Ecological Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Reservoir ecological operation based on the improved indicators of hydrologic alteration","authors":"Shuyue Wu ,&nbsp;Min Yan ,&nbsp;Zhongmei Wang ,&nbsp;Wenhao Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107642","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107642","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dam construction significantly alters the downstream flow regime. However, current reservoir operation strategies often rely on economic or single ecological objectives that inadequately reflect comprehensive ecological demands. Universal indicators of hydrologic alteration (IHA), which calculate parameters solely on an annual scale, fail to capture seasonal variations in flow regimes. To address these limitations, this study proposes improved indicators of hydrologic alteration (IIHA) that advances beyond traditional annual-scale statistics to better characterize seasonal flow variations. Two ecological objectives, water quantity level (WQL) and hydrological alteration (HA), are defined based on the IIHA to reflect the multi-level ecological demands of rivers and are integrated into the operation model to optimize both economic and ecological objectives. A case study of the Liujiaxia Reservoir in Gansu Province, China, was used to verify the effectiveness of the reservoir ecological operation model based on the IIHA. The results indicated that, the improved IHA offers a richer characterization of flow regime alterations across different temporal scales than the universal IHA. Compared to other conventional ecological evaluation objectives, WQL and HA can better preserve information from the full indicators of hydrologic alteration. Compared to the historical strategy, the optimal strategies achieve average reductions in HA of 44.04 %, 26.85 %, and 26.05 % for dry, normal, and wet years, respectively, along with increases in WQL of 2.05 %, 1.25 %, and 3.75 %, respectively. Moreover, the selected balanced operation strategy developed through this model achieved superior performance by maintaining a high hydropower production (HP) while preserving the natural flow characteristics, thus providing a practical guidance for eco-friendly reservoir operation through optimal strategies that balanced ecological and economic benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 107642"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment and remediation model of eco-geo-environmental conditions in arid limestone mining areas","authors":"Siyuan Cao ,&nbsp;Ying Yuan ,&nbsp;Wensong Zhang ,&nbsp;Miao Zhang ,&nbsp;Aihong Zhou ,&nbsp;Ningbo Han ,&nbsp;Miren Rong","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the complexity and regional challenges of eco-geo-environmental assessment and remediation in arid limestone mining areas by proposing an innovative modular model that integrates the three-scale analytic hierarchy process, fuzzy mathematics, variable weight theory, literature review, and expert consultation. The model achieves precise classification of mining eco-geo-environmental quality through dynamic weight adjustment and multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, and designs corresponding remediation strategies based on assessment results. We have innovatively established a multi-level evaluation system comprising three primary indicators (mining ecological environment, geological environment, and disaster environment) and 21 sub-indicators, effectively resolving the adaptability limitations of traditional fixed-weight models. By determining initial weights through three-scale analytic hierarchy process and dynamically adjusting them using variable weight theory, the model significantly enhances evaluation accuracy and flexibility. The model's effectiveness was validated through a case study of the Tianjingshan open-pit limestone mining area in Zhongwei City, Ningxia. Results demonstrate high consistency between model assessments and field investigations, and the proposed integrated remediation strategy (“geological hazard elimination + soil reconstruction + vegetation restoration + artificial maintenance”) achieved a vegetation survival rate exceeding 96 %, representing approximately 20 % improvement over traditional soil replacement methods (simple topsoil covering). Through its modular design and hierarchical remediation approach, this model provides a replicable technical pathway for ecological restoration in arid limestone mines and other mining types, demonstrating significant scientific value and practical applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 107644"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Eco-unit services’: Positive and negative ecological services provided by seawall enhancement units","authors":"Li Peng Yen,&nbsp;Peter A. Todd","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The replacement of natural coastlines with artificial structures such as seawalls is accelerating globally. These hard engineered defences have negative impacts on ecosystem function. Eco-engineering techniques have the potential to mitigate some of these effects by increasing the range and quality of ecosystem services offered by coastal infrastructure. Implementation of retro-fitted enhancement units, or ‘eco-units’, is a common strategy used to improve the ecological performance of traditional