Water Research最新文献

{"title":"High-Resolution Source Apportionment and Spatiotemporal Drivers of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Across China’s Largest River-Estuary Continuum: Toward Sustainable Management of Emerging Contaminants","authors":"Ya Yang, Lai Wei, Rui Wang, Guohua Zhao, Shouye Yang, Haifeng Cheng, Hualin Wu, Qinghui Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124015","url":null,"abstract":"This study developed and applied a multivariate framework to identify and prioritize key sources and socioeconomic drivers of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pollution along the 600-km long Yangtze River downstream to the Estuary continuum. A total of 180 samples, including water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment, were systematically collected from different river segments, wastewater effluents and drinking water sources along the river. Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was the dominant PFAS across all matrices, followed by perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA). SPM-water partitioning was primarily influenced by compound-specific carbon chain length and salinity gradients. Source apportionment using self-organizing map, geographically weighted regression, and distance-decay analysis identified a riverside fluorochemical manufacturing facility as a primary point source, along with five secondary fluorine-related sources. Structural equation modeling revealed that industrial development had a stronger direct impact on PFAS contamination (path coefficient = 1.637, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.01) than urbanization (path coefficient = 0.347, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). Based on socioeconomic indicators, random forest and support vector machine models were employed to project PFAS concentrations from 2015 to 2035 under a rapid urbanization scenario. The average sedimentation rate of Σ₁₂PFAS was estimated at 168 pg/g·y^-1, with projected stabilization after 2025 likely driven by the implementation of new pollutants control policies. These findings provide a practical basis for source-targeted PFAS management in complex estuarine environments.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144296366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetite-Augmented Sulfur-Siderite Autotrophic Denitrification: Deep Nitrogen Removal at Ultra-Low HRT from Lab to Pilot Scale","authors":"Jiale Sun, Haoyong Li, He Dong, Lu Liu, Chunyv Zhou, Ziwen Du, Yan Dang, Dawn E. Holmes","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124034","url":null,"abstract":"Persistent eutrophication and increasingly stringent discharge regulations have intensified the demand for advanced nitrogen removal technologies in wastewater treatment. Sulfur-siderite autotrophic denitrification (SSAD) presents a chemical-free, low-carbon alternative to conventional heterotrophic processes. However, its widespread application is hindered by long hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and frequent nitrite (NO₂^–-N) accumulation. To address these limitations, this study developed a sulfur-siderite-magnetite autotrophic denitrification (SSMAD) system by integrating magnetite into SSAD fillers. Both lab- and pilot-scale experiments confirmed that SSMAD significantly outperformed SSAD in terms of denitrification capacity and stability. The SSMAD system maintained robust performance at HRTs under 3 hours, whereas the SSAD reactor exhibited negligible nitrate removal. In pilot-scale SSMAD reactors treating secondary effluent, total nitrogen in the effluent remained below 11.5 and 12.3 mg/L at ultra-low HRTs of 20 and 15 minutes, respectively. At a 30-minute hydraulic retention times (HRT), the SSMAD system achieved a denitrification load of 0.95 kgN/(m³·d), exceeding those of SSAD and sulfur autotrophic denitrification (SAD) systems by factors of 1.6 and 4.4, respectively. Sulfur served as the primary electron donor, while Fe²⁺ released from siderite provided an additional source of electrons. The microbial community in both SSAD and SSMAD systems was enriched with <em>Thiobacillus</em> and <em>Sulfurimonas</em>, which couple sulfur and iron oxidation with nitrate reduction. Magnetite additions enhanced both sulfur- and iron- driven denitrification and increased the abundance of these key genera. Metatranscriptomic analysis indicated that magnetite facilitated interspecies electron transfer (IET) via sulfur intermediates produced by <em>Sulfurimonas</em> and utilized by <em>Thiobacillus</em>. Additionally, extracellular electron transfer (EET) by <em>Thiobacillus</em> was promoted, evidenced by up-regulated expression of genes coding for extracellular c-type cytochromes. Overall, this study presents a viable strategy for achieving energy-efficient, rapid nitrogen removal at ultra-short HRTs, demonstrating the practical potential of SSMAD for advanced wastewater treatment applications.