Clean-soil Air Water最新文献

{"title":"Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) Pollution Status of Soil, Water, and Edible Vegetables Within Cashew Nut Processing Clusters in Enugu, Nigeria","authors":"Edidiong S. Akwaowo,&nbsp;Hillary O. Abugu,&nbsp;Janefrances N. Ihedioha","doi":"10.1002/clen.70263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70263","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study evaluated the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, water, and edible plants within cashew nut processing clusters in Enugu, Nigeria. Following liquid–liquid and solid–liquid extractions, the concentration of sixteen PAHs congeners were determined using gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). To predict the potential sources of these PAHs, a diagnostic ratio guide was employed and principal component analysis was performed. Mutagenic equivalent concentration, human health risk assessment, and ecological risk assessment were performed. The identified PAHs had concentration range: 786.31–2589.46 µg/kg in soil, 33.78–5476.37 µg/L in water, and 561.47–3047.84 µg/kg in vegetables. Except for one location, the vegetables had higher levels of low molecular weight PAHs, while high molecular weight PAHs were more prevalent in the water. The results showed that the studied location has a fair amount of PAH pollution, mostly from pyrogenic sources though the source apportionment models predicted multi-sources. The ecological risk assessment indicated acenaphthene to be the most contributing contaminant while the health risk evaluations indicated that consumers of water and vegetables from this area may have risk for non-carcinogenic health problems. There were substantial mutagenic equivalent quantities, and BaP metabolites were probably responsible. The study reveals that inefficient burning of biomass and fossil fuels has resulted in significant levels of PAH contamination in the surrounding cashew nut processing clusters, and these activities should be controlled.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148849166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue Information: Clean Soil Air Water. 9/2026","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/clen.70258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70258","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/clen.70258","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148849352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Soil and Pepper: Ecological and Human Health Risks","authors":"M. B. Adekola,&nbsp;A. M. Taiwo,&nbsp;B. S. Bada,&nbsp;T. M. Oladipo,&nbsp;N. A. Amusa,&nbsp;A. A. Alli,&nbsp;J. O. Alabi,&nbsp;M. F. Olorunnishola,&nbsp;E. N. Danton,&nbsp;S. T. Idowu,&nbsp;Z. O. Afolabi,&nbsp;A. A. Awujoola,&nbsp;R. O. Mustapha,&nbsp;S. S. Oshiomogho,&nbsp;A. M. Olabode","doi":"10.1002/clen.70270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70270","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigated organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in agricultural soils and pepper samples to assess their ecological and human health risks. Eighty soil samples (pre-[40] and post-[40] pesticide application) and 40 pepper samples were analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs), health and ecological risk assessments were carried out. Before pesticide application, soils already contained detectable OCP residues, particularly α-BHC (5.0–5.3 µg/kg) and γ-HCH (7.7–9.3 µg/kg), indicating background contamination. Following pesticide application, residue levels increased significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), with endosulfan sulfate (1789.88 µg/kg) and endrin (161.33 µg/kg) reaching the highest concentrations at contamination hotspots resulting in ecological risk quotients that exceeded guideline thresholds. Pepper samples showed substantial bioaccumulation of OCPs, confirming their transfer from soil into edible crops. The highest BAFs were recorded for 4,4′-DDE (11,168.62), dieldrin (5180.07), 4,4′-DDT (5164.89), and endosulfan I (1645.27). Health risk assessment indicated that most non-carcinogenic risks for adults were within acceptable limits, although dieldrin exceeded the safety threshold (HQ = 1.35). Children were more vulnerable, with hazard quotient values exceeding 1.0 for several pesticides, including dieldrin (13.46), 4,4′-DDE (5.36), aldrin (2.71), endrin aldehyde (2.47), and heptachlor epoxide (1.27). Cancer risks ranged from 2.21 × 10⁻⁶ to 5.27 × 10⁻⁴ for adults and 4.51 × 10⁻⁵ to 1.08 × 10⁻² for children, with dieldrin and aldrin posing the greatest concern. These findings revealed persistent OCP contamination, pronounced spatial variability, and high BAF values in peppers, highlighting elevated ecological risks and greater health risks for children.