Water Research最新文献

{"title":"Side-stream anaerobic membrane bioreactor system for energy-positive sewage treatment","authors":"Chao Rong, Weifu Yan, Ying Song, Chunxiao Wang, Zhiguo Yuan, Yu-You Li, Tong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124321","url":null,"abstract":"Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) present a promising solution for developing energy-neutral wastewater treatment systems. However, their application in mainstream settings, where they treat sewage directly, faces challenges such as dissolved methane loss and performance deterioration at low temperatures. To address these issues, this study developed a side-stream mode AnMBR system by integrating chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) with AnMBR. In this system, sewage is first concentrated in a CEPT unit, and the concentrates are then digested in an AnMBR. A laboratory-scale mesophilic AnMBR, fed with CEPT sludge from a full-scale plant, was operated to demonstrate the design and verify its performance. The results showed that the CEPT-AnMBR system removed approximately 65.7% of the COD from sewage, converted roughly 51.4% into methane, with a methane yield of 0.26 L–CH₄/g–COD. By altering the waste flow from low-strength, high-volume sewage to high-strength, low-volume sludge, the side-stream AnMBR system reduced dissolved methane to less than 1% of the generated methane, minimized membrane requirement to approximately 0.56 m²/m³-sewage/day, and achieved energy positivity at 0.61 kWh/m³–sewage. These findings demonstrate a successful “capture + digestion” strategy for energy-saving sewage treatment, advancing the application of AnMBR technology in regions with low-temperatures.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144737576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification, sources and accumulation behavior of priority odorants discharged to surface water from stormwater systems with illicit connections","authors":"Cheng Ye, Fangyuan Jiang, Feifei Wang, Zoran Kapelan, Zuxin Xu, Michael R. Templeton, Wenhai Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124313","url":null,"abstract":"The odor nuisance of urban surface water after rainfall events has aroused public concerns and threaten the aquatic organisms. Herein, the first study to investigate 150 odorants in storm sewer discharge was performed in humid regions of China. During rainfall events, the total concentrations of odorants at storm sewer outlet increased by 1.3-2.1 fold from 1.7-9.4 µg/L to 2.1-20.0 µg/L with 37 odorants having detection frequencies above 50% on rainy days, and the concentrations of total odorants in air also significantly resulting in worse odor nuisance. The accumulation of odorants in sewer sediment and the remobilization of sewer sediment were factors resulting in more intensified emission of odorants from storm sewer on rainy days. More than half of odorants discharged during rainfall were contributed by sewer sediment. Thioethers, indoles, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy pyrazine, acetophenone and coumarin exhibited high sediment-accumulation. Quantitative structure-property relationship models revealed that enhanced sediment-accumulation of chained aliphatic and aromatic odorants can be explained by the electrostatic attraction and topological characteristic, respectively. The multicriteria analysis was further introduced for relative odorants ranking by considering the variations in hazard criteria of environmental occurrence, ecotoxicity, persistence, odor nuisance and sediment accumulation. Among priority odorants, thioethers and indoles were attributed by their distinct sediment-accumulation and odor nuisance potential, while chlorinated anisole and pinenes prioritized due to their higher ecotoxicity. These findings provide novel insights into the odorants from storm sewer discharges and explore the environmental behaviors of odorants in sewer sediment.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144737574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multigenerational exposure reveals differential effects of ocean warming temporal scenarios on mercury toxicity in a marine copepod","authors":"Luman Cheng, Zhuoan Bai, Shiru Lin, Jae-Seong Lee, Quanlong Li, Minghua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124305","url":null,"abstract":"Marine biota have been facing co-occurring stressors of ocean warming and mercury pollution for generations. ໿However, whether and how different ໿temporal scenarios of warming will affect mercury toxicity in organisms remain poorly understood. Here, we ໿conducted a multigenerational experiment (F1−F5) to investigate the effects of three warming scenarios (developmental, stepwise, and