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"592 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144296367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemically reactive nanobubbles (ERNBs): An innovative solution for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in pollutant degradation and CO2 utilization","authors":"Gaurav Yadav, Priya Koundle, Harsh Sharma, Neelkanth Nirmalkar","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123947","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) play a crucial role in degrading persistent pollutants, disinfecting water, and treating industrial effluents. However, their widespread application faces challenges such as high energy consumption, low mass transfer, reliance on chemical reagents, lack of reaction sites, and the formation of toxic byproducts. Nanobubble (NB) technology offers an innovative solution by offering a high gas-liquid interface, enhanced mass transfer, and improved radical generation. This study investigates the application of electrochemically reactive nanobubbles (ERNBs) as a novel and effective strategy for AOPs, focusing on the degradation of persistent organic pollutants such as tetracycline (TC). The ERNBs, composed primarily of <span><math><msub is=\"true\"><mrow is=\"true\"><mi is=\"true\">O</mi></mrow><mrow is=\"true\"><mn is=\"true\">2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub is=\"true\"><mrow is=\"true\"><mi is=\"true\">H</mi></mrow><mrow is=\"true\"><mn is=\"true\">2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> nanobubbles (NBs), were generated via water-splitting reactions at electrode surfaces. Their degradation potential was evaluated under varying operational parameters, including pH, electrolyte type and concentration, applied current, and initial pollutant concentration. Special emphasis was placed on the extended reactivity of ERNBs after generation, attributed to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The presence and role of ROS were examined using fluorescence spectroscopy, and the pollutant degradation mechanism was further elucidated through LC-MS-based identification of intermediates. In addition, the study explores the integration of <span><math><mrow is=\"true\"><mi is=\"true\">C</mi><msub is=\"true\"><mrow is=\"true\"><mi is=\"true\">O</mi></mrow><mrow is=\"true\"><mn is=\"true\">2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> NBs as a sustainable alternative electrolyte, enabling simultaneous pollutant degradation and carbon utilization. The performance of ERNBs was validated in a complex synthetic wastewater matrix to assess their potential applicability in real-world scenarios. Overall, the findings support the development of ERNB-based AOPs as a promising and sustainable approach for wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144296274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron reduction promotes carbon mineralization and nutrient release of iron-associated organic matter in anoxic environments","authors":"Liang Yang, Yuanchun Zou, Zhongjun Jia, Yu Luo, Lei Qin, Ming Jiang, Zicheng Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124032","url":null,"abstract":"The association of dissolved organic matter (DOM) with minerals is critical for the protection and stabilization of organic matter in peatlands, yet the stabilization of mineral-associated DOM and its role in nutrient supply remain poorly understood. Here we conducted incubation experiments to investigate the stability of synthesized ferrihydrite-associated DOM (Fh-DOM) under oxic and anoxic conditions. The DOM from Fh-DOM and inoculated microbial consortia were extracted from fen and bog peats that have different redox conditions. Our results showed that carbon (C) mineralization of Fh-DOM under anoxic conditions was approximately 5-fold higher than that under oxic conditions, because of iron reduction under anoxic conditions. Surprisingly, the bog incubations exhibited a higher proportion of C mineralization from Fh-DOM (14.1 ± 0.1%) than that of the fen incubations (4.1 ± 0.3%), despite having less active iron reduction in the bog incubations. This difference was attributed to a higher proportion of protein-like fluorophores (17.7%) in Fh-DOM of the bog incubations, which act as an effective nutrient to promote bacterial growth. In addition, the enhancement of potential C metabolic functions in the bog incubations under anoxic conditions was significantly higher than that in the fen incubations. The effect of iron reduction on C mineralization mostly comes indirectly through microbial respiration of disassociated Fh-DOM (over 70%), rather than directly from redox reaction itself. Furthermore, Fh-DOM addition under anoxic conditions enhanced bacterial community stability in the both fen and bog incubations by increasing the number and abundance of key species in the microbial networks, which are primarily linked to nutrient-mining functions. Our study highlights the prevalent but overlooked role of mineral-associated DOM as a nutrient source for microbes under anoxic conditions, providing new insights into stabilization and destabilization mechanisms of organic matter in peatlands and other anoxic environments.