Water Research最新文献

{"title":"Phenotypic Discrimination and Characterization of Microbial Populations in Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Using Single-Cell Raman Spectroscopy-Based Methods","authors":"Jiayu Bi, Ricardo Marques, Dongqi Wang, Lu Qin, Kylie Close, Guangyu Li, Zijian Leo Wang, Nicholas B. Tooker, Varun Srinivasan, Annalisa Onnis-Hayden, Adrian Oehmen, April Z. Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123577","url":null,"abstract":"Single-cell Raman spectroscopy (SCRS) represents a non-invasive, expedient, and label-free strategy for investigating the molecular composition of individual cells. In this study, we applied SCRS to perform qualitative and quantitative analyses of polyphosphate (polyP) accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) within enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) systems, enabling their metabolic trait-based profiling and phenotypic classification. SCRS analysis revealed diverse metabolic profiles of metabolically active EBPR populations including unknown GAOs and PAOs performing GAO metabolism. The dynamics of intracellular polymers quantified by SCRS were highly correlated with bulk measurements, while also providing additional metabolic information. SCRS analysis, combined with carbon feeding batch tests and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), could phenotypically classify clade-level PAO/GAO subpopulations with distinct carbon metabolisms and Raman spectral features (e.g., shift in signature peak, whole fingerprint region). The combination of fluorescence <em>in situ</em> hybridization (FISH) with Raman (FISH–Raman) and HCA, for the first time, revealed higher phenotypic microdiversity for <em>Tetrasphaera</em> and substantial differences in polyP peak position between <em>Tetrasphaera</em> and <em>Accumulibacter</em> cells. <em>Tetrasphaera</em> PG1, characterized by high polyP content and potentially belonging to members of clade 2 or 3, was identified as a primary contributor in a side-stream EBPR system. These findings offer novel insights into the metabolic processes and growth dynamics of microorganisms within EBPR systems, providing a critical tool for deciphering the microdiversity and metabolic behaviors of PAO/GAO populations in complex EBPR communities.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143758442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Super-robust synthetic microorganism can get chlorine resistance in advance and transfer their inserted DNA sequence in genome to indigenous bacteria in water","authors":"Xuejing Huang, Zaigao Tan, Jiayu Wei, Xiaohui Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123594","url":null,"abstract":"CRISPR-Cas gene editing tools have brought us to an era of synthetic biology that will change the world. Synthetic microorganisms (SMs) have brought enormous economic benefits and will contribute more in the future. Among them, super-robust SMs can overcome the stresses in bioproduction and further increase yield. However, when they are released into the environments, little is known about their fates and risks to human health. In this study, it was found that the gene editing super-robust SM could transfer its inserted DNA sequence in genome to the indigenous bacteria in surface water and showed stronger resistance to chlorine compared with wild-type bacteria. Chlorine disinfection did slight damage on cell membrane of super-robust SM, which decreased ATP leakage and DNA damage, and thereby promoted bacterial survival. Chlorine-injured super-robust SM retained high respiratory activity, and could resuscitate and regenerate. Less damage on super-robust SM cell membrane could prevent chlorine from entering the cells and resulted in lower ROS generation. Its DNA repair system and antioxidant system could still function under high concentrations of chlorine exposure. These findings provided new insights into the fates and environmental risks of SMs as an emerging biological pollutant in water supply system.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron-reduction driven extracellular electron transfer widely promotes microbial reductive dechlorination metabolism","authors":"Yunxia Zu, Zhiling Li, Zimeng Zhang, Xueqi Chen, Bin Wu, Shih-Hsin Ho, Aijie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123592","url":null,"abstract":"Biological iron reduction and reductive dehalogenation occur in similar ecological environments, however, how Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox cycles impact the microbial dehalogenation processes remains controversial. In this study, the favorable microbial reductive dechlorination activity has been widely observed in iron-rich river sediments by national sampling, with the dechlorination efficiency showing a positive correlation with the concentration of Fe(III). Microcosm experiments demonstrated that the addition of nano-hematite resulted in a maximum increase of 2.16 times in the dechlorination rate constant (<em>k</em>) for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, achieved <em>via</em> synergistic interactions with Fe(III) reduction. Multi-tools, including transcriptomic analyses, revealed that the addition of nano-hematite enhanced the process of Fe(III) reduction by upregulating genes associated with extracellular electron transfer (e.g., <em>CYC, pliM</em>) and conductive biofilm formation (e.g., <em>livH, secY, wza</em>). This synergistic Fe(III) reduction further facilitated intracellular carbon metabolism, energy production, and reductive dechlorination, as confirmed by the upregulated functional genes identified through transcriptomics and RT-<em>q</em>PCR. The discovery of the novel phenomenon involving synergistic Fe(III) reduction and dehalogenation broadens our understanding of the biochemical cycling of organohalides (e.g., chlorinated phenols) in iron-rich environment, and provides a feasible strategy for improving biodehalogenation through the regulation of carbon and electron flow at sites contaminated with organohalides.