, remains stable in space, and was mainly driven by soil factors. This study can provide a typical case for the natural restoration of vegetation in sea reclamation areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 107730"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rehabilitating degraded calcareous soil into a metal repository: A focus on particulate organic matter storage","authors":"Ye Zhang ,&nbsp;Haibin Chen ,&nbsp;Yijun Liu ,&nbsp;Yinzhu Liu ,&nbsp;Jieqiong Su ,&nbsp;Yahu Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil particulate organic matter (POM) is crucial for regulating trace metal dynamics by acting as either a sink or source. This study examined cadmium (Cd) storage pathways in POM within calcareous soil that has been degraded by over 50 years of wastewater irrigation. We conducted a microcosm experiment combined with soil incubation and crop cultivation to examine the effects of manure application (2.5 %, 5 %, and 10 %) coupled with recalcification (25 %, 50 %, and 100 % of soil CaCO₃ deficit relative to its background level). The results showed that the POM mass percentage and Cd mass load in POM increased as POM size decreased, with 56.93 % of Cd (on average) concentrated in the smallest fraction (0.053–0.25 mm). Manure application increased the absolute mass of all POM sizes (−3.53 % to 45.14 %), although their mass percentages remained stable. Critically, 5 % and 10 % manure significantly elevated the Cd enrichment factor in POMs from &lt;1 (control: 0.39–0.92) to 4.81–12.23 and 2.86–5.24, respectively. However, higher recalcification (50 % and 100 %) diminished manure-induced enrichment. The combination of 5 % manure with low recalcification (25 %) resulted in the lowest Cd content in wheat grains. Soil carbon component and redundancy analyses indicated that Cd enrichment in POM was favored by an organic carbon content &gt;20 g kg⁻¹ and an inorganic/organic carbon ratio &lt; 1. These findings demonstrate that applying 5 % manure coupled with 25 % recalcification is optimal for utilizing POM as a metal repository in degraded calcareous soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 107745"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive consolidation and ecological restoration projects drive the variation of ecosystem services and their terrain gradient effect in Jiangxi Province, China","authors":"Yian Chen ,&nbsp;Baoqun Hu ,&nbsp;Jianglong Tang ,&nbsp;Yun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under the background of ecological civilization construction, comprehensive consolidation and ecological restoration projects (CCERPs) have been widely implemented to enhance regional ecosystem services (ESs). However, the mechanisms by which CCERPs influence ESs across terrain gradients remain unclear. This study analyzed the variations of five ESs, as well as the area and spatial distribution of five types of CCERPs in Jiangxi Province during 2000–2010 and 2010–2023. Using the XGBoost-SHAP model, we explored the driving mechanisms and nonlinear effects of CCERPs on ESs variation across three terrain gradients (Rank1, Rank2, and Rank3). Results show that the total area of CCERPs increased by <span><math><mn>18.54</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>8</mn></msup><mspace></mspace><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span> in 2010–2023 compared to the previous period. Grain for green project (GGP) and low-efficiency forest renovation project (LFRP) accounted for the largest areas in both periods, together exceeding 70 %. Significant spatial heterogeneity in ESs variation and CCERP distribution was observed across terrain gradients: ESs in Rank3 exhibited continuous improvement, while those in Rank1 showed high fluctuation. Over 80 % of construction land reclamation project (CLRP), dryland-to-paddy conversion project (DCP), and water restoration project (WRP) were concentrated in Rank1 and Rank2, while more than 70 % of GGP and LFRP were distributed in Rank2 and Rank3. CLRP significantly improved carbon storage (CS), habitat quality (HQ), and net primary productivity (NPP) in Rank1; DCP enhanced soil retention (SR) and water retention (WR) in Rank1 and Rank2; GGP and LFRP had positive effects on all ESs, with the most pronounced impact on CS and HQ in Rank2 and Rank3. CS and HQ in Rank1 and Rank2 were more sensitive to construction land expansion, while NPP, SR, and WR in Rank2 and Rank3 were more influenced by precipitation and temperature change. Declines in ESs caused by non-CCERPs factors offset the enhancement brought by CCERPs. Across different terrain gradients, each type of CCERP exhibited an optimal implementation range for enhancing dominant ESs. Within this range, increases in CCERP area effectively promoted ESs improvement. This study deepens the understanding of the relationship between CCERPs and ESs variation across terrain gradients and provides a scientific reference for the zoned implementation and precise management of future CCERPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 107728"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial vegetation restoration patterns regulated soil multifunctionality via co-occurrence network complexity of multitrophic organism in degraded karst region","authors":"Xiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yingliang Liu ,&nbsp;Aoli Zhang ,&nbsp;Lihong Lu ,&nbsp;Zhaoxia Zeng ,&nbsp;Zi Yu ,&nbsp;Fuping Zeng ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Significant advancements have been achieved in recent years in the restoration of degraded vegetation in the karst regions of Southwest China. However, the effects of this restoration on soil multifunctionality (SMF) and soil multi-trophic organism remained largely unexplored. This study investigated SMF of three typical artificial vegetation restoration patterns (grass, forest, and forest-grass) in the Southwest karst region. High-throughput sequencing, morphological identification, and co-occurrence network analysis were utilized to examine the characteristics of multi-trophic organism communities in karst soil. Vegetation restoration patterns significantly affected single soil functions, SMF, and the biodiversity of soil multi-trophic organism. All co-occurrence networks of soil organism were predominantly positive relationships, with network in