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"227 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144296368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Land-use management and climate change can enhance the autotrophic capacity and reduce the CO2 emissions of karst aquatic ecosystems","authors":"Liangxing Shi, Yuhao Zhao, Sibo Zeng, Zaihua Liu, Mingyu Shao, Min Zhao, Haibo He, Cheng Zeng, Yongqiang Han, Pengyun Hao, Liguo Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124031","url":null,"abstract":"The carbon flux involved in aquatic metabolism in karst surface waters is an important component of both regional and global carbon cycling. Yet, the mechanisms of how aquatic metabolism and the related carbon flux respond to human land use and climate change in a high-pH aquatic environment remain unclear. To address this, we conducted continuous high-frequency (15-min interval) monitoring of hydrochemical parameters, combined with a bookkeeping model and gas transport velocity model, to estimate the aquatic net ecosystem primary (NEP) and water-air CO₂ exchange flux (FCO₂) under different land-use types at a simulation test site. We then used a structural equation model (SEM) and Random Forest model (RF) to determine the relationship between NEP, land-use type, and climatic factors, and to determine how NEP variations alter the FCO₂. The results showed that the annual NEP of karst surface water systems under bare rock (0.01 g C m^-2 day^-1) was significantly lower than under vegetated land (shrubs, grass and cropland, 0.38–0.75 g C m^-2 day^-1). This high NEP demonstrates a strong autotrophic capacity and the potential to reduce CO₂ emissions in these aquatic systems. Our results also suggest that differences in groundwater HCO₃^- inputs between bare rock/soil and vegetated land can explain their NEP differences. We applied the RF model to predict the variation of the NEP of different land-use systems by the end of this century, under different CMIP6 scenarios. The results suggested that land-use regulation (the conversion from bare rock or soil to grass or shrubs) can increase the autotrophic capacity of karst surface systems by 42.3% (SSP126) and 51.5% (SSP585). The results of this study indicate that human land-use change can potentially enhance the autotrophic capacity and lower the CO₂ emissions of high-pH karst aquatic ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"175 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transportability of exogenous microbial community correlates with interwell connectivity in deep aquifers","authors":"Yuran Zhang, Anne E. Dekas, Adam J. Hawkins, John Carlo Primo, Oxana Gorbatenko, Tianming Huang, Zhonghe Pang, Roland N. Horne","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124008","url":null,"abstract":"Subsurface resource engineering operations often utilize continuous injection of externally-sourced water into geological reservoirs for formation pressure maintenance, resource recovery or energy/waste storage. Such injected water generally contains naturally occurring microbes. Little is known, however, about how the injectate microbes transport through geological media as a community, how such transportability is affected by injector-producer connectivity, and whether such knowledge can be utilized for flowpath characterization. In this study, we analyzed daily-to-weekly timeseries microbial community data from the injected- and produced-fluids of a ten-month flow test at a deep, well-characterized engineered aquifer. We found that the injectate microbial community was distinct from the indigenous community at the amplicon sequence variant (ASV) level, and that the transportability of injectate community towards a given producer, quantified by an “nASV-Overlap” metric we propose, had strong and significant positive correlation with known injector-producer connectivities at our site. This suggests that the better the connectivity, the higher the probability for more injectate species to flow through the interwell region and arrive at a producer. Because interwell connectivity is an important yet usually unknown parameter in subsurface resource engineering, such correlation in turn points to nASV-Overlap as a useful indicator of interwell connectivity for aquifer characterization and long-term monitoring. Based on our findings, an nASV-Overlap-based microbial tracing approach was developed for characterizing and monitoring the relative connectivities across multiple producers with a given injector. A side-by-side comparison between the new nASV-Overlap approach and traditional artificial tracer methods is presented, and their respective strengths and limitations are discussed.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144296275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of membrane fouling and removal mechanism of contaminants in osmotic microbial fuel cells in the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances","authors":"Shilong Li, Hua Zhang, Qiusheng Gao, Liang Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124033","url":null,"abstract":"The osmotic microbial fuel cell (OsMFC) is an innovative wastewater treatment technology that integrates electricity generation with clean water extraction. OsMFC has the potential to treat industrial wastewater. However, membrane fouling poses a significant challenge to the practical application of OsMFC. This study examines the effect of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) on membrane fouling in OsMFCs. After long-term operation, it was found that the presence of PFAS reduced the water flux of OsMFC and aggravated the membrane fouling. Exposure to PFAS resulted in poor surface