seawalls. However, despite numerous studies reporting the positive effects of eco-units on biodiversity, relatively few have focused on the ecosystem services provided by these interventions. In this review, we synthesize the literature to determine the potential ecosystem services and negative consequences associated with eco-units. Our findings indicate that eco-units can deliver a diverse range of ecosystem services, particularly regulating services and cultural services. We also identified several drawbacks of eco-units, including ecosystem disservices as well as costs incurred from their implementation. This comprehensive examination of the benefits and costs of eco-units will facilitate informed decision-making and more strategic ecological management of coastal infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 107631"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herbicides in forest restoration: Selectivity and adequate dose as key factors for the management of Urochloa decumbens","authors":"Fillipe Vieira de Araújo ,&nbsp;Wander Gladson Amaral ,&nbsp;Israel Marinho Pereira ,&nbsp;José Barbosa dos Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest restoration in the Atlantic Forest is challenged by the invasion of <em>Urochloa decumbens</em>, which suppresses native species and hinders ecosystem recovery. This study evaluated the selectivity and optimal doses of Glyphosate and Haloxyfop to enhance invasive control while minimizing impacts on native species. Ten native tree species were tested under four increasing doses of Glyphosate, ranging from 720 to 2880 g a.i. ha⁻¹, and Haloxyfop, ranging from 30 to 90 g a.i. ha⁻¹. We assessed survival, growth, biomass allocation, and photosynthetic efficiency. Glyphosate suppressed <em>U. decumbens</em> by more than 90 % from 60 days after application. However, it severely affected native species, reducing survival to 60 %, biomass by up to 80 %, and photosynthetic efficiency to an Fv/Fm ratio of 0.05. Haloxyfop was more selective, maintaining 96 % survival and preserving biomass and photosynthesis, but its effectiveness in controlling <em>U. decumbens</em> declined from 67 % at 30 days to 13 % at 120 days. The optimal dose of Glyphosate for balancing invasive control and native species conservation was 171 g a.i. ha⁻¹, which reduced <em>U. decumbens</em> cover by 55 % while limiting biomass loss to 11 %. For Haloxyfop, the optimal dose was 90 g a.i. ha⁻¹, achieving maximum invasive control without affecting native species' biomass. Our findings demonstrate that integrating herbicide selectivity with optimized doses can effectively control invasive grasses while preserving native species, providing a valuable strategy for ecological restoration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 107641"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of vegetation restoration on soil organic carbon fractions: A global meta-analysis","authors":"Xiaoshan Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiajia Fu ,&nbsp;Peiyan Ma ,&nbsp;Guodong Diwu ,&nbsp;Tiantian Li ,&nbsp;Hongze Ma ,&nbsp;Zhouping Shangguan ,&nbsp;Lei Deng ,&nbsp;Yangquanwei Zhong ,&nbsp;Weiming Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vegetation restoration has been implemented globally to prevent land degradation and improve soil structure and fertility. The promoting effect of vegetation restoration on soil nutrients has been widely studied; however, controversy remains regarding the responses of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its fractions to different types of vegetation restoration on a global scale. To address this gap, we conducted a meta-analysis of 657 paired observations from 78 papers published worldwide to investigate the effects of vegetation restoration on SOC and its fractions. Our results indicated that vegetation restoration had positive effects on SOC (32.62 %), particularly on large aggregate carbon and mineral-associated organic carbon, and conversion from cropland to forest was the most effective restoration strategy for enhancing SOC. The management patterns, climate factors and site conditions impacted the changes in SOC and its fractions during restoration. Initial soil conditions were the primary factors controlling the impacts of vegetation restoration on SOC and its fractions, followed by climate factors including mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature (MAT). Compared with areas with a MAT ≥15 °C, regions with a MAT &lt;15 °C were more favorable for SOC accumulation. Additionally, the duration of restoration was positively correlated with an increase in SOC, but the positive effects of vegetation restoration on SOC and its fractions decreased with increasing soil depth. Our findings provide a theoretical framework for understanding SOC and its fractions in the context of vegetation restoration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 107640"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in soil profile temperature, moisture content, and CO2 concentration during the initial stages of natural vegetation restoration of abandoned farmland in karst regions","authors":"Meifang Wang ,&nbsp;Weijun Luo ,&nbsp;Yanwei Wang ,&nbsp;Guangneng Zeng ,&nbsp;Jia Chen ,&nbsp;Lin Zhang ,&nbsp;Xianli Cai ,&nbsp;Anyun Cheng ,&nbsp;Shijie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the implementation of various vegetation restoration