Basic and Applied Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Impact of an extreme drought event on clonal reproduction and the acclimation capacity of the succulent plant Sempervivum tectorum L.","authors":"Sabina Villadangos ,&nbsp;Sergi Munné-Bosch","doi":"10.1016/j.baae.2024.10.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baae.2024.10.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Functional traits have been defined as those that affect organismal performance, that is growth and development, reproduction and survival, so they have been generally associated with acclimation and adaptation. Here, we aimed to study the impact of an extreme drought event on clonal reproduction and hormonal mechanisms underlying acclimation of houseleek (<em>Sempervivum tectorum</em> L.), a plant adapted to survive harsh environments. We also explored the validity of growth- and stress-related phytohormones as functional traits to evaluate stress acclimation responses in the field. We compared the response of plants, considering both mother rosettes and newly produced clones, to a very extreme summer drought event occurring in small cliffs in Les Guilleries mountains (NE Spain). We measured various stress makers in the field together with hormonal profiling through a metabolomic approach using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that clonal propagation was arrested during the study period and revealed a 100-fold increase in abscisic acid content from spring to summer both in mothers and new clones, concomitantly with reductions in relative water content, which decreased by 20% only. The stress-related bioactive jasmonate, jasmonoyl-isoleucine increased simultaneously with abscisic acid, while growth-related hormones, including bioactive cytokinins (2-isopentenyl adenine and <em>trans</em>-zeatin) decreased from spring to summer, which was consistent with growth arrest. It is concluded that <em>S. tectorum</em> adjusts recruitment of new clones during periods of low water availability and withstands extreme drought events during the summer (preventing severe cell turgor loss at soil water contents below 2% and temperatures above 43 ºC) by successfully activating a complex hormonal response that underlies the great capacity of this species to survive extreme climatic events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8708,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Ecology","volume":"81 ","pages":"Pages 96-105"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field margin management for promoting plant diversity—A functional approach to investigating the effects of multiple measures on plant community dynamics","authors":"Luise Franke ,&nbsp;Christine S. Sheppard ,&nbsp;Marco R. Brendel ,&nbsp;Carsten M. Buchmann ,&nbsp;Viktoria Ferenc ,&nbsp;Jinlei Zhu ,&nbsp;Frank M. Schurr","doi":"10.1016/j.baae.2024.10.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baae.2024.10.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Strategies to counteract the loss of arable plant diversity often target field margins. Yet there is still need for research on how arable plant diversity is impacted by the type, scale and diversity of margin management. To assess this experimentally, we combined five measures imposing different disturbance regimes (flower-strip mown twice a year, tilling in spring or autumn, adding sand as substrate, and frequent mowing as a control) at two spatial scales.</div><div>We explored how plant community dynamics are affected by both single measures and their combination. We addressed four hypotheses: H1) single measures shift community weighted mean (CWM) values of functional traits and reduce the within-measure community weighted standard deviation (CWSD) of these traits; H2) heavy disturbance (early tilling and sand) causes taxonomic and functional diversity (alpha-diversity) to increase over time; H3) combining different measures increases dissimilarity (beta-diversity) and thus gamma-diversity across measures; and H4) increased spatial heterogeneity of measures promotes all levels of diversity.</div><div>We found shifts in CWM and reduced CWSD in flower-strips (smaller seed mass, perennial lifespan) and late-tilling (later flowering-onset) whereas sand and early-tilling tended to increase CWSD (H1). Trends across measures indicate shifts towards species with competitive strategies (H1). Compared to frequently mown controls, heavy disturbance (sand and early-tilling) promoted alpha-diversity over time, despite lower initial diversity. Moderate disturbance (flower-strip, late tilling) initially promoted alpha-diversity, but diversity then did not increase further (H2). Combining different measures promoted diversity compared to single measures, but the similarity between measures increased over time (H3). Scale played a minor role in determining community-composition (H4).</div><div>Disturbance regimes imposed by different management of field margins shape the functional composition of arable plant communities. Strategies combining different measures help to balance initial benefits of moderate disturbance with the longer-term diversity gains from heavier disturbance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8708,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Ecology","volume":"81 ","pages":"Pages 75-84"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Career Researchers advocate for raising the profile of bryophyte ecological research","authors":"Till J. Deilmann ,&nbsp;Ditte Marie Christiansen ,&nbsp;Mariana García Criado ,&nbsp;Theresa Möller ,&nbsp;Maren Schüle ,&nbsp;Alexander Täuber","doi":"10.1016/j.baae.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baae.