future) on mercury toxicity (1 μg/L) in the marine copepod <em>Pseudodiaptomus annandalei</em>. The results showed that all three warming scenarios increased mercury accumulation in mercury-treated copepods, thereby exacerbating mercury toxicity, with the most severe toxicity response under future warming. Our phenotypic trait analysis showed that the three warming scenarios significantly decreased fecundity and grazing rate, while shortening the development time of mercury-treated <em>P. annandalei</em> compared to ambient temperature condition, ultimately compromising its population fitness. We further integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses for the copepods of F5. The findings indicated that the three warming scenarios decreased energy production and impaired detoxification defense, with the most pronounced molecular response occurring under future warming, providing a mechanistic understanding about increased mercury toxicity under different warming scenarios. Overall, our finding highlights the significant risk of different warming scenarios on mercury toxicity in marine copepods and provides a comprehensive understanding of multistress interaction, i.e., climate change and metal pollution, under realistic, temporally dynamic scenarios.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144737572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hidden Risks: Unrecognized Biological Toxicity and Antibiotic Resistance Spread in Peracetic Acid-based Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies","authors":"Gong Chen, Xiao Qiu, Jingjing Guo, Tong Liu, Minyu Zha, Xiaowen Wu, Xing Zheng, Guo-Ping Sheng, Yunkun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124318","url":null,"abstract":"The escalating concern over antibiotic resistance in wastewater demands urgent attention. While advanced treatment technologies are anticipated to enhance secondary effluent quality and mitigate this issue, the associated biological toxicity and potential for resistance spread have been largely neglected. Herein, we explored the impact of peracetic acid (PAA)-based processes on antibiotic resistance during advanced secondary effluent treatment. Our findings revealed that PAA effectively inactivated most wastewater bacteria. However, it simultaneously induced environmental biotoxicity and genotoxicity, triggering a 1.5–2-fold increase in extracellular ARGs (eARGs) release and doubling horizontal gene transfer frequency. In contrast, PAA-based advanced oxidation process (PAA-AOP) demonstrated strong efficacy in detoxifying antibiotics and minimizing harm to aquatic organisms. It reduced both intracellular and extracellular ARGs by 2–4 orders of magnitude in real wastewater and significantly inhibited the conjugative transfer and transformation frequency of ARGs (by approximately 10 times), impairing their spread. Moreover, PAA-AOP reduced the abundance of pathogenic bacteria in wastewater transconjugants, thus minimizing direct harm to humans. Additionally, a membrane flow-through system designed with PAA-AOP exhibited excellent catalytic performance and stability in removing antibiotics and ARGs. These findings provide key insights into PAA-based advanced wastewater treatment, making a significant contribution to mitigating biotoxicity and antibiotic resistance in aquatic ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144719565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated in-stream CO2 concentration stimulates net-N2O production from global fluvial ecosystems","authors":"R.M. Mwanake, G.M. Gettel, E.G Wangari, G.W Macharia, R. Martínez-Cuesta, S. Schulz, M. Schloter, K. Butterbach-Bahl, R. Kiese","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124320","url":null,"abstract":"Riverine CO₂ and N₂O concentrations have risen since pre-industrial times, yet their biogeochemical interactions remain unclear. This study found a positive correlation between N₂O and CO₂ saturation in fluvial ecosystems, which was absent at high DOC:NO₃ ratios. Low DOC:NO₃ ratios and high CO₂ saturation promote chemoautotrophic nitrification, suggesting its key role in riverine net N₂O production. In vitro experiments confirmed that elevated CO₂ enhances nitrification rates, nitrifier gene abundance, and N₂O fluxes, indicating that the CO₂ fertilization effect on N₂O production is a potential climate feedback. Under this effect, current global N₂O emissions may be underestimated by 12% (interquartile range: 8 – 15) due to unaccounted nocturnal CO₂ increases. As land use change projections suggest the conversion of natural lands into croplands and urban areas, this CO₂-driven rise in riverine N₂O emissions could increase, amplifying the global impacts of land use on riverine greenhouse gas emissions.