Ecological Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Medium- and long-term independent contributions of climate change, management measures and land conversion to vegetation dynamics and inspiration for ecological restoration in Inner Mongolia, China","authors":"Yongguang Zhai ,&nbsp;Yasong Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Hao ,&nbsp;Wenchao Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To counteract the detrimental impacts of vegetation degradation, the Chinese authorities have initiated numerous ecological restoration projects (ERPs) in Inner Mongolia (IM) since the 1990s. However, the medium- and long-term consequences of these ERPs on vegetation dynamics remain uncertain. This study employed net primary production (NPP) as an indicator to quantify the independent contribution of climate change, management measures and land conversion to vegetation dynamics through scenario modeling over four six-year periods (2001–2006, 2006–2011, 2011–2016, 2016–2021). The findings of the study indicated that human activities were the main driver of changes in NPP in Inner Mongolia across all three six-year periods (2006–2011, 2011–2016 and 2016–2021), with the exception of the period from 2001 to 2006,during which climate change was identified as the dominant factor in this period. The primary variables influencing the net primary production (NPP) of diverse vegetation types, including grassland, crops, and forests, have undergone notable shifts over time. Nevertheless, human activities have consistently been the primary driver of NPP changes in desert ecosystems. During the study period, the observed increase in NPP of IM vegetation was primarily attributable to the implementation of management measures in human activities. This phenomenon was observed consistently across the three main vegetation classes: grassland, forest and desert. In contrast, land conversion was identified as the primary driver of the increase in NPP in cropland during the periods 2001–2006 and 2011–2016. This understanding is crucial for the development of more effective policies and measures for ecological restoration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 107504"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficiency of planted and unplanted vertical flow aerated filters in treatment of young landfill leachate","authors":"Elizabeth Shively ,&nbsp;Seyedmortaza Mortazavi ,&nbsp;Rosalie Boutin ,&nbsp;Marie-Pierre Bastien-Thibault ,&nbsp;Timea Török ,&nbsp;Daphné Gagnon-Fee ,&nbsp;Sanaz Alizadeh ,&nbsp;Margit Kõiv-Vainik ,&nbsp;Jalal Hawari ,&nbsp;Michel Labrecque ,&nbsp;Yves Comeau","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Young landfill leachate, produced by the passage of water through operating sites at a municipal landfill, is highly concentrated in organic matter, ammonia and metals, and is typically treated using intensive, conventional systems. Studies have demonstrated efficient treatment of low-strength old leachate, produced by capped sites at a landfill, by nature-based systems such as treatment wetlands. Few studies have investigated the use of similar systems to treat young leachate. The objectives of this study were to 1) determine if vertical flow planted and unplanted aerated filters could efficiently treat young leachate COD, BOD₅, TSS, NH₄ and <em>p</em>-cresol; 2) determine the suitability and effect of two plant species on treatment efficiency; 3) quantify the denitrification capacity achieved in pre-anoxic filters; and 4) determine full-scale design criteria (hydraulic and organic loading rates and space requirements) for 1500 m³/d of young leachate. Five 430 L water-saturated vertical flow pilot-scale filters with forced aeration and 10 to 20 mm granite gravel media were operated in parallel in a greenhouse for 42 weeks total during fall 2020 and spring through fall 2021. Each filter was fed with an average of 16.4 L m⁻² d⁻¹ of anaerobically pretreated young leachate spiked with 3340 μg/L of <em>p</em>-cresol for an organic loading rate of 3.5 g BOD₅ m⁻³ d⁻¹ to each filter. Two filters were planted with <em>Salix miyabeana</em> ‘SX67’, two were planted with <em>Sporobolus michauxianus</em> and one was left unplanted. Two planted filters (one with each plant species) had pre-anoxic filters for denitrification. Results indicated that planted and unplanted filters offered similar treatment, with average removal efficiencies of 74 % for COD, 98 % for BOD₅, 96 % for TSS, 100 % for NH₄ and 100 % for <em>p</em>-cresol. Young leachate treatment negatively impacted plant health and their chlorophyll fluorescence. Systems with pre-anoxic filters were able to achieve a higher total nitrogen removal efficiency of 70 % compared to 60 % on average for systems without pre-anoxic filters. The high removal efficiency achieved suggests that filter systems were operated below the treatment capacity of the microorganisms. Unplanted aerated filters are a promising technology for treatment of young landfill leachate and <em>p</em>-cresol.