Clean-soil Air Water最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of Various Solid Wastes as Potential Carbon Sources for the Remediation of Nitrate Contaminated Water: Preliminary Results","authors":"Jeevan Sanjay Bachchu,&nbsp;Govardhan Reddy Chilla,&nbsp;Lokesh Sonti,&nbsp;Sanjukta Banerjee,&nbsp;Dhruv Yogesh Kumar Rana,&nbsp;Sainikesh Padmanabhuni,&nbsp;Venkata Sai Gundlapally,&nbsp;Nitish Venkateswarlu Mogili","doi":"10.1002/clen.70179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70179","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nitrate contamination of groundwater is a major concern in the regions that depend on on-site sanitation units, such as pit toilets. In situ biological denitrification employing solid phase denitrification is an attractive treatment solution for mitigating nitrate contamination. The availability of low cost solid organic carbon sources is crucial for effective in situ solid-phase denitrification. The present study addresses this gap by assessing the nitrate removal potential of three solid waste substrates—cattle manure, peanut shell, and orange peel. The maximum nitrate removal efficiencies with cattle manure, peanut shell, and orange peel correspond to 99.1%, 78.8%, and 73.5%, respectively. The formation of intermediate nitrite ions and the presence of denitrifying bacteria in the batch samples suggest the probable occurrence of heterotrophic denitrification. First-order kinetics of batch experiments revealed that nitrate removal with cattle manure was rapid compared to that with the other two carbon sources. A nitrate removal efficiency of more than 85% was achieved at varying initial nitrate concentrations (100–500 mg/L) using cattle manure as a carbon source. Utilization of these waste materials for the remediation of nitrate-contaminated water contributes to a circular economy by converting low value waste into valuable bio-resources for sustainable water treatment.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147708292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Soil Erosion Estimation: Modifying Soil Erodibility and Vegetation Factors in the RUSLE Model","authors":"Morteza Gheysouri,&nbsp;Peng Shi,&nbsp;Peng Li,&nbsp;Mahin Kalehhouei","doi":"10.1002/clen.70177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70177","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soil erosion is a serious threat to food security and ecosystems, especially in dry regions where it is difficult to estimate accurately. This study aims to spatially estimate soil erosion rates across Iran using the modified Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) (CARUSLE) model integrated with remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). Main factors—including rainfall erosivity (<i>R</i>), soil erodibility (<i>K</i>), topography (<i>LS</i>), vegetation cover (<i>C</i>), and soil conservation management (<i>P</i>)—were derived from digital elevation model (DEM), HYDROSHEDS, and satellite data over the 2024 year. In CARUSLE, the <i>K</i> factor was refined by incorporating soil carbon and pH, whereas the <i>C</i> factor was adjusted using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land-use data. Model validation was performed using 300 expert-interpreted reference points derived from Google Earth, and performance was assessed through statistical metrics including correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination, mean square error, root mean square error, mean absolute error, and mean absolute percentage error. Results indicate a mean annual soil erosion of 1700–2000 t km⁻² year⁻¹ across Iran, with the highest rates in the Alborz and Zagros mountains. The finding of soil erosion intensity within the CARUSLE illustration is that the erosion classes are in the very low, low, moderate, high, and very high classes with percentages of 45.67, 11.35, 11.59, 10.90, and 20.49. Steep slopes, high rainfall, and sparse vegetation are the main factors of erosion, and critical areas are concentrated in the western and northern regions. Model validation generated an overall accuracy of 78% and a kappa coefficient of 0.71, confirming the reliability of CARUSLE in reproducing erosion severity patterns.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147708286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Heavy Metals and Their Relationship With Soil Texture in Cultivated Soil in Dong Thap, Vietnam","authors":"Ha Danh Duc,&nbsp;Nguyen Thi Phuong,&nbsp;Pham The Hung,&nbsp;Nguyen Thi Hai Ly,&nbsp;Nguyen Kim Bup,&nbsp;Le Thi Thanh","doi":"10.1002/clen.70175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70175","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The contamination of heavy metals in cultivated soils has become a critical concern worldwide. This study examined the concentrations, pollution sources, environmental, and ecological risks, and both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks of major heavy metals in soils in Dong Thap province, Vietnam. The average