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148849351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NiO-Decorated Activated Carbon for Selective and High-Performance Pb(II) Adsorption","authors":"Ola yousef,&nbsp;Ebtsam Alshammari,&nbsp;Maha D. Alghamdi,&nbsp;Laila Alqarni,&nbsp;Aisha A. Alshahrani,&nbsp;Huda Elenezi,&nbsp;Sahar Abdalla,&nbsp;A. Modwi","doi":"10.1002/clen.70265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70265","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lead contamination in water systems poses a serious environmental and public health concern, necessitating the development of efficient and selective adsorbents. In this study, a NiO-decorated activated carbon (NiO@AC) nanocomposite was synthesized via chemical activation followed by a precipitation-assisted method. The resulting material exhibited well-dispersed NiO nanoparticles on a porous carbon matrix. The adsorption performance toward Pb(II) ions was strongly dependent on solution conditions, with optimal removal achieved at pH 5. The NiO@AC nanocomposite demonstrated a maximum removal efficiency of 95% and maintained 89% removal at an initial Pb(II) concentration of 200 mg/L. Equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm model (<i>R</i>² = 0.9786), indicating monolayer adsorption with a maximum adsorption capacity of 826.9 mg/g. Kinetic analysis showed that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting that both physical and chemisorption are the dominant mechanism. Furthermore, the nanocomposite exhibited strong selectivity toward Pb(II) ions in the presence of competing metal ions and retained good performance over repeated adsorption–desorption cycles, confirming its stability and reusability. These results highlight NiO@AC as an efficient, selective, and sustainable adsorbent with strong potential for practical wastewater treatment applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148849353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Enzyme Immobilization and Its Application in the Degradation of Typical Emerging Contaminants","authors":"JiYue Zhang,&nbsp;Xin Wang,&nbsp;YiBo Cui,&nbsp;Yang Liu,&nbsp;Jia Bao,&nbsp;MengQin Yao","doi":"10.1002/clen.70268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70268","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Emerging contaminants (ECs), including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), have attracted increasing attention due to their persistent occurrence and potential risks to ecosystems and human health. Enzymatic bioremediation has attracted increasing attention because of its high catalytic efficiency, substrate specificity, and environmental friendliness. However, the practical application of free enzymes is limited by poor stability, easy deactivation, and low reusability. Enzyme immobilization has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance enzyme stability, activity retention, and operational performance. This review summarizes recent advances in immobilized enzymes for the degradation of ECs, with a focus on laccase, peroxidases, catalase, and organophosphorus hydrolase. Different immobilization methods and support materials, including metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), magnetic nanomaterials, biochar, and carbon-based materials, are critically compared. Current challenges, such as mass-transfer limitations, by-product toxicity, and scale-up issues, are discussed. Future prospects, including AI-assisted carrier design and multienzyme catalytic systems, are also highlighted.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148849342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk Assessment in the Bhairab–Rupsha River Basin: An Integrated Approach Using Pollution Indices, Spatial Mapping, and Multivariate Analysis","authors":"Tamzid Ahmed,&nbsp;Quazi Hamidul Bari,&nbsp;Md Mahmudur Rahman,&nbsp;Md. Shafiquzzaman","doi":"10.1002/clen.70271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70271","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Heavy metal contamination in tidal river systems is an increasing environmental concern in rapidly urbanizing regions of South Asia. This study presents an integrated assessment of heavy metal pollution and ecological risk in the Bhairab–Rupsha River basin, Bangladesh. Concentrations of six priority metals—chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb)—were determined in water and surface sediments collected during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). Data quality was ensured through strict QA/QC procedures. Pollution and ecological risks were evaluated using the heavy metal pollution index (HPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), water–sediment