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using an innovative Catchment Nutrient Balancing (CNB) approach to improve river water quality: A case study from rural sub catchment in Cumbria, United Kingdom","authors":"Nalika S. Rajapaksha, Amina Aboobakar, James Airton, Nick A. Chappell, Nick Hibbert, David Mindham, Andy Dyer","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123586","url":null,"abstract":"Nutrient pollution in river catchments is of significant concern in the UK, particularly from excessive phosphorus, and meeting water quality objectives requires addressing multiple sources of pollution. This study aimed at piloting a Catchment Nutrient Balancing (CNB) approach in the Calthwaite Beck rural catchment, to achieve the local water company's Water Framework Directive (WFD) objectives for phosphorus reduction. CNB is an innovative flexible permitting approach, enabling water companies to reduce loads associated with their wastewater treatment works (WwTW), by working with other sectors to integrate WwTW and catchment solutions. This approach balances phosphorus load reductions across these solutions to achieve regulatory requirements and wider benefits. It promotes collaboration, innovation and systems-thinking, by encouraging water companies to collaborate with various stakeholders to integrate solutions, develop new technologies, and adopt holistic rather than siloed, approaches. This study was the first example in the UK, and is still one of the few, using CNB to meet regulatory phosphorus targets. It involved combining innovative treatment (Polonite®) at Calthwaite WwTW with farming interventions in the catchment to reduce phosphorus. The study successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of an integrated approach at achieving water quality objectives: over a three-year period, phosphorus reduction levels in the catchment achieved an annual average of over 65%, surpassing the 9% annual reduction target, with Calthwaite Beck's ecological status improving from “poor” to “moderate”. The findings highlight the importance of collaborative engagement, particularly with regulators, farmers and catchment partners, to improve water quality and deliver wider benefits.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioinduced phosphorus precipitation in granular sludge undergoing denitrifying biological phosphorus removal: Phosphorus recovery from sewage as hydroxyapatite","authors":"Mengyu Zhou, Yun Han, Yang Zhuo, Bingyu Pu, Lingyun Li, Yi Liu, Dangcong Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123590","url":null,"abstract":"Recovering phosphorus from mainstream wastewater systems by leveraging microbial metabolism without the addition of extra chemicals effectively streamlines the steps involved in phosphorus recovery from low-strength wastewater, thereby increasing the economic feasibility of the phosphorus recovery process. Hydroxyapatite (HAP, Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH) can be formed directly via bioinduction in biological treatment systems, serving as a potential substitute for phosphate rock. HAP formation in sewage with low phosphate and Ca²⁺ concentrations is challenging. Denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DPAOs) can regulate phosphate ions and pH to facilitate HAP formation in sewage. In this study, the denitrifying biological phosphorus removal (DPR) system was established, achieving phosphorus and nitrate removal efficiencies of 99.3% and 45.1%, respectively. In the anaerobic and anoxic sections, the saturation index for HAP was greater than zero, indicating favourable conditions for HAP formation. Inorganic cores, identified as HAP through chemical composition and structural features, were formed in the DPR granular sludge, contributing approximately 66% to phosphorus removal. The HAP‒DPR granular sludge, located at the bottom of the reactor, consisted of 80 wt% inorganic matter and 15.4 wt% total phosphorus, 86.1% of which was chemical phosphorus precipitation. Microstructural analysis of HAP cores revealed poly-pellet structures with nanoscale wires. The growth of HAP minerals was not inhibited by intracellular polyphosphates. The presence of HAP cores promoted a differentiated spatial distribution of granular sludge and contributed to a differentiated microbial community structure. DPAOs were located mainly in small-sized granular sludge (Type A), whereas denitrifying glycogen-accumulating organisms were found mainly in large-sized granular sludge (Type B), where HAP formation primarily occurred. Granular sludge with higher inorganic and chemical phosphorus contents (Type C) likely originated from the disintegration of Type B. In conclusion, the HAP‒DPR system has potential for phosphorus recovery in the form of HAP directly from low-strength wastewater.