forest-grass pattern exhibiting greater complexity than that of forest and grass patterns. The topological parameters of the co-occurrence network showed a significant correlation with soil functions, while soil multi-trophic organism diversity did not. Structural equation models revealed that the restoration pattern, soil pH, soil moisture, soil multi-trophic organism diversity, and co-occurrence network complexity collectively explained 64 % of the SMF variation. The restoration pattern not only directly influenced SMF (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) but also indirectly affected SMF by altering soil pH and the complexity of the co-occurrence network. These insights provide a better comprehension of the mechanisms underlying vegetation restoration effects on soil functions in karst regions, specifically from the perspective of soil multi-trophic organism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 107743"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogeochemical recovery and role of ancient hydric soils in contemporary floodplain restorations","authors":"Alexis M. Yaculak ,&nbsp;Jinjun Kan ,&nbsp;Marc Peipoch ,&nbsp;Joseph G. Galella ,&nbsp;Erin K. Peck ,&nbsp;Sujay S. Kaushal ,&nbsp;Tara L.E. Trammell ,&nbsp;Shreeram P. Inamdar","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stream restoration has become a popular management practice to mitigate sediment and nutrient pollution and to meet regulatory water quality targets. Many of these restorations, however, fail to account for the pre-disturbance conditions underlying historical legacy impacts (farming, damming, deforestation, etc.) and how they can be leveraged for more environmentally effective restorations. Here, we assessed the biogeochemical recovery of ancient, previously buried, hydric soil on a restored floodplain surface and its potential for providing denitrification ecosystem services. Relict hydric soil along with contemporary wetland soils were evaluated for three years at the Gramies Run restoration site in Maryland. Porewater sampling was conducted monthly, and soil samples were collected every six months, both of which were evaluated for total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), nitrate and ammonium-N, N process rates (denitrification and net nitrification and mineralization) and living microbial biomass. Oxidation of hydric soils released inorganic N, but the dissolved N concentrations were low (≤ 1 mg/L). Denitrification rates in the hydric soil were low in year 1 (1–4 μg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹) but slowly increased to higher values by year 3 (10–47 μg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹). Our observations suggest that relict hydric soils will require three or more years to provide restoration ecosystem services like improved denitrification and slow gains must be considered in water quality expectations from restoration. We also recommend that hydric soils be retained in-situ, undisturbed, where they are at their original elevations and soil moisture conditions for quicker recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 107733"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of landscape configuration on water purification capacity: A case study in a plateau lakeside wetland","authors":"Jie Li ,&nbsp;Dan Li ,&nbsp;Yu Fu ,&nbsp;Yu Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Li ,&nbsp;Binghui Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The landscape configuration of lakeside wetlands plays a pivotal role in mediating water purification, making it essential to investigate how ecological restoration in the wetlands around lakeshore reshapes these patterns to improve water quality. In this study, the effectiveness of a restored plateau lakeside wetland in water purification capacity was evaluated by analyzing the geographical variation of contaminant concentrations from inlets to outlets and identifying potential key landscape factors affecting purification capacity. The results showed that the average removal efficiencies of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and permanganate index were 63.76 %, 71.10 %, and 28.74 %, respectively, demonstrating the significant capability of the restored lakeside wetland in nutrient removal and water purification. Redundancy analysis and variation partitioning analysis indicated that interface properties had the greatest impact on purification capacity (28.1 %), followed by the synergistic effect of structural parameters and habitat elements for land use (16.3 %), and the independent effect of habitat elements for land use (13.2 %) and structural parameters (12.2 %). Among them, gentle slopes were found to significantly enhance nitrogen retention (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). The vegetated interface areas with complex community structures significantly enhanced nutrient removal, justifying the strategic construction of grassland-water and forest-water interfaces in lakeside wetlands to maximize contaminant mitigation. These findings established actionable frameworks for optimizing lakeside wetland restoration through targeted landscape configuration and management, thereby significantly enhancing long-term water quality protection in lake ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 107727"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved desertification grading and fine-scale integration of land use and severity for monitoring and ecological restoration at desert margins","authors":"Xuanqi Liu ,&nbsp;Hengqian Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiadan Huangfu ,&nbsp;Ge Liu ,&nbsp;Hao Yuan ,&nbsp;Yujiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Hancong Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Desertification remains a critical issue, particularly in desert fringe areas that are ecologically fragile and prone to desertification. This paper innovatively develops a more accurate desertification severity grading model for these areas and analyzes the desertification situation across different land cover types to improve existing control measures. An improved grading model based on feature space was constructed for Liaoning Province, and a random forest model was used to classify desertified land cover types. Combining these results with