hydrophilicity. The membrane fouling was composed of α-D-glucopyranose, β-D-glucopyranose, proteins, and cells. Under PFOA exposure conditions, membrane fouling of OsMFC mainly occurred at the initial stage of operation. While PFOS existed, membrane fouling developed slowly. Further, the membrane cleaning methods and their effects were investigated. Among them, physical cleaning can achieve an ideal water flux recovery rate (up to 95%). Further, to solve the problem that the removal rate of PFOA and PFOS was not ideal, more than 60% of PFOA and PFOS were removed by optimizing the hydraulic retention time. Finally, the distribution and fate of PFOA and PFOS in OsMFC were determined. Adsorption removal by biofilm was the main way of their removal. This study provides a reference for the sustainable operation of membrane reactors in the presence of PFAS and the optimization of the biological removal process of PFAS in wastewater.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibition by Dissolved Organic Matter of the Degradation of Purine Compounds by the Sulfate Radical","authors":"Shuangshuang Cheng, Rui Cui, Jinpeng Yu, Yujie Zhao, Xin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124027","url":null,"abstract":"Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been known to inhibit the degradation of compounds in advanced oxidation processes but quantitative understanding is lacking. Given the variable concentrations and properties of DOM in real aquatic systems, the concentration-dependent kinetics of compounds degradation were systematically investigated in the presence of 8 DOM isolates separately during UV/peroxydisulfate (UV/PDS) process. Due to the ubiquitous presence of purine compounds in aquatic environments, guanine was selected as a model purine compound. The concentration-dependent kinetics of guanine degradation exhibit consistent across all 8 DOM. The inhibition percentage (IP) exhibited an initial rapid enhancement with increasing DOM concentrations from ∼0 to 1.0 mg&lt;sub&gt;C&lt;/sub&gt; L⁻¹, following by a gradual rise at higher DOM concentrations (∼2–5 mg&lt;sub&gt;C&lt;/sub&gt; L⁻¹) among 8 DOM isolates. The elaborated kinetics model including radical oxidation and reverse-reduction process was then applied in this study, which successfully quantifies the contribution of guanine degradation. During UV/PDS process, the sum of &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mi is=\"true\"&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msubsup is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mtext is=\"true\"&gt;SO&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mn is=\"true\"&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mrow is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mo is=\"true\"&gt;•&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo is=\"true\"&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;script type=\"math/mml\"&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mi is=\"true\"&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msubsup is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mtext is=\"true\"&gt;SO&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mn is=\"true\"&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mrow is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mo is=\"true\"&gt;•&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo is=\"true\"&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mi is=\"true\"&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mi is=\"true\" mathvariant=\"normal\"&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msup is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mrow is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mi is=\"true\" mathvariant=\"normal\"&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo is=\"true\"&gt;•&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;script type=\"math/mml\"&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mi is=\"true\"&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=\"normal\" is=\"true\"&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msup is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mrow is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=\"normal\" is=\"true\"&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo is=\"true\"&gt;•&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/span&gt; decreased with increasing DOM concentration among 8 DOM isolates. It shows minimal variation across different types of DOM at specific DOM concentrations. The contribution to (lack of) guanine degradation by reverse-reduction process (&lt;em&gt;k&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;q&lt;/sub&gt;) shows an initial significant increase followed by a gradual decrease with increasing DOM concentrations. The &lt;em&gt;k&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;q&lt;/sub&gt; values were found to differ significantly among 8 DOM isolates. The concentration of DOM ([DOM]&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;) at which the reverse reduction ratio is 50% were in the range of 0.14–0.88 mg&lt;sub&gt;C&lt;/sub&gt; L&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; for 8 tested DOM. [DOM]&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt; values