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bryophyte research is severely underrepresented compared to vascular plant research, even though we know that bryophytes are crucial components of ecosystems and contribute significantly to ecosystem functions and processes, and thus to ecosystem services. This underrepresentation creates many hurdles and barriers that Early Career Researchers (ECRs) must first overcome to establish in this field, which significantly hinders research now and in the future. Therefore, this work deals with the future of bryophyte research, and bryophyte ecology in particular, which is reflected in the perspectives of ECRs in this scientific field. By listing the many barriers that bryophyte researchers and especially ECRs face, including underrepresentation, funding and publishing, but also possible solutions, we want to raise awareness for and advocate to raise the profile of bryophyte research. We here identify multiple barriers that bryophyte-focused ECRs face and what is needed to overcome them. We address different structural and institutional levels, ranging from early education in schools to academia, funding and publishing. Raising the profile of bryophyte research works on many different levels simultaneously. To improve the prospects of bryophytes and thus increase scientific interest in, and ultimately understanding of, this important group of plants, we need to raise awareness now.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8708,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Ecology","volume":"81 ","pages":"Pages 106-111"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation translocations in urban environments: State of the knowledge and future directions","authors":"Julian Brown,&nbsp;Nicholas S.G. Williams,&nbsp;Kylie Soanes","doi":"10.1016/j.baae.2024.10.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baae.2024.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cities are important for biodiversity conservation and are a central focus in the United Nations Decade of Ecosystem Restoration. Species reintroductions and population reinforcements (i.e. conservation translocations) are an important component of conservation, yet are rare in urban environments, possibly because of perceived risks in highly modified and complex social-ecological urban systems. Here we review the literature describing urban conservation translocations to provide guidance for their effective implementation. We find that urban translocations have been performed for a variety of aims including focal species conservation, improvements in ecosystem functions in the later stages of restoration projects (e.g. seed dispersal in revegetated sites) and for site remediation (e.g. organic pollution removal), and enhancing human-nature connections. Conservation translocations were found in a range of urban habitat types including formal and informal greenspaces, grey spaces, streams, ponds, and marine environments, ranging from near-historic conditions (e.g. remnant/restored sites) to highly modified novel/designed systems. Barriers and enablers varied between terrestrial and aquatic release sites, with predators, habitat suitability, and leaving release sites being more important in terrestrial sites and disturbance (flooding) regime and pollution being more important in aquatic sites. A range of techniques have been applied to mitigate these barriers. Success rates in urban translocations are high (&gt;90 %) and comparable to conservation translocations in general, suggesting they can contribute to urban biodiversity conservation by assisting species to overcome dispersal barriers and occupy otherwise suitable urban habitats. However, evaluation methods vary widely between urban translocation studies. There is also a need for longer-term monitoring of translocation success that might be achieved simultaneously while enhancing human-nature connections through citizen science programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8708,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Ecology","volume":"81 ","pages":"Pages 85-95"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment and management of wildflower areas for insect pollinators in commercial orchards","authors":"Claire Carvell ,&nbsp;Nadine Mitschunas ,&nbsp;Rachel McDonald ,&nbsp;Sarah Hulmes ,&nbsp;Lucy Hulmes ,&nbsp;Rory S. O'Connor ,&nbsp;Michael P.D. Garratt ,&nbsp;Simon G. Potts ,&nbsp;Michelle T. Fountain ,&nbsp;Dinara Sadykova ,&nbsp;Mike Edwards ,&nbsp;Marek Nowakowski ,&nbsp;Richard F. Pywell ,&nbsp;John W. Redhead","doi":"10.1016/j.baae.2021.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baae.2021.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sown wildflower areas are increasingly recommended as an agri-environmental intervention measure, but evidence for their success is limited to particular insect groups or hampered by the challenges of establishing seed mixes and maintaining flower abundance over time. We conducted a replicated experiment to establish wildflower areas to support insect pollinators in apple orchards. Over three years, and across 23 commercial UK orchards with and without sown wildflowers, we conducted 828 transect surveys across various non-crop habitats. We found that the abundance of flower-visiting solitary bees, bumblebees, honeybees, and beetles was increased in sown wildflower areas, compared with existing non-crop habitats in control orchards, from the second year following floral establishment. Abundance of hoverflies and other non-syrphid flies was increased in wildflower areas from the first year. Beyond the effect of wildflower areas, solitary bee abundance was also positively related to levels of floral cover in other local habitats within orchards, but neither local nor wider landscape-scale context affected abundance of other studied insect taxa within study orchards. There was a change in plant community composition on the sown wildflower areas between years, and in patterns of flowering within and between years, showing a succession from unsown weedy species towards a dominance of sown species over time. We discuss how the successful establishment of sown wildflower areas and delivery of benefits for different insect taxa relies on appropriate and reactive management practices as a key component of any such agri-environment scheme.