Water Research最新文献

{"title":"A versatile model of nutrient retention in relation to ecosystem state in shallow lakes: GPLake-R","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124614","url":null,"abstract":"Nutrient pollution of surface waters contributes to eutrophication problems and constitutes a loss of valuable resources for human food production. Nu…","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145056843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Niche differentiation drives microbial community assembly in an anaerobic/oxic/anoxic-aerobic granular sludge (AOA-AGS) system: Insights into Anammox self-enrichment","authors":"Jingwei Ma, Hui Sun, Yaning Ji, Qiulai He, Long Chen, Ying Han, Peng Bi, Liang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124615","url":null,"abstract":"Integrating anammox into the anaerobic/oxic/anoxic-aerobic granular sludge (AOA-AGS) process presents a promising strategy for low-carbon wastewater treatment. Operating under low dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions, the AOA-AGS system enables <em>in situ</em> enrichment of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) via sludge granulation. This study addresses two key questions: how to drive AnAOB self-enrichment during AGS formation and how microbial aggregates of different sizes contribute to the balance between nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In an AOA sequencing batch reactor (AOA-SBR) operated at a DO concentration of 0.30 mg/L, AnAOB self-enrichment was successfully achieved (0-1.25%). The system demonstrated efficient and stable nutrients removal, with removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN), and total phosphorus (TP) reaching 88.70 ± 4.96%, 84.24 ± 3.59%, and 96.76 ± 1.67%, respectively. Microbial community assembly was primarily governed by deterministic processes, with niche differentiation facilitating the enrichment of AnAOB. The granular sludge exhibited a broader niche breadth (0.6596) compared to flocculent sludge (0.5885), supporting the coexistence of AnAOB and other functional microorganisms. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed cooperative or symbiotic relationship among functional bacteria (positive correlations accounted for 54.89%), with 10 keystone taxa collectively shaping microbial community and function. Functionally, large granules (500-2000 μm) exhibited greater anammox capacity, and large flocs (100-200 μm) and small granules (200-500 μm) contributed to simultaneous nitrification and endogenous denitrification (SNED), whereas small flocs (&lt;100 μm) exhibited stronger phosphorus metabolism potential. Phosphorus-rich flocs were selectively discharged, while AnAOB were effectively retained within granules. These findings offer practical insights for optimizing AOA-AGS system and advancing energy-efficient wastewater treatment technologies.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145056873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of nitro(so)- and chloro-disinfection byproduct formation mechanisms after UV/Cl2 and UV/H2O2 oxidation of 2-methylisoborneol in the presence of algal organic matter","authors":"Sihong Li, Hehua Wang, Hangzhou Xu, Haiyan Pei","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124616","url":null,"abstract":"Cyanobacterial blooms, such as <em>Pseudanabaena</em> bloom, pose considerable risks to drinking water quality due to the release of odorants like 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB). Although preoxidation-enhanced coagulation efficiently removes <em>Pseudanabaena</em> cells and intracellular 2-MIB, substantial amounts of extracellular 2-MIB persist after coagulation and filtration, posing ongoing challenges to drinking water safety. This study compared the performance of UV/H₂O₂ and UV/Cl₂ oxidation for removing 2-MIB in the presence of algal organic matter (AOM) within the filtered water, and evaluated their impacts on subsequent chlorination-induced disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation and water toxicity. UV/H₂O₂ oxidation achieved a higher 2-MIB degradation efficiency (98.1%) compared with UV/Cl₂ oxidation (85.6%), while exhibiting lower post-chlorination toxicity. UV/Cl₂ treatment led to a marked increase in toxicity after subsequent chlorination, primarily attributed to the formation of highly toxic nitro and nitroso DBPs (nitro(so)-DBPs). Comprehensive analysis of chlorinated DBPs (Cl-DBPs) (<em>i.e.</em>, (semi-)volatile and macromolecular Cl-DBPs) and nitro(so)-DBPs revealed that chlorination of UV/H₂O₂-treated samples generated more Cl-DBPs, whereas chlorination of UV/Cl₂-treated samples favoured the formation of nitro(so)-DBPs. These results highlight the important contribution of nitro(so)-DBPs to AOM-derived DBP toxicity. Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) combined with machine learning identified key molecular descriptors — comprising modified aromatic index, ratio of hydrogen to carbon (H/C), and carbon oxidation state (C_OS) — as predictive features for DBP formation. Our results indicate that, compared with Cl-DBP precursors, nitro(so)-DBP precursors are mainly non-aromatics with higher H/C and lower C_OS. This is the first study to incorporate nitro(so)-DBPs into the AOM-derived DBP evaluation framework and to systematically differentiate their formation mechanisms from those of Cl-DBPs.