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 107498"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field assessment of wave attenuation by BESE-elements in a mangrove environment","authors":"Siegmund Nuyts ,&nbsp;Peter I. Macreadie ,&nbsp;Stacey M. Trevathan-Tackett","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal ecosystems provide critical ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration and coastal protection, yet face continuing global decline. In areas where natural revegetation is impeded (e.g., altered hydrodynamics, substrate instability, erosion), active restoration techniques using artificial structures like Biodegradable Elements for Starting Ecosystems (BESE-Elements), may facilitate ecosystem recovery. While laboratory studies have demonstrated promise, field evidence quantifying the hydrodynamic benefits of these structures in mangrove areas remains limited. This study evaluated BESE-Elements' wave attenuation performance in a tide-dominated mangrove (<em>Avicennia marina</em>) embayment in Western Port, Australia through two field experiments over one-month periods, using an array of six pressure sensors to measure wave attenuation. In Experiment 1, we compared a single 4-cm high BESE-Element (0.414 m²) to existing mangrove vegetation and bare sediment. Experiment 2 tested single, double (0.828 m²), and quadruple (1.656 m²) 4-cm high BESE-Element configurations. Results demonstrated that existing mangrove vegetation achieved the highest wave attenuation (15.2 % reduction relative to bare sediment), while BESE-Elements showed statistically significant but modest wave height reductions ranging from 2.1 % for single element to 3.7 % for quadruple configurations (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) in water depths less than 1 m. Wave attenuation efficiency decreased with increasing water depth across all configurations. Long-term monitoring over a 20-month period revealed significant sediment accumulation within BESE-Element plots (mean 6.61 mm/year). While this study demonstrates modest wave attenuation effects of 4-cm high BESE configurations, these structures may influence other hydrodynamic processes relevant to mangrove establishment, such as flow velocity reduction, sediment retention, or propagule stabilisation. Future research should evaluate these potential mechanisms through field experiments with transplanted seedlings and continued monitoring of sediment dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 107507"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest eco-function restoration and its positive effects on biodiversity improvement in China's ecological conservation programs","authors":"Jinyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiao Fu ,&nbsp;Na Sa ,&nbsp;Xuyang Kou ,&nbsp;Xiaojia He ,&nbsp;Shuanning Zheng ,&nbsp;Zhaohua Lu ,&nbsp;Gang Wu ,&nbsp;Weiguo Sang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given that human activities have increasingly jeopardized the functionality and stability of forest ecosystems, China has implemented numerous national ecological conservation programs. Although there are many independent studies on changes in ecosystem functions or biodiversity during forest restoration processes, few have synthesized results across different restoration cases in China. Therefore, basing on 184 forest restoration studies, a review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess how ecosystem functions and biodiversity change throughout the restoration process and to evaluate their impacts. The results showed that (1) forest restoration enhanced ecosystem functions and biodiversity, with plant diversity initially declining before increasing, while microbial diversity steadily improved; (2) total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) were the key factors influencing biodiversity through ecosystem processes, and artificial addition of insufficient nutrient elements according to local conditions may improve biodiversity in areas undergoing forest restoration; (3) the implementation of large national ecological conservation programs was linked to biodiversity improvement observed in western China in recent years. Basing on the local restoration cases, the results can provide guides and references for the nationwide ecological conservation programs and policy decisions, which will be conducive to biodiversity protection and improvement in forest restoration process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 107530"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative analysis of Boron Removal using constructed wetlands and alternative technologies, highlighting key factors affecting constructed wetland efficiency","authors":"Sew Keng Tan ,&nbsp;Suriati Binti Sufian ,&nbsp;Pui Vun Chai ,&nbsp;Maylan Han ,&nbsp;Mohammad Fauzi Bin Ahmad Termezi ,&nbsp;Mohamad Fakhrul Ridhwan Samsudin","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Excessive levels of boron (B) in wastewater are problematic due to their toxicity to both plants and aquatic fauna. The removal of B is both economically burdensome and technically challenging, often requiring sophisticated methods such as adsorption and reverse osmosis. Constructed wetlands (CWs) offer a promising and cost-effective alternative for B removal. This review paper compiles the recent research on B removal, detailing key findings and identifying areas for potential enhancement. It provides a comparative analysis of CWs with other B removal technologies, evaluates the environmental impact of CWs in terms of CO₂-equivalent reduction, and examines the various pathways for B removal. Factors influencing the efficiency of B removal, such as CW type, plant selection, choice of media, hydraulic retention time (HRT), hydraulic loading rate (HLR), mass loading rate (MLR), pH, and inlet B concentrations, are thoroughly reviewed. Based on the compiled data, the recommended operating conditions to optimize B removal in CWs include an HRT of 10 to 14 days, a pH range between 6 and 10, inlet B concentrations below 20 mg/L, and a mass loading rate under 3000 mg/m² per day.