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8708,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Ecology","volume":"58 ","pages":"Pages 2-14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8752464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39885953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrient status not secondary metabolites drives herbivory and pathogen infestation across differently mycorrhized tree monocultures and mixtures","authors":"Olga Ferlian ,&nbsp;Esther-Marie Lintzel ,&nbsp;Helge Bruelheide ,&nbsp;Carlos A. Guerra ,&nbsp;Heike Heklau ,&nbsp;Stephanie Jurburg ,&nbsp;Paul Kühn ,&nbsp;Ainhoa Martinez-Medina ,&nbsp;Sybille B. Unsicker ,&nbsp;Nico Eisenhauer ,&nbsp;Martin Schädler","doi":"10.1016/j.baae.2020.09.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baae.2020.09.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying the relationship between tree diversity and antagonist infestation is often neglecting resource-use complementarity among plant species. We investigated the effects of tree species identity, species richness, and mycorrhizal type on leaf herbivory and pathogen infestation. We used a tree sapling experiment manipulating the two most common mycorrhizal types, arbuscular mycorrhiza and ectomycorrhiza, via respective tree species in monocultures and two-species mixtures. We visually assessed leaf herbivory and pathogen infestation rates, and measured concentrations of a suite of plant metabolites (amino acids, sugars, and phenolics), leaf elemental concentrations (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus), and tree biomass. Tree species and mycorrhizal richness had no significant effect on herbivory and pathogen infestation, whereas species identity and mycorrhizal type had. Damage rates were higher in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) than in ectomycorrhizal (EM) trees. Our structural equation model (SEM) indicated that elemental, but not metabolite concentrations, determined herbivory and pathogen infestation, suggesting that the investigated chemical defence strategies may not have been involved in the effects found in our study with tree saplings. Other chemical and physical defence strategies as well as species identity as its determinant may have played a more crucial role in the studied saplings. Furthermore, the SEM indicated a direct positive effect of AM trees on herbivory rates, suggesting that other dominant mechanisms, not considered here, were involved as well. We found differences in the attribution of elemental concentrations between the two rates. This points to the fact that herbivory and pathogen infestation are driven by distinct mechanisms. Our study highlights the importance of biotic contexts for understanding the mechanisms underlying the effects of biodiversity on tree-antagonist interactions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8708,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Ecology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 110-123"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.baae.2020.09.009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39393463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deforestation and vector-borne disease: Forest conversion favors important mosquito vectors of human pathogens","authors":"Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena ,&nbsp;Amy Y. Vittor","doi":"10.1016/j.baae.2017.09.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baae.2017.09.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The global burden of vector-borne diseases accounts for more than 17% of infectious diseases in humans. Rapid global expansion of previously obscure pathogens<span><span><span>, such as Zika and chikungunya viruses in recent years highlights the importance of understanding how anthropogenic changes influence emergence and spillover of vector-borne diseases. </span>Deforestation has been identified as one anthropogenic change that influences vector-borne disease prevalence, although contrasting pictures of the effects of deforestation on vector-borne disease transmission have been reported. These conflicting findings are likely attributable to the inherent complexity of vector-borne disease systems, which involve diverse groups of vectors, hosts and pathogens, depending on </span>geography. The current study represents a quantitative exploration of the link between deforestation and mosquitoes, the most important common constituents of vector-borne disease systems. Analysis of data compiled from published field studies for 87 mosquito species from 12 countries revealed that about half of the species (52.9%) were associated with deforested habitats. Of these species that are favored by deforestation, a much larger percentage (56.5%) are confirmed vectors of human pathogens, compared to those negatively impacted by deforestation (27.5%). Moreover, species that serve as vectors of multiple human pathogens were all favored by deforestation, including </span></span><span><span><em>Anopheles</em><em> bancroftii, </em></span><em>Anopheles darlingi</em><span><em>, Anopheles farauti, </em><em>Anopheles funestus</em></span></span> s.l<span><em>., </em><em>Anopheles gambiae</em></span> s.l., <span><em>Anopheles subpictus</em></span>, <span><em>Aedes aegypti</em><span><em>, </em><em>Aedes vigilax</em></span></span>, <span><em>Culex annulirostris</em></span>, and <span><em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em></span><span>. Our quantitative analysis of vector and non-vector species, demonstrates that the net effect of deforestation favors mosquitoes that serve as vectors of human disease, while the obverse holds true for non-vectors species. These results begin to unify our understanding of the relationship between deforestation and vector mosquitoes, an important step in quantifying how land use change, specifically deforestation, affects human risk of vector-borne disease.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":8708,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Applied Ecology","volume":"26 ","pages":"Pages 101-110"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.baae.2017.09.012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39207921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}