concentrations of As, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd measured 4.80, 13.94, 24.49, 94.67, and 0.06 mg·kg⁻¹ dry soil, respectively. Concentrations of these metals did not differ significantly across soils cultivated with different crops and plants in most locations. Using mathematical models, we assessed the ecological risk index (RI) and found values ranging from 15.36 to 57.36, indicating that local soils varied from non-polluted to extremely polluted in terms of ecological risk. The noncarcinogenic risk assessment showed that all heavy metals posed no threat of noncarcinogenic effects. In contrast, some monitoring locations contributed significantly to carcinogenic risk for children, while other locations presented tolerable carcinogenic risks for both children and adults. Pearson correlation analysis revealed weak correlations between heavy metals and soil texture components such as sand, silt, and clay. Overall, these findings offer new insights into the long-term presence of heavy metals in soil, their sources, and their potential impacts on ecosystems, while also providing a theoretical foundation for soil pollution management.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147708289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Characterization of Particulate Matter Pollution Over South India","authors":"Syamala Vellaturi,&nbsp;S. Srinivasa Rao,&nbsp;Neelima Aakala,&nbsp;K. Niranjan,&nbsp;K. Samatha,&nbsp;Yaparla Deepthi,&nbsp;V. Sreekanth","doi":"10.1002/clen.70176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70176","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A comprehensive investigation of airborne particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) mass concentrations and PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio characteristics over South India was conducted using 5 years (2019–2023) of regulatory data. Population-based tiers were used to assess heterogeneity in PM levels across the tiers. While PM exhibited the well-understood seasonal and diurnal patterns, there was no significant difference in the PM distributions across Tier 1 (cities with population above 5 million; study period mean PM_2.5 [PM₁₀]: 36 ± 22 [72 ± 39] µg m⁻³) and Tier 2 (cities with population between 0.5 and 5 million; study period mean PM_2.5 [PM₁₀]: 36 ± 24 [79 ± 51] µg m⁻³) cities. The city-wise analysis revealed that no clear PM pattern linked to tier classification. Tier 3 (cities with population below 0.5 million) cities were found to be marginally cleaner overall (study period mean PM_2.5 [PM₁₀]: 31 ± 22 [62 ± 37] µg m⁻³), while their ratio was the highest (∼ 0.5), indicating anthropogenic source dominance. Correlation analysis suggests that (i) similar sources contribute to both PM size fractions (with stronger similarity in Tier 3 cities), (ii) lesser meteorological impact on the observed daily mean PM, and (iii) a strong regional PM influence on the observed concentrations at city level. The deseasonalized PM data showed weak annual trends (ranging between −1.6 and 0.4 µg m⁻³ year⁻¹).</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147708278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Path of Efficiency in 18 Asian Economies and Regions: An Analysis of Energy, Industry, and Productivity","authors":"Shih-Yung Chiu,&nbsp;Chiu-Mi Chen,&nbsp;Chih-Yu Yang,&nbsp;Man-Li Huang,&nbsp;Yung-Ho Chiu","doi":"10.1002/clen.70178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70178","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Many Asian economies undergo rapid energy transition and industrial restructuring, which has become increasingly necessary to better understand how changes in energy structure and environmental constraints jointly influence industrial efficiency. Although the availability and quality of energy-related data have steadily improved, most studies rely on static or single-stage approaches, offering limited insight into the dynamic, multistage mechanisms linking energy development and industrial outcomes. This study investigates the impact of energy development on industrial efficiency using data from 18 Asian economies and regions. The analysis covers the period 2015–2020, a critical stage characterized by accelerated energy transition and climate policy adjustments in Asia. Methodologically, this study employs a two-stage dynamic nonoriented directional distance function model to evaluate efficiency changes at the stage and overall levels. By integrating intertemporal links and undesirable outputs into a multistage framework, the model extends conventional efficiency analysis and provides a more comprehensive assessment of energy–industry interactions. Furthermore, total factor productivity indices are applied to measure productivity changes, and Tobit regression is used to analyze how the energy intensity, renewable energy share, energy supply structure, and carbon emissions influence overall efficiency. The findings reveal significant regional disparities in efficiency across countries. They indicate that improving energy efficiency and accelerating the transition to cleaner and more diversified energy systems are essential for enhancing industrial performance under carbon constraints. These results provide empirical support for policymakers to design differentiated energy and industrial policies that promote sustainable development and low-carbon economic transformation in Asia.