concentration factor (<i>K</i>_d), contamination factor (<i>C</i>_f), degree of contamination (<i>C</i>_d), pollution load index (PLI), geo-accumulation index (<i>I</i>_geo), ecological risk factor (<i>E</i>_r), potential ecological risk index (PER), spatial mapping, and principal component analysis (PCA). Water samples showed the concentration order as follows: Cu &gt; Cr &gt; Ni &gt; Pb &gt; Zn &gt; Cd, with Cr, Cd, and Pb exceeding the Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Rules and the relevant United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and CCME aquatic life guidelines. HPI values exceeded the critical limit (&gt;100) at all stations, indicating severe water quality deterioration, particularly downstream. In contrast, sediment metal concentrations remained below guideline thresholds, with <i>C</i>_f &lt; 1, <i>C</i>_d &lt; 8, PLI &lt; 1, <i>I</i>_geo &lt; 0, and PER indicating low ecological risk. Spatial analysis revealed increasing downstream enrichment associated with industrial discharges, municipal wastewater, and port activities. PCA explained 98.8% of the total variance, suggesting a dominant anthropogenic source of contamination.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148849350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioaugmentation-Driven Bioremediation: Microbial Community Dynamics and Hydrocarbon Degradation Efficiency in Marine Sediments","authors":"Xiaoyu Zhou,&nbsp;Yanhui Shi,&nbsp;Hanzhi Cao,&nbsp;Qing Jiang,&nbsp;Yang Liu,&nbsp;Xinyue Tang,&nbsp;Yana Zhang,&nbsp;Ziang Liu,&nbsp;Hao Wang","doi":"10.1002/clen.70261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70261","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bioaugmentation is effective for remediating petroleum-contaminated seawater, but its application in marine sediments remains underexplored. This study investigated the enhancing effects and mechanisms of bioaugmentation on total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) degradation in marine sediments over 60 days. The bioaugmentation (B) group achieved a TPH degradation rate 1.89 times higher than the natural restoration (N) group. GC-MS analysis revealed significantly lower residual C₁₃–C₂₂ hydrocarbon concentrations in Group B. Excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy showed elevated soluble microbial by-products and tyrosine-like substances in Group B, whereas tryptophan-like substances accumulated in Group N. Despite an initial decline following inoculation, microbial diversity indices (Chao1 and Shannon) in Group B increased progressively over time, eventually exceeding those of Group N by Day 60, indicating dynamic community restructuring. <i>Bacillus</i> dominated the initial stage of bioaugmentation, while <i>Sporolactobacillus</i> became dominant after 60 days, both of which were reported as potential petroleum degraders. Metagenomic analysis indicated that key genes involved in petroleum hydrocarbon degradation were substantially enriched in Group B throughout the remediation period, reflecting enhanced genetic potential. Molecular docking simulations suggested that alkylsuccinate synthase (assA) enzymes in petroleum-degrading bacteria might facilitate hydrocarbon binding through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, which could potentially contribute to enhanced degradation. These in silico findings provided predictive structural insights into potential degradation mechanisms and required experimental validation. This study contributed to elucidating the degradation efficacy and potential mechanistic enhancements of bioaugmentation, highlighting its viability for the bioremediation of TPHs-contaminated marine sediments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and Anticipated Performance Index (API) of Underutilized Minor Fruit Plants of Northeast India for Sustainable Urban Green Space","authors":"Bhargov Mudhukailya,&nbsp;Raihan Ahmed,&nbsp;Farishta Yasmin","doi":"10.1002/clen.70259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70259","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present study evaluates the ability of selected plant species to tolerate air pollution and their potential contribution to sustainable urban green space development by integrating the air pollution tolerance index (APTI) with the anticipated performance index (API). Ten underutilized minor fruit plant species were investigated at polluted and control sites during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons in the Nagaon district, Assam, Northeast India. Four critical leaf biochemical variables, namely, ascorbic acid content, total chlorophyll content, relative water content, and leaf extract pH, were measured to determine APTI. Two-way ANOVA and correlation