desertification severity provided fine-scale information. The results of the dynamic monitoring of desertification severity based on the projection distance model in MSAVI-DI (Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index- Drought Index) feature space showed that the total area of desertification in the 2019 is 4930.28 km². Over the past decade, the total desertified area has decreased by 373.71 km². The fine-scale information analysis indicates that desertification management and ecological restoration should prioritize areas with more fragmented landscapes. Poorly managed and abandoned croplands are prone to further desertification, underscoring the importance of targeted management efforts. Overall, the study constructed a grading model of desertification severity for desert margins. At the same time, fine-scale information on desertification containing the severity of desertification and land cover type was obtained. This provides a more accurate basis for future desertification restoration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 107722"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144605123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Restoration status of 38-year-old Haloxylon ammodendron plantations without irrigation under different catchment afforestation models","authors":"Chunwu Song ,&nbsp;Ümüt Halik ,&nbsp;Juncheng Xiao ,&nbsp;Zhibin Zhou ,&nbsp;Jialong Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhengzhong Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the desert-oasis transition zone at the southern edge of the Junggar Basin, limited precipitation and clayey soil pose significant challenges for shrub forest ecological barriers. In the 1980s, a large-scale <em>Haloxylon ammodendron</em> plantations project was initiated to address land desertification. This study focused on No-irrigation <em>H. ammodendron</em> plantation forests, still thriving in the Mosuowan reclamation area, forest stand characteristics and soil conditions were surveyed and analysed to study the recovery of artificial forests under different afforestation models and to determine the appropriate planting model for artificial forests in arid areas. The results showed that <em>H. ammodendron</em> plantations with a planting density of 480–625 Plants/ha formed stable communities after 38 years without irrigation. Their retention rate is above 60 %, vegetation coverage remains at 9.06 %–34.27 %, and soil moisture is above 5 %, reaching natural community levels. Therefore, a planting density of 480 trees per hectare, with a spacing of 6 m between plants and 3.5 m between rows, is most conducive to plant growth and survival, enabling the creation of a sustainable artificial forest that does not require irrigation. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for the restoration and maintenance of ecosystems in desert-oasis transition zones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 107731"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144596455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research green roof in Leipzig, Germany","authors":"Lucie Moeller ,&nbsp;Niels Wollschläger ,&nbsp;Christian Hecht ,&nbsp;Dietmar Schlosser ,&nbsp;Peter Dietrich ,&nbsp;Jan Friesen ,&nbsp;Ralf Trabitzsch ,&nbsp;Katy Bernhard ,&nbsp;Peter Otto","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the progressing climate change, cities face the challenge of adapting to new weather conditions, including heavy rains and draught periods. Green roofs are considered a promising solution for sustainable urban development, as they require no additional space and are expected to offer multiple functions. These include rainwater retention and storage, cooling effects, provision of additional space for humans and animals, and functioning as sink for urban pollutants. To validate these functions, a Research Green Roof was constructed on a building at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research campus in Leipzig. The Research Green Roof consists of four roof 80 m² segments: extensive and semi-intensive green roofs, a wetland green roof, and a gravel roof serving as a reference. Each segment is equipped with numerous sensors to monitor water and heat balances. Additionally, botanical and entomological monitoring equipment has been installed. The roof segments are the subjects of interdisciplinary research by several working groups. This publication presents the research infrastructure and provides an overview of the ongoing studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 107729"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The construction of green walls for treating actual laundry wastewater","authors":"Liyun Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107721","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107721","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surfactants, particularly sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), are the main pollutants found in laundry wastewater. This paper presents a low-energy, low-maintenance technology for treating laundry wastewater: a Green Wall (GW) system that utilizes plants growing on the facade of a building. Experiments conducted with various plants and substrates identified <em>Iris tectorum f. alba</em>, lettuce, and <em>Epipremnum aureum</em> as suitable plants for the GW landscape. For substrates, expanded clay and perlite are recommended. The purification effectiveness of the GW on actual laundry wastewater was investigated under different influent concentrations and hydraulic loads. The removal efficiencies of various substrates and plants for the pollutants in laundry wastewater were also monitored. Results indicated that, in the GW system watering twice a day for 1 h and 15 min each time, and with a surface hydraulic load of 144 L/(m²·h), the removal percentages of SDBS, total organic carbon (TOC), and total nitrogen (TN) from the actual laundry wastewater were approximately 85 %, 75 %, and 76 %, respectively, after 2 days circular process. This study suggests that innovative and aesthetically pleasing ecological GWs can be effectively designed for treating laundry wastewater at household and dormitory scales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 107721"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}