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147708287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Toxic Elements in Urban Soils of Arica, Northern Chile: Evidence of Persistent Legacy Contamination","authors":"Sylvia V. Copaja,&nbsp;Diego Ayala,&nbsp;Jennifer Saa,&nbsp;Carlos A. Manzano","doi":"10.1002/clen.70181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70181","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Urban pollution typically arises from a combination of traffic emissions, dust resuspension, and domestic activities. In some cases, historical events leave toxic legacies that persist in urban environments for decades after emissions have ceased. In Arica, an industrial region in northern Chile, abandoned mining waste from the 1980s containing arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) has become integrated into the urban environment and remains a concern despite remediation efforts by local authorities. In this study, we analyzed 17 surface soil samples collected across Arica to quantify acid-extractable potentially toxic elements (PTEs) using EPA Method 3051 and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Elevated concentrations of As (up to 47 mg kg⁻¹), Pb (up to 487 mg kg⁻¹), and Zn (up to 1740 mg kg⁻¹) were observed. Spatial analysis and screening-level risk assessment identified contamination hotspots consistent with both historical waste deposition and contemporary urban influences, indicating a complex exposure scenario for local communities. Unlike previous studies that focused on immediate post-remediation assessments, this study suggests that contamination persists and undergoes spatial reconfiguration more than three decades after the incident. These findings emphasize the need for sustained environmental governance addressing both historical and ongoing sources of urban soil contamination.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147708288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Starch Graft Poly(N-Methylaniline)/Graphite Composite SgNMA/G Composite as Facile Adsorbent for Methyl Orange Water Remediation","authors":"Aya M. Darwish,&nbsp;A. B. Khaliel,&nbsp;H. M. Abd El-Salam","doi":"10.1002/clen.70166","DOIUrl":"10.1002/clen.70166","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>World requires environmentally friendly, cheap, and highly effective advanced chemical structures for various applications. With population increases, technologies should increase, which means increasing environmental pollutants, especially those discharged into the water. Methyl orange (MO) is azo dye and is consider hazard for biological systems and environment. MO a well-known and applied dye present as waste in different water regions, was removed and has become essential for obtaining environmentally friendly water. Facile starch graft poly(<i>N</i>-methylaniline)/graphite composite (SgNMA/G) composite was synthesized and characterized by traditional tools of analysis such as infrared spectroscopy (IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to confirm the grafting process and composite formation. The characterized formed composite was used as adsorbent for MO; the optimization of the removal of MO from groundwater was achieved on the basis of the removal %. In addition, both starch graft poly(<i>N</i>-methylaniline) (SgNMA) and poly(<i>N</i>-methylaniline) (PNMA) were checked as adsorbent for MO from groundwater. The data reveal that the adsorption capacity is increased by incorporation of graphite with the graft. Adsorption capacity (<i>Q_m</i>/mg g⁻¹) is 9.9108 for composite, but in the case of both SgNMA and PNMA it is less. That is due to its high surface area (121.88 m²/g). So the synthesized composite is cheap and demonstrated a 20%–30% higher adsorption capacity compared to the individual components and some other used materials, confirming its potential as an efficient adsorbent for wastewater remediation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater: Review of Advanced Remediation Techniques","authors":"Amna Sarwar,&nbsp;Nadia Riaz,&nbsp;Muhammad Azeem,&nbsp;Salwa Al-Thawadi,&nbsp;Qamar Abbas,&nbsp;Muhammad Nauman Zahid,&nbsp;Qaisar Mahmood","doi":"10.1002/clen.70170","DOIUrl":"10.1002/clen.70170","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fluorine is the most reactive halogen, occurring naturally as fluoride (F⁻) in rocks, such as cryolite and fluorapatite, with groundwater fluoride concentrations varying from 1 to 35 mg/L due to geological circumstances or effluent discharge. Fluoride minerals are typically insoluble in water and comprise 0.06%–0.09% of