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 107536"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From native status to functional traits: Rethinking plant selections in global bioretention guidelines","authors":"Rizna Rahmi ,&nbsp;Anna Lintern ,&nbsp;Brandon Winfrey","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bioretention systems are widely used in green stormwater infrastructures due to their cost-effectiveness and ability to reduce surface runoff and pollutants. Vegetation plays a crucial role in these systems, and many stormwater guidelines worldwide highlight the benefits of vegetation in their design. However, it remains unclear whether the guidelines adequately consider the plant selection process and whether this process reflects the current state-of-the-art knowledge of vegetation-related impacts on system performance. This study reviewed 47 stormwater guidelines globally, with most from North America (64 %) and Australia-New Zealand (23 %), and fewer from Europe (4 %), Asia (6 %) and Africa (2 %). The key findings reveal that the highest percentage of guidelines reviewed from North America and Australia-New Zealand suggested using native species in bioretention systems (55 % and 36 %, respectively). However, these guidelines often fail to address plant functional traits and planting strategies adequately. While some guidelines include vegetation lists, these are often optional and do not prioritize functional diversity, which is critical for optimizing system functions. The study concludes that plant origin is a primary consideration in bioretention system design, despite literature not necessarily supporting its significance in influencing performance. To improve bioretention systems efficiency, guidelines must emphasize plant functional traits, diversity and effective planting strategies. Future research should evaluate species based on these criteria to enhance system outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 107545"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143301803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “29 Years of carbon sequestration in two constructed riverine wetlands” [Ecological Engineering 210 (2025) 1-12/107435]","authors":"Daniel Ruane ,&nbsp;Jay Martin ,&nbsp;Michael Brooker ,&nbsp;Blanca Bernal ,&nbsp;Chris Anderson ,&nbsp;Robert Nairn ,&nbsp;William J. Mitsch","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107466","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 107466"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143171158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Living in a material world: Support for the use of natural and alternative materials in coastal restoration and living shorelines","authors":"Adrian Sakr,&nbsp;Andrew H. Altieri","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The size and expense of coastal restoration efforts are increasing exponentially to mitigate anthropogenic environmental impacts and achieve international conservation goals. As part of these efforts, a variety of conventional materials including plastic, metal, and concrete are used in breakwater, settling substrate, vegetation stabilization, and sediment retention structures because of their availability, inexpensive purchase price, and predictable properties. However, questions regarding sustainability arise given the adverse environmental impacts of the life cycle processes for each material. Life cycle impacts from production, transportation, installation, and degradation should be key considerations in material selection, with criteria that allow decision makers an opportunity to evaluate less impactful alternative materials. Natural and reduced-impact alternative materials include natural elements such as plant fibers and rock as well as reduced-impact materials such as bio-based and biodegradable plastics. These items may have comparable availability and functionality and exhibit reduced carbon, chemical, and particulate emission impacts. However, they are often not selected for full-scale restoration applications due to uncertainties regarding their financial cost and ability to replace conventional materials. Here, we compare conventional and reduced-impact alternative materials for use in coastal restoration applications. The function, engineering performance, and life cycle environmental impacts are reported for each material followed by a presentation of case studies that illustrate the value of appropriate material selection. We then compare the impacts of material sourcing and product lifespan to develop a material selection framework enhancing the selection process of reduced-impact alternatives. This study reveals a need for more detailed and standardized life cycle information about the materials used in the coastal environment. The proposed framework allows more emphasis on material life-cycle implications in the