analyses showed statistically significant variation in APTI values, with a positive correlation between ascorbic acid content and APTI, indicated by a high Pearson correlation coefficient (<i>R</i>² = 0.9581). The highest APTI value was observed in <i>Baccaurea sapida</i> (Roxb.) Müll.Arg. (14.42 ± 0.29), whereas the lowest was recorded in <i>Terminalia chebula</i> Retz. (12.38 ± 0.35). Moreover, the API was assessed by integrating APTI values with relevant socioeconomic and biological characteristics, thereby identifying <i>Citrus maxima</i> (Burm.) Merr. (grade = 5, score = 75%) as a very good species that is highly suitable for plantation in green spaces and urban ecosystem development initiatives. Hence, this study highlights the potential of these plant species to combat air pollution while enhancing aesthetic value and providing socioeconomic and nutritional benefits.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State of the Practice Worldwide: Identification of Radiogenic Element Sources and Evaluation of Water Quality in Tuban Delta, Yemen","authors":"Emran Eisa Saleh,&nbsp;Dua'a Anis Taya,&nbsp;Wedad Ali Abdurabu,&nbsp;Hattan Natto","doi":"10.1002/clen.70206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70206","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study presents an accurate assessment of natural radioactivity levels of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K in 49 groundwater samples collected from the Tuban Delta in Yemen. Gamma ray spectroscopy was employed to quantify the radioactivity concentrations in the analyzed samples. In addition to radionuclide assessment, heavy metal concentrations were also measured. The results revealed average activity concentrations ranging from 0.83 to 6.5 Bq/L for ²²⁶Ra, 1.2 to 3.7 Bq/L for ²³²Th, and 110 to 172.3 Bq/L for ⁴⁰K. To evaluate potential health risks, effective doses were calculated based on measured radionuclide concentrations and typical water consumption patterns, yielding ranges of 0.3–1.29 mSv/year for infants, 0.04–2.20 mSv/year for children, and 0.02–1.34 mSv/year for adults. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships among major ions (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺) and natural radionuclides (²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th), indicating geogenic influences on groundwater chemistry. Principal Component Analysis identified two main components explaining 83.7% of the variability, highlighting mineral dissolution and geochemical processes as key factors controlling water quality and radionuclide distribution in the Tuban Delta.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycine Betaine as a Reliable Strategy to Improve Drought Tolerance in Trachyspermum ammi","authors":"Afifa Kamal,&nbsp;Muhammad Shahbaz,&nbsp;Noreen Zahra,&nbsp;Nazoora Mujahid,&nbsp;Abida Kausar,&nbsp;Fahd Rasul,&nbsp;Muhammad Kamran,&nbsp;Saima Iqbal,&nbsp;Azamal Husen","doi":"10.1002/clen.70253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.70253","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Drought is a major abiotic stress that limits crop growth and productivity by inducing physiological and biochemical changes. <i>Trachyspermum ammi</i> L. is cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions and is susceptible to drought stress. Osmoregulators like glycine betaine (GB) are known to enhance plant tolerance by regulating internal metabolic processes. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of GB foliar application on the physiological and morphological attributes of <i>T. ammi</i> under drought conditions. A pot experiment was conducted with three treatments: water spray (control), 5 mM GB, and 10 mM GB, whereas drought stress was maintained at 60% field capacity. Drought stress significantly decreased growth-related attributes. Further, it has been noticed that the drought stress significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in <i>T. ammi</i>. Application of GB at 10 mM significantly increased POD (41.2%) and CAT (312.3%) activities, whereas 5 mM GB led to the highest increase in ascorbate POD (100%) under drought stress. Foliar application of GB also mitigated the adverse effects, improving growth-related attributes, photosynthetic pigments, and ions uptake and decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂. Among treatments, 10 mM GB exhibited greater efficiency under drought, whereas 5 mM GB was more beneficial under control conditions. Taken together, the findings suggest that GB could serve as a potential drought-mitigating agent for <i>T. ammi</i> cultivation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10306,"journal":{"name":"Clean-soil Air Water","volume":"54 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}