measures, vegetation recovery is remarkable in karst areas of Southwest China, which is the main region for global greening. However, the effects of natural vegetation restoration on the soil profile microenvironment, particularly in karst regions, remain largely unknown. From 2018 to 2021, we continuously monitored the soil temperatures, moisture contents, CO₂ concentrations and stable carbon isotopic compositions of the four soil profiles in the naturally restored region of Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station to reveal their changes resulting from natural vegetation restoration for abandoned farmland in karst regions. The results showed that at the initial stage (herbaceous stage) of natural vegetation restoration, the initial weeds were gradually replaced with a single dominant species, with the C4 plants Imperata and Miscanthus becoming the main contributors to the vegetation biomass of the abandoned farmland. The soil profile temperature and moisture content decreased. The soil moisture content significantly decreased at a depth of 40 cm. The soil profile CO₂ concentration showed both increase or decrease. During the restoration from weeds to the single species Imperata, the soil CO₂ concentration increased, and the δ¹³C values gradually became positive. In comparison, during the restoration from weeds to the single species Miscanthus, the soil profile CO₂ concentration decreased, and the δ¹³C values gradually became positive. Moreover, the increase in soil porosity enhanced the carbon exchange between the soil and the atmosphere. Dominant species slow down positive succession, and artificial interventions are needed to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 107646"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The importance of floodplain width on hydraulic variability and aquatic-riparian habitat in semi-confined, regulated river systems","authors":"Rohan Benjankar ,&nbsp;Daniele Tonina ,&nbsp;Andrew W. Tranmer ,&nbsp;Sabin Paudel ,&nbsp;Aruna Shrestha","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydraulic variability (e.g., reach-scale heterogeneity of depth, velocity, and shear stress) can generate diverse riverine habitat conditions that support species biodiversity and ecological resilience. To evaluate hydraulic variability over a range of discharges from seasonal low flow to overbank flood, we used a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to simulate depth (<em>D</em>), velocity (<em>V</em>), shear stress (τ), and the hydromorphological index of diversity (<em>HMID</em>), a dimensionless index used to characterize hydraulic heterogeneity. Simulated hydraulics were also used to evaluate aquatic (bull trout rearing) and riparian (cottonwood and willow seedling recruitment) habitat quality. We compared each of these metrics against the dimensionless relative floodplain width (<em>W*</em>) of individual (1 km long) reaches over 22 km of a semi-confined gravel-bed river system.</div><div>Hydraulic variability, aquatic habitat, and riparian forest recruitment depended on discharge and <em>W*</em>. Hydraulic variability generally decreased with increasing discharge but increased with greater <em>W*</em>. Confined reaches (<em>W*</em> &lt; 2.5) maintained low hydraulic variability regardless of discharge, whereas less confined reaches (<em>W*</em> &gt; 2.5) exhibited greater variability during higher flows. Aquatic habitat quality also generally decreased as discharge increased because velocities became too fast in the channel for bull trout rearing habitat. The influence of <em>W*</em> was most important for aquatic habitat during higher discharges when greater off-channel habitat in the floodplain became hydraulically connected and increased habitat quality and area. Hydraulic variability during sub-bankfull discharges was not important for aquatic habitat, but became critical during overbank flow when hydraulic refuge was necessary during flood conditions. In contrast, overbank floods provided critical riparian recruitment processes that increased with greater <em>W*</em>. This ecohydraulic modeling approach can help watershed managers prioritize riverine restoration for increased hydraulic variability to improve/restore aquatic and riparian seedling recruitment habitat over large spatial scales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 107637"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on urban open channel cross-sectional overcurrent under composite ecological floating bed layout","authors":"Yanan Qiao ,&nbsp;Chao Ma ,&nbsp;Jijian Lian ,&nbsp;Kui Xu ,&nbsp;Zhanfeng Qi ,&nbsp;Ye Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The composite ecological floating bed was a commonly used in-situ treatment technology for the remediation and purification of polluted water bodies. The plant root system on the floating bed was the main area for the absorption and degradation of pollutants in the water, and its hindering effect made the flow rate of the water flow into the area when the flow rate was drastically reduced, and part of the water flow would leave the root zone from the side or the bottom, which would affect the purification effect. Therefore, it was vital to clarify the overflow situation of the river cross-section under the effect of ecological floating bed. In this paper, on the basis of physical model tests, the lateral distribution characteristics