design process, which could lead to enhanced use of alternative over conventional materials and improved project value and outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 107462"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of restorative treatments confirmed in a restored pond","authors":"Chang Seok Lee ,&nbsp;Dong Uk Kim ,&nbsp;Bong Soon Lim ,&nbsp;Gyung Soon Kim ,&nbsp;Ji Eun Seok","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a part of a plan to build the National Institute of Ecology, an eutrophicated farm pond was ecologically restored. As an artificial pond, the Yonghwasil Pond of a rectangular shape with a steep slope was improved to an elliptical shape of gentle slope. In order to improve the serious eutrophication problem, the sediments at the bottom were dredged. Furthermore, in order to induce the establishment of various plants, the maximum depth of the pond was increased to 2.5 m, and various depths were induced with a gentle slope. In the restoration of vegetation, riparian and emergent vegetation were first introduced to stabilize the space secured for the restoration of the pond, and the rest of the vegetation was left in the natural process. As a result, the Yonghwasil Pond, which was covered with simple vegetation due to severe eutrophication, was transformed into a complete pond landscape as various vegetation types established by reflecting the water depth and water table. The restoration effect of this ecologically restored pond was evaluated. In this pond, floating plants, emergent plants, wetland plants, and riparian plants are variously established by reflecting water depth and water table. As a result of stand ordination based on the vegetation data obtained from the restored Yonghwasil Pond and a natural lake selected as the reference site, the species composition resembled that of the reference site. Diversity based on vegetation type, community, and species levels tended to be higher than that of the reference site. The proportion of exotic species increased due to the disturbance that occurred during the restoration process, but continued to decrease as vegetation introduced for restoration established. Considering these results comprehensively, the restorative treatment served to increase both the biological integrity and ecological stability and, as such, achieved the restoration goal from the viewpoint of the pond structure. The Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) evaluated for vegetation settled in the 12th year after restoration showed a significantly higher level compared to forest vegetation. Therefore, the restored Yonghwasil Pond was evaluated to have a high restoration effect even in terms of function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 107430"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long term performance of Nature-Based Solutions as decentralized wastewater treatment: a case study of a retail store in southern Italy","authors":"F. Licciardello ,&nbsp;S. Barresi ,&nbsp;A. Marzo ,&nbsp;A. Rizzo ,&nbsp;L. Sciuto ,&nbsp;D. Ventura ,&nbsp;G.L. Cirelli","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study is to evaluate the removal efficiency and the hydraulic behavior of the 10-year-old hybrid treatment wetland (TW) system treating effluents of the IKEA® store of Catania (Eastern Sicily, Italy), under Mediterranean semi-arid climate conditions. The system is placed downstream to the conventional wastewater (WW) treatment of the store, that includes a sequential batch reactor (SBR) followed by a horizontal subsurface treatment wetland (HF) unit and two vertical subsurface flow treatment wetlands (VF1 and VF2) units. The assessment of chemical, physical, and microbiological parameters in treated WW was carried out through regular monitoring activities, occurring approximately on a monthly basis, over a 8-year period spanning from 2016 to 2023. Up to 72 samples were collected for the following parameters measurements: total suspended solids (TSS), BOD₅, COD, total phosphorus (TP), ammonia (as NH₄), nitrate (as NO₃-N), nitrite (as NO₂-N), total nitrogen (TN) and <em>E. coli</em>. Hydraulic conductivity at saturation (<em>K</em>_<em>s</em>) measurements and tracer tests were conducted to evaluate the extent of clogging and to characterize the hydraulic behavior within the HF unit. Results obtained during the entire monitoring period show the following mean and standard errors (±) removal efficiency ranges (%): TN 21(±11)-80(±9); TSS 18(±42)-95(±3); COD 28(±23)-93(±2); BOD₅ 31(±10)-85(±44); TP 14(±6)-49(±19); NH₄ 50(±50)-95(±3); <em>E. coli</em> was abated with a mean range of 3.3(±0.2)-4.8(±0.4) Ulog reduction, reaching not detectable values in most samples analyzed since 2018. The efficacy of the treatment system is assessed in the context of both national and European regulatory frameworks governing effluent discharge and water reuse standards. <em>K</em>_<em>s</em> values and tracer test results agree in showing the progressive clogging of the HF unit influencing the hydraulic behavior of the unit giving useful on the management of TWs in Mediterranean area. Finally, the performance results also indicate that the overall treatment is not affected by the HF unit clogging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 107459"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}