the Earth's crust. Excessive fluoride consumption can result in dental and skeletal fluorosis, impacting teeth and bones by creating hard fluorapatite, which causes brittleness and abnormalities. Extended exposure can advance from dental fluorosis to debilitating skeletal fluorosis. Effective water treatment encompasses centralized or decentralized methods, such as screening, flocculation, filtration, and disinfection, to enhance quality. Advanced techniques, like adsorbents, membrane filtration (membrane filtration technology [MF], ultrafiltration [UF], nanofiltration [NF], and reverse osmosis [RO]), and UV disinfection, emphasize efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and operational simplicity. Nanoparticles (NPs), esteemed for their elevated surface-to-volume ratio and reactive sites, are extensively utilized in sectors, such as cosmetics, building, and environmental cleanup. This review provides current information on significant nanocomposites for fluoride removal from water. NPs exhibiting elevated surface-to-volume ratios are advantageous materials for water purification, especially for the elimination of fluoride. Magnetic Fe₃O₄ NPs, particularly Fe₃O₄–SiO₂ nanocomposites, have significant adsorption capacity, facile magnetic separation, durability, and reusability, rendering them very efficient for water treatment. Calcite (CaCO₃) NPs exhibit significant fluoride adsorption; nevertheless, their efficacy is contingent upon pH conditions. Future research must concentrate on the development of sophisticated nanocomposites, the optimization of adsorption systems, and the evaluation of regeneration capacity, lifecycle effects, and environmental safety of nanomaterials.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption of Tetracycline From Water by a Kind of Recyclable Sodium Alginate/Polyvinyl Alcohol Granular Biochar Adsorbent","authors":"Xiuqing Li,&nbsp;Hailong Tian,&nbsp;Dayang Yu","doi":"10.1002/clen.70169","DOIUrl":"10.1002/clen.70169","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The persistence and antibiotic resistance potential of tetracycline (TC) from livestock and poultry farming pose severe ecological and human health risks. To address this issue, we developed a recyclable S/N co-doped tea residue biochar (GSNTB), encapsulated within a matrix of sodium alginate (SA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Characteristic peaks in the FT-IR spectrum confirmed the presence of N- and S-containing functional groups on the adsorbent. Meanwhile, the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed a decrease in the peak areas corresponding to N 1s at 398.6, 399.49, and 401.3 eV, as well as the peak areas of S 2p at 164.0 and 165.4 eV, confirming the involvement of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing groups in the reaction process. Adsorption followed the Langmuir model, yielding a 95.01 mg g⁻¹ maximum capacity. After five repeated uses, the removal efficiency of TC could reach over 85%. With its strong adsorption capacity, high mechanical strength, and excellent reusability, GSNTB shows great promise for practical use in treating wastewater.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Air Pollution on the Honey Quality in Thimphu District, Bhutan","authors":"Govinda Prasad Sharma,&nbsp;Ramesh Prasad Sapkota,&nbsp;Tulsi Gurung,&nbsp;Siva Praveen Puppala,&nbsp;Rejina Maskey Byanju","doi":"10.1002/clen.70171","DOIUrl":"10.1002/clen.70171","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Integrating beekeeping into farming operations is crucial for improving livelihoods, but little is known about the effects of air pollution on bees and honey quality in Bhutan. This study investigates the concentrations of heavy metals found in the honey of summer season from both rural and urban areas of the Thimphu District, Bhutan. AirVisual Pro was used to record PM_2.5, PM₁, temperature, and humidity simultaneously in urban and rural areas of the Thimphu District in 2022. Honey samples and airborne dust particle (ADP) samples were collected from both the study sites to determine the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cu, and Cd) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that PM_2.5 and PM₁ concentrations were higher in both study sites during the pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter seasons. The concentrations of Cu and Ni in urban ADP were 2.43 and 2.29 times higher, respectively, compared to rural ADP. Three ADP samples from the rural and five samples from the urban had a Cd content more than 3 µg/g. Ni and Pb were absent in the honey samples from both locations, and Cu were within the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) permissible limits. Three honey samples from both the study sites had Cd levels higher than 0.30 µg/g. Given the toxicity of Cd in honey, further empirical researches are required for identifying and characterizing Cd sources in honey samples of Thimphu District.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}