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143758225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence, Sources, and Ecological Risk of Microplastics in Groundwater: Impacts by Agricultural Activities and Atmospheric Deposition","authors":"Lei Zhang, Wentao Zhao, Ruiqi Yan, Shuguang Lyu, Qian Sui","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123585","url":null,"abstract":"Although microplastic (MP) pollution in groundwater is a serious issue, its potential sources and environmental risks are poorly understood. This study identified the sources of MPs in groundwater from a megacity in China. It estimated the environmental risks of MPs using a combination of the pollution load index (PLI), the polymer hazard index (PHI), and the potential ecological risk index (PERI). The groundwater in Shanghai showed high MP abundances, ranging from 3 ± 3 particles/L to 99 ± 19 particles/L. A total of 43 polymer types were detected, of which polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) were the main polymer types. Groundwater in agricultural areas has the highest level of MP pollution, with more than 50% of MPs being identified as PP. Plastic woven bags used in agricultural activities were the primary sources. Similar characteristics of MPs in groundwater from open wells and atmospheric deposition samples suggested that atmospheric deposition was a significant source of MPs in groundwater from open wells. Landfills and construction activities were also recognized as potential MP pollution sources in groundwater. Based on PLI, PHI and PERI analysis, the groundwater in Shanghai exhibited a high MP pollution load, a middle polymer hazard, and a high potential ecological risk level, respectively. The PERI analysis, a comprehensive assessment compared to the PLI and PHI analyses, indicated an overall high ecological risk of MPs in agricultural groundwater. This study advances the knowledge of MP sources and their ecological risks in groundwater, allowing for better MP pollution control in areas with high MP abundance and high risk levels.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143758403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution patterns and ecological risks of antibiotic resistance genes in the Yap Trench","authors":"Jianxing Sun, Yuan-Guo Xie, Hongbo Zhou, Lei Chen, Yan-Ni Qu, Haina Cheng, Zhu Chen, Zheng-Shuang Hua, Yuguang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123589","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are a global environmental concern, yet their vertical distribution in pristine marine ecosystems remains poorly understood. This study investigated the distribution of ARG distribution in both the water column and sediments of the Yap Trench, which reaches depths over 6500 meters. Results revealed significant variations in ARG diversity and abundance across depths and habitats. The deep-water (DW) zones exhibited the highest diversity (291–472 subtypes) and abundance (1.79 copies/cell), followed by upper-water (UW) zones (240–314 subtypes, 0.31 copies/cell), while sediments had the lowest diversity (72–236 subtypes) and abundance (0.03 copies/cell). The most prevalent resistance genes included those conferring resistance to multidrug, polymyxin, and beta-lactam in the Yap Trench. ARG distribution closely correlated with microbial hosts, including Pseudomonadota, Chloroflexota, Bacteroidota, and Planctomycetota. Risk assessment showed high-risk ARGs were most abundant in DW zones, with pathogenic groups capable of spreading multiple ARGs (e.g., <em>macAB, mexDJKW, mdtE, muxC</em>). This study provides a systematic understanding of the distribution patterns and potential risks of ARGs in the water column and sediments of pristine marine ecosystems, underscoring the penetration of antibiotic pollution into the deep ocean and offering new insights for marine pollution control strategies.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"147 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143758407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What drives the adoption of a technology? An analysis of the implementation of Nereda®","authors":"Samara Luiza Alves Geraldo, Afonso Eris Ferreira de Andrade, Édson Aparecido Abdul Nour, Luana Mattos Oliveira Cruz","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123591","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the factors influencing the adoption of wastewater treatment technologies is crucial for achieving cost-effective operations, efficient organic matter removal, and compliance with regulatory standards. However, the decision-making process has become increasingly complex due to the wide range of available technologies. In this context, this study aimed to identify the socioeconomic factors that influence the adoption of Nereda® technology in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Data on the number of Nereda® WWTPs worldwide were collected alongside information on discharge parameters and indicators related to economic development, innovation, research and development, sanitation, environmental conditions, population, land use, and social factors. This information was analysed using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Pearson's Correlation Test. The results revealed that countries with higher GDP per capita and greater integration into global trade are more likely to adopt Nereda® technology, with economic and political cooperation facilitating innovation in wastewater treatment solutions. Additionally, the implementation of national and international databases can support decision-making for policymakers and plant managers.