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145056842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Br Radicals generated via Bromate-free Photoactivation May Promote Degradation of Emerging Contaminants in Highly Saline Waters","authors":"Min Zhao, Jiaming Gan, Yingdong Li, Mingbao Feng, Hamid Mohammed Al-Gabr, Xin Yu, Lei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124609","url":null,"abstract":"Bromide (Br⁻) is commonly found in natural water bodies, where it can react with oxidants to generate bromine radicals (e.g., Br^•, Br₂^•–) and reactive bromine species (HOBr/OBr^–), which participate in contaminant degradation. However, the formation of brominated byproducts and bromate poses significant challenges for treating bromide-containing waters. Our research presents an important discovery: Br⁻ can be photochemically activated to generate bromine radicals under 222 nm far-UVC (UV₂₂₂) without oxidants. The UV₂₂₂/Br⁻ system utilizes bromine radicals to degrade contaminants and avoids the formation of HOBr/OBr^–and bromate. DFT calculations indicate that Br⁻ can be excited by UV₂₂₂ (133 kcal mol⁻¹) when present in water molecule clusters. Due to the selectivity of bromine radicals, Br⁻ exhibits both photosensitivity and light-shielding properties. In the degradation of sulfadiazine (SDZ) by the UV₂₂₂/Br⁻ system, the concentrations of trihalomethane and dibromoacetonitrile were below the quantification limit. UV₂₂₂ has been shown to effectively utilize Br⁻ in different types of high-salinity water bodies to degrade contaminants. This study advances the understanding of Br⁻ photochemistry under UV₂₂₂ and provides an efficient and clean technology for treating bromide-containing water.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145043326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Source Apportionment of n-Alkanes and Their Effects on Carbon Pool Dynamics and Microbial Communities in a River–Estuary–Offshore Continuum","authors":"Jingyi Xu, Qiang Fu, Kaichao Wan, Fujun Shi, Weidong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124604","url":null,"abstract":"The river–estuary–offshore continuum is a critical interface for carbon cycling. However, the regulation of its sedimentary carbon pools and microbial feedbacks by mixed sources remains poorly understood, particularly for small river systems. These globally prevalent systems are distinct biogeochemical hotspots, characterized by their tighter land-sea coupling. In this study, we investigated benthic sediments along the eastern Chinese coast to elucidate <em>n</em>-alkane sources, spatial distributions, and their relationships with carbon reservoirs and microbial assemblages, using gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and high-throughput sequencing. Total <em>n</em>-alkane contents decreased markedly seaward, from an average of ∼4705.7 ng/g dw in river sediments to 1895.3 ng/g dw offshore, a trend primarily driven by terrestrial input dilution, further modulated by hydrodynamic sorting and degradation processes. Terrestrial plant waxes dominated biogenic inputs, as evidenced by abundant C₂₇–C₃₁ homologues and biogenic average chain lengths (ACL_bio) of 28.3–29.1, indicating mixed inputs from woody and herbaceous vegetation. Petroleum-derived anthropogenic inputs were relatively minor, consisting mainly of C₁₆–C₁₈ homologues, with anthropogenic chain lengths (ACL_anthro) of 20.3–23.5—suggesting levels below microbial degradation thresholds. Key mechanisms underpinning carbon pool stability included adsorption onto fine particles and alkaline sediment pH (8.2–8.7). Biogenic <em>n</em>-alkanes showed strong associations with sulfur-oxidizing Campylobacterota (12.1% offshore), while lipid-adapted Proteobacteria (48.4% offshore) correlated with marine conditions, indicating preserved microbial diversity and functional redundancy. Despite low petroleum contents, offshore enrichment of Clostridia (14.2%) may reflect responses to trace hydrocarbons and/or low-oxygen conditions. We propose a conceptual “source–process–function” framework that links carbon source attribution, environmental filtering, and microbial response, offering an integrative view of carbon retention and transformation across dynamic land–sea transition zones, particularly in small estuarine systems.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145043089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greenhouse gas emissions from black soldier fly composting of silver and silver sulfide nanoparticle-enriched sludge","authors":"Jingtao Wu, Lei Xiong, Yuantong Yang, Cui Li, Peng Mao, Qingqiu Zhou, Guangcan Yu, Xingyun Huang, Rajeshwar Dayal Tyagi, XinXing He, Jonathan W.C. Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124608","url":null,"abstract":"Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are widely used as antibacterial materials and accumulate in sewage sludge as silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag₂S-NPs) after wastewater treatment. Composting using black soldier fly (BSF) is an effective method for treating sewage sludge. This study investigated the impact of Ag/Ag₂S-NP-containing sludge on greenhouse gas emissions during BSF composting. The results indicated that BSF significantly increased N₂O and CH₄ emissions during composting. However, the addition of 5 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg of Ag/Ag₂S-NPs significantly reduced N₂O emissions by 51.7–86.1%, and CH₄ emissions by 44.3–92.9%. Quantitative analysis of genes in the sludge revealed that the inhibition of <em>hao</em> and <em>nor</em>B genes, and the enhancement of <em>nos</em>Z genes were critical factors reducing N₂O emissions. For CH₄, inhibition of methanogenic genes (<em>mcr</em>A) and the enhancement of methane oxidation genes (<em>pmo</em>A) were the primary mechanisms by which Ag₂S-NPs reduced CH₄ emissions. Based on X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and single-particle ICP–MS (spICP-MS), Ag was retained predominantly as Ag₂S throughout, with small fractions converting to AgCl in the larval gut, and particles exhibited modest size reduction and aggregation. Further metagenomic analysis revealed Ag-driven alterations in BSF gut microbiota, including decreased microbial diversity, and suppressed denitrification and methanogenesis pathways. This study offers an economical and effective method to reduce greenhouse gas emissions during sewage sludge treatment using BSF composting when Ag₂S-NPs are present.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145043230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated Bayesian hydrodynamic framework for quantifying rating curve uncertainty in design flood estimation and flood hazard mapping in a data-scarce urban area","authors":"Tanmoy Das, Subhasish Das","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124610","url":null,"abstract":"Uncertainty in river discharge, particularly stemming from rating curve limitations, remains underexplored despite its direct influence on hydrologic and hydrodynamic modelling outcomes. The study offers a framework that integrates a stationary Bayesian rating curve model (BaRatin), L-moment-based flood frequency analysis (FFA), and a 1D-2D (one-dimensional and two-dimensional) coupled hydrodynamic model for enhanced design flood estimation and flood hazard mapping in Ghatal town, India. Based on discharge measurements and prior hydraulic knowledge, the BaRatin is developed for the Shilabati River. Discharge estimates from the most probable rating curve, along with credible intervals (2.5% and 97.5%), are propagated through FFA, hydrodynamic simulations, and hazard mapping to account for uncertainty. FFA reveals that 8-year floods inundate the left bank, while 17-22-year floods can breach the right bank, and 100- and 200-year floods can overtop the embankments of the Shilabati River. HEC-RAS model simulations of past floods accurately replicate observed water levels and inundation extents from embankment failures, resulting in high calibration and validation accuracy. Design flood simulations reveal that the Shilabati and Rupnarayan Rivers are likely to overflow their banks, resulting in widespread inundation in almost all parts of Ghatal (51.90 km²), with an estimated range between 52.217 km² and 48.844 km² under the 95% credible interval. The study recommends raising the Shilbati’s right bank embankment by 0.45 ± 0.3 m and the left bank by 1.95 ± 0.3 m to mitigate the 100-year flood. This framework provides a robust methodology for enabling better-informed infrastructure design and floodplain management under uncertainty for data-scarce regions.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145056846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into the Al-Fe dual-anode hybridperoxicoagulation-ozonation process for landfill leachate wastewater treatment: Quantitative analysis of reaction pathways and synergistic mechanism","authors":"Jiatong Zhang, Shasha Li, Chaohui Zhang, Jingyang Liu, Hanyue Zhang, Zehua Xia, Yican Zhang, Yujie Chen, Minghua Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124594","url":null,"abstract":"To address the challenges of insufficient ozonation mineralization and excessive sludge production in conventional peroxicoagulation, this study developed a novel hybrid peroxicoagulation-ozonation system (PCO_Al-Fe) using Al-Fe dual anodes for treating refractory landfill leachate with high COD (1031.3 mg/L), TOC (514.8 mg/L), and color intensity (300 color unit). The synergistic integration of electro-Fenton, ozonation and dual-anode coagulation enhanced pollutant removal. Under the optimized conditions (current density 0.8 mA/cm², ozone dosage 1.8 mg/min and initial pH 5), PCO_Al-Fe system achieved a TOC removal rate constant (<em>k</em>_obs) of 0.0162 min⁻¹ within 1 h, showing 11.57- and 3.06-fold improvements over ozonation (0.0014 min⁻¹) and PC_Al-Fe (0.0053 min⁻¹), respectively, while reducing energy consumption and sludge production by 28.1%-61.78%. Quantitative reactive oxygen species (ROS) trapping revealed that organic pollutants degradation was driven by multi-pathway ^•OH generation, dominated by electro-peroxone (EP) and synergistic effects between ozone and coagulants (SOC). The dual-anode mode promoted polymeric hydrolysis species (Al_b/Fe_b) formation, increasing the surface active sites of hydrolysis coagulation to promote the generation of more ^•OH. After 3 h treatment, the effluent COD (&lt;60 mg/L) and color met the Standard for Pollution Control on domestic waste landfills (GB 16889-2024). Compared with other traditional processes, the PCO_Al-Fe process exhibited accelerated degradation rates for efficient contaminant removal, 36%-78% lower energy demand and 56%-88% reduction in operating costs, offering a cost-effective solution for refractory wastewater.