of flow velocity in the open channel of composite ecological floating beds under different aeration and flooding ratios were investigated, and the lateral partitioning of the time-averaged flow velocity and its diversion law were revealed. This study could further quantify the lateral outflow percentage and bottom outflow percentage of the root zone of the floating beds, which could provide theoretical guidance and support for the selection and layout of the ecological floating beds in the field in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 107636"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"National-scale connectivity analysis and construction of forest networks based on graph theory: A case study of China","authors":"Jinyao Lin ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Zhuochun Lin ,&nbsp;Shaoying Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global forest cover has been shrinking at an accelerating rate over the past decade due to deforestation and forest degradation. Connecting fragmented forest patches can effectively promote ecosystem health and sustainability. However, previous studies have rarely conducted forest network analysis at the national scale. Therefore, we aim to provide a comprehensive solution for the establishment of large-scale forest networks. We focused on China and combined morphological spatial pattern analysis with connectivity indicators for recognizing forest ecological sources at different distance thresholds. Moreover, the linkage mapper was employed for determining practicable ecological corridors. We found 734 ecological sources and 1717 practicable corridors within the national forests at a distance threshold of 3000 m. At an increase threshold of 5000 m, the number of ecological sources reached 934, with 2176 practicable ecological corridors. Notably, smaller ecological sources dominated the country at both distance thresholds, but more small ecological sources acted as “stepping stones” when the distance threshold was 5000 m. The forest patches in Northeast China and the Eastern Himalayas had high centrality values because they are crucial for maintaining connections between ecological sources. Our findings underscore the importance of connecting dispersed and fragmented forest patches at large scales to promote ecosystem health and sustainability. These results not only contribute to the understanding of forest networks but also offer practical guidance for national-scale forest conservation endeavors. The construction of such forest networks could be a pivotal strategy for conserving biodiversity and ensuring the long-term well-being of ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 107639"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Damage mechanisms of small-to-medium-scale mines on ecological networks at watershed scale and systematic nature-based mine restoration pathways","authors":"Wenjuan Jin ,&nbsp;Zhenxing Bian ,&nbsp;Zhongyi Wei ,&nbsp;Zhichao Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The major challenge of mine ecological restoration that adheres to the systems concept is how to achieve holism and systematics. From an ecological security pattern perspective, understanding how small-to-medium-scale mines (SMMs) impact the ecological network at the watershed scale is critical for prioritizing restoration efforts and specific restoration pathways, which is conducive to achieving holistic protection, systematic restoration, and comprehensive management. Choosing a typical SMMs clustered watershed in northwestern Liaoning Province, this study employed morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) to construct the ecological network. By analyzing the dynamic evolution of the ecological network from 1989 to 2022 and combining it with the mine development characteristics, the damage mechanisms of SMMs to the ecosystem structure were identified. Using graph theory and Conefor software, restoration priority areas and corresponding restoration pathways were identified through an evaluation of the ecological connectivity importance of mines. Results indicated significant declines in ecological sources and corridors from 1989 to 2022, with decreasing α, β, γ indices reflecting weakened connectivity and stability of the ecological network. Single small-scale mines without clusters directly destroy only a portion of ecological sources at the periphery of the mining center (usually 2–4 times the size of the mine). Large-scale clustered SMMs indirectly cause the disappearance of ecological sources and corridors connecting those sources altogether through their impact on landscape patterns. Systematic restoration of SMMs should follow nature-based solutions (NbS), which can be used to comprehensively determine restoration pathways based on the ecological status and damage mechanisms of each mine, including natural regeneration, assisted regeneration, and guided artificial reconstruction. Especially for large-scale clustered SMMs, all mines should be planned and restored uniformly to integrate with the surrounding natural ecosystems and enhance the stability of the ecological network. This systematic approach we propose is more holistic and systematic than individual reclamation projects and is an effective practice for NbS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 107638"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}