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143758406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfophilic metal ions in groundwater induce particle structure and dechlorination efficiency change of sulfidated zero-valent iron","authors":"Shichao Cai, Yurou Tan, Hongyi Li, Bo Chen, Feng He","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123588","url":null,"abstract":"Sulfidated microscale zero-valent iron (S-mZVI) is a promising ZVI material for remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs). However, the structure and dechlorination behavior change of S-mZVI induced by sulfophilic metal (Me) ions in groundwater are barely studied. Here we show that Me ion-amended S-mZVI (S-mZVI^Me) have a rate sequence of S-mZVI^Co&gt;S-mZVI^Ni&gt;S-mZVI&gt;S-mZVI^Cu&gt;S-mZVI^Cd<span><span><math><mo is=\"true\">≈</mo></math></span><script type=\"math/mml\"><math><mo is=\"true\">≈</mo></math></script></span>S-mZVI^Zn and S-mZVI^Ni&gt;S-mZVI^Cd&gt;S-mZVI<span><span><math><mo is=\"true\">≈</mo></math></span><script type=\"math/mml\"><math><mo is=\"true\">≈</mo></math></script></span>S-mZVI^Zn<span><span><math><mo is=\"true\">≈</mo></math></span><script type=\"math/mml\"><math><mo is=\"true\">≈</mo></math></script></span>S-mZVI^Cu<span><span><math><mo is=\"true\">≈</mo></math></span><script type=\"math/mml\"><math><mo is=\"true\">≈</mo></math></script></span>S-mZVI^Co for trichlorethylene (TCE) dechlorination and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), respectively. This results in the highest ever reported electron efficiency (98.6%) for TCE dechlorination by S-mZVI^Co. Cross-section SEM-EDS, XRD, and XPS analyses confirm the formation of MeS_x on the surface of all S-mZVI^Me. Additionally, Ni⁰, Cu⁰, and possibly Cd° formed on the S-mZVI^Ni, S-mZVI^Cu, and S-mZVI^Cd, respectively. Theoretical calculations indicate that the nascent metal sulfides are more hydrophobic than FeS, indicating the faster HER with Ni and Cd amendment is likely due to formation of bimetallic structures. Correlation analyses suggest that both low band gap and high work function of the semi-conductive Co sulfide contribute to the high reactivity of S-mZVI^Co. Column studies further show that implementing Co²⁺ enables the dechlorination of TCE from 2000 µg/L to &lt; 70 µg/L up to 1000 pore volumes by S-mZVI, compared to &gt; 1.2 mg/L without Co²⁺. These findings have important implications for remediation of CHC-contaminated sites using S-mZVI.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143758404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards efficient in situ gas thermal desorption remediation assisted with cross-borehole resistivity tomography","authors":"Teng Xia, Jiaming Zhang, Miao Li, Shupeng Li, Lili Guo, Peng Liu, Dixiang Wang, Deqiang Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123587","url":null,"abstract":"Tracking the spatial and temporal characteristics of contaminant distribution and energy consumption is crucial for optimizing in situ gas thermal desorption (GTD) remediation efficiency at NAPL-contaminated sites. This study utilized time-lapse cross-borehole resistivity to monitor the in situ GTD remediation process at a field-scale NAPL-contaminated site. By integrating stratigraphic and sampling data, areas with resistivity values exceeding 50 Ω·m before remediation were identified as two contaminated layers. After remediation, the high-resistivity anomalies disappeared, and the resistivity distribution offered a more distinct delineation of the stratigraphy. It was observed that resistivity decreased with heating under stable groundwater levels, which was attributed to temperature increases and contaminant removal. The resistivity error coefficient <em>k</em> served as a correction factor to assess the impact of contaminant concentration on resistivity. During heating, <em>k</em> for the contaminated layer increased significantly to 31%, whereas <em>k</em> for the non-contaminated layer remained within 3%. Accordingly, the 3D distribution of contaminants over 10 mg/kg during remediation was captured with the resistivity changes. Concentrations in contaminated layers 1 and 2 decreased to below 10 mg/kg during days 25-30 and 20-25, respectively. Furthermore, based on variations in contaminant concentration, the relationship between effective energy utilization per cubic meter for contaminant removal and resistivity changes was established. As a result, areas where the ratio of effective energy utilization (∆E′) to statistical energy (∆E) exceeded 50% were delineated, which can be employed to estimate the temporal and spatial distributions of energy consumed for contaminant removal. The volume of effective energy utilization peaked at 8.35 m³ between days 10 and 15. This can guide the optimization of heating strategies through fixed-depth heating, thereby enabling more targeted energy expenditure. In summary, this study provides new insights into tracking the temporal and spatial distributions of contaminants and energy use, which is crucial for improving remediation strategies and preventing energy waste.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143758215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}