show negative correlations with specific absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA&lt;sub&gt;254&lt;/sub&gt;) (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.70) or total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.92), indicating that the overall reactivity between guanine’s intermediate and DOM is mainly attribut","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective Na+/K+ Separation from Greenhouse Wastewater Concentrate Streams Using Donnan Dialysis for Sustainable Water and Nutrient Recovery","authors":"Tavishi Guleria, Timon Rijnaarts, Joep van den Broeke, Leonardo Gutierrez, Emile Cornelissen","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124029","url":null,"abstract":"Greenhouse horticulture plays a crucial role in addressing global food demand; however, the discharge of nutrient-rich wastewater presents challenges for environmental protection and resource recovery. Effective sodium (Na⁺) removal is critical for reusing these streams in irrigation, as excess Na⁺ inhibits plant growth. While electrodialysis (ED) has shown potential, it currently lacks sufficient Na⁺/potassium (K⁺) selectivity, limiting K⁺ recovery, a valuable nutrient that accumulates in the concentrate stream. This study investigates Donnan dialysis (DD) as a selective and scalable approach for Na⁺/K⁺ separation from greenhouse wastewater concentrate. Lab-scale experiments using standard cation exchange membranes (CEM) achieved 77% Na⁺ separation, reducing concentrations to 2–5 mmol/L, levels suitable for partial irrigation reuse. Higher draw concentrations improved Na⁺ removal but with diminishing returns beyond 200 mmol/L. A predictive model validated the experimental results within 10% and identified key parameters influencing performance and scalability. Competing divalent ions (e.g., calcium (Ca²⁺)) reduced Na⁺ separation efficiency by up to 9%, indicating the need for their exclusion or selective rejection. The use of monovalent-selective CEMs (MS CEMs) improved Na⁺/K⁺ selectivity threefold in the presence of divalent ions, though Na⁺ flux halved. Up-scaled DD stack runs demonstrated process scalability, achieving effective separation with residence times below 7 seconds. Real greenhouse wastewater trials confirmed Na⁺ removal to 4 mmol/L (CEM) and 2.95 mmol/L (MS CEM), although both remain above the stringent threshold of &lt;0.5 mmol/L for high-quality irrigation. Modeling simulations further demonstrated that a 2-stage DD process could achieve compliance. This study demonstrates a novel, selective, and scalable DD approach for Na⁺/K⁺ separation, outperforming current methods and supporting minimal liquid discharge (MLD) systems for sustainable greenhouse horticulture.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chlorination-Properties-Performance of Polyamide Nanofiltration Membranes for the Rejection of Emerging Contaminants","authors":"Wenhao Su, Wenyu Liu, Haowen Wu, Muhammad Saboor Siddique, Ying Mei, Yujing Qiu, Lin Lin, Hao Guo, Chuyang Y. Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124030","url":null,"abstract":"Polyamide nanofiltration (NF) membranes play important roles in water decontamination, especially in the context of widespread occurrence of emerging contaminants (ECs) with severe environmental and health concerns. A common belief is that polyamide is vulnerable to chlorination, leading to the compromised separation performance. Nevertheless, how chlorination affects membrane separation capability of ECs such as per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and antibiotics remains unclear. Herein, we systematically investigated the impacts of chlorination on the physicochemical properties and separation performance of two NF membranes with different polyamide chemistry. Compared with the virgin NF90, the chlorinated NF90 under a chlorination intensity of 1000 ppm × h at pH 9 showed a more negatively charged membrane surface, a higher O/N ratio and a narrower membrane pore size distribution. Consequently, it exhibited enhanced rejection of negatively charged PFASs due to stronger electrostatic repulsion and size exclusion. Despite the reduced water permeance, the chlorinated NF90 membrane had enhanced water-PFASs selectivity due to the greater reduction in PFASs permeability coefficient. Meanwhile, the chlorinated membrane also maintained stable rejection and selectivity of antibiotics. Further increasing chlorination intensity led to significantly reduced selectivity against antibiotics and most PFASs because of damaged pore structure. Moreover, we analyzed the correlation of chlorination-properties-performance for the membranes. The result revealed the critical influence of chlorination induced pore size change on the rejection and selectivity of ECs for NF90. In comparison, NF270 membrane maintained a relatively stable rejection and selectivity of ECs even under a chlorination intensity of 100000 ppm × h, thanks to the chlorine-resistant property of tertiary amide in its semi-aromatic polyamide. These findings can promote the fundamental understating on chlorination impacts for NF membrane properties and performance, which may further guide the membrane selection and optimization for chlorine involved water treatment.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}