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"170 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145043012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid growth of thermophilic bacteria during a high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) field experiment","authors":"Nina S. Keller, Klas Lüders, Götz Hornbruch, Johannes Nordbeck, Sebastian Bauer, Andreas Dahmke, Hans H. Richnow, Carsten Vogt","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124599","url":null,"abstract":"High-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) of excess heat is an approach to balance seasonal differences in energy supply and demand while reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the heating and cooling sector. When operating HT-ATES in the shallow subsurface, ambient temperatures of aquifers in temperate zones are far exceeded. Little is known about how the microflora changes under field conditions during an HT-ATES operation. Therefore, we monitored the succession of the aquifer microbial community in an HT-ATES field experiment carried out in a shallow (&lt; 20 m) quaternary aquifer consisting of the following phases repeated three times: extraction of groundwater from the site and heating it to ∼80°C <em>on site</em>, injection into the aquifer and storing it <em>in situ</em> for 21 days, recovery, cooling down and re-injection into the aquifer. Immediate changes in microbial community composition were observed in groundwater samples taken from the mostly heat-affected areas reaching temperatures of up to 70°C, with increased abundances of thermophilic eubacteria belonging mainly to less characterized members of the phylum <em>Bacillota</em>. We assume these organisms survived as non-active but viable spores under natural conditions and grew quickly during heat treatment, probably by using leached dissolved organic matter as carbon and energy sources. In addition, partially higher total cell counts were detected in groundwater samples taken from moderately warmed aquifer zones (20 to 40°C) compared to non-affected control areas (∼10°C) or areas warmer than 40°C, indicating an increased growth of mesophilic microorganisms. In summary, our results suggest that any HT-ATES operation with temperature increases up to 80°C will be accompanied by quick growth of various thermophilic microorganisms using metabolic pathways predetermined by the geochemical conditions of the local aquifer.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145043048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation and application of microscopic mechanism of sea ice crystallization in direct-contact freeze desalination method based on cold silicone oil","authors":"Xinyu Liu, Yaxin Jin, Han Yuan, Yuan Zhao, Ji Zhang, Jiatong Song","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124603","url":null,"abstract":"Direct-contact freeze desalination method based on cold silicone oil is a novel energy-saving seawater freezing desalination technology, which overcomes the problems of low heat transfer efficiency and high salt enrichment rate of the traditional solid cold wall surface direct freezing desalination method. Sea ice crystallization on the cold silicone oil-seawater interface and generates directional dendrites that grow vertically downward. In order to investigate the phase change and heat and mass transfer mechanism at the cold silicone oil-seawater two fluid interface, a multi-physics field mathematical model based on phase field theory is constructed. By comparing with experimental results, this model can describe the dendrite differentiation and ice layer advancement during the icing formation on the silicone oil surface. Simulation results show that compared to solid surface crystallization, cold silicone oil surface crystallization considerably accelerates seawater freezing efficiency with the crystallization rate increases from 51.86% to 80.14% and brine pockets area reduces by 17.74%. Besides, it is found that both the increase in supercooling degree and heat flux density can accelerate the formation of ice crystals. As the supercooling degree increases, the dendrite morphology becomes coarser and the number decreases. Excessive supercooling degree will change the shape of the salt channels between dendrites, trapping the high concentration brine in the ice layer. In contrast, the effect of heat flux on dendrite morphology is mainly reflected in the differentiation of secondary dendrites, and the brine channels will not be at risk of closing due to dendrite growth. Overall, the current study serves to provide guidance for the practical application of direct contact seawater freezing desalination technology by investigating the crystallization and desalination mechanism of seawater on the surface of cold silicone oil at the mesoscopic level.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145043210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}