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144737525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of human activities on rare earth elements in coastal regions: Anthropogenic gadolinium sources, budget, and transport","authors":"Axiang Cao, Yuruo Fu, Jigang Wang, Liang Xue, Wanyang He, Qian Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124302","url":null,"abstract":"Rare earth elements (REEs) are emerging aquatic micropollutants, yet their anthropogenic budget and transport pathway from land sources to coastal regions remain poorly constrained. This study investigates anthropogenic impacts on REEs in Jiaozhou Bay (JZB), located on the west coast of the Yellow Sea in China, by analyzing bay water samples collected during spring 2021 (including inputs from the Dagu River and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent) and incorporating published winter 2021 bay water and groundwater data. Results revealed elevated total REE concentrations near aquaculture areas (samples collected only in spring, averaging 3578 ± 553 pmol/L), approximately fivefold higher than at other stations, likely linked to REEs-containing feeds and decomposed processes. Anthropogenic gadolinium (Gd_anth) accounted for 12∼41% of the dissolved Gd in JZB during spring, with concentrations ranging from 2.8 to 25.8 pmol/L. These concentrations were significantly higher than winter (t-test, p &lt; 0.01), likely due to the higher Gd_anth concentration in WWTP effluent during spring. Using a mass balance model, we quantitatively constrained the Gd_anth budget in coastal region from various sources and sinks for the first time. Results showed that WWTP effluent was the dominant contributor to Gd_anth in the bay during spring, accounting for 86 ± 18%. Notably, WWTPs in Qingdao—the city surrounding JZB—discharged a high Gd_anth flux (136.8 ± 28.4 mol/y), standing out in global rankings. The net flux of Gd_anth​ from JZB to the North Yellow Sea is estimated at 158.3 ± 194.9 mol/y, which is comparable to the amount discharged into JZB by Qingdao's WWTPs. A two-end-member mixing model revealed that 21 ± 5 % (14∼31%) of water masses significantly impacted by WWTP effluent in JZB were transported to the North Yellow Sea’s coastal waters. These findings underscore the urgency to enhance Gd_anth monitoring and regulate WWTP discharges. This study advances the understanding of anthropogenic REE dynamics in coastal regions and provides critical insights for mitigating emerging marine pollutants.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"284 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144719459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methylsiloxanes in Drinking Water Treatment Plants: Occurrence, Removal Efficiencies and Exposure Risks Across Multiple Stages of Treatment Process Development","authors":"Yimeng Zhang, Zhenyang Yu, Jing Yang, Ge Yin, Yanbin Zhao, G. Daniel Sheng, Daqiang Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124314","url":null,"abstract":"Methylsiloxanes (MSs) are recognized as emerging pollutants and have been widely detected in surface waters that serve as drinking water sources. However, their removal efficiencies through various processes in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) remain poorly understood. The present study determined 17 MSs including 8 cyclic MSs (CMSs), 7 linear MSs (LMSs) and two hydride-terminated MSs (HDMSs) in 8 DWTPs which represented 4 typical treatment processes. In source water samples, 16 MSs were frequently detected, and the highest concentrations were observed in river network waters with the lowest ones in reservoir-derived waters. In the samples from DWTPs, the average total concentrations ranged from 34.2 to 147 ng/L for CMSs, 1.55 to 42.7 ng/L for LMSs and 14.1 to 133 ng/L for HDMSs, respectively. In each DWTP type, the total concentrations followed an order of CMSs &gt; HDMSs &gt; LMSs. The MSs can’t be completely removed by the DWTPs, with overall removal efficiencies ranging from 23.1%∼63.7% for CMSs, -58.9%∼27.4% for LMSs and 37.6%∼87.2% for HDMSs, respectively. In conventional DWTPs, disinfection functioned as the primary removal mechanism for MSs. In DWTPs with ozonation-biological activated carbon (O₃-BAC), both oxidation by O₃ and the disinfection contributed to the efficient removal. In DWTPs with pre-ozonation (or pre-chlorination), the O₃-BAC remained the key effective treatment step, while the disinfection showed negative contribution to the removal. The DWTPs with the artificial wetland or biological pretreatment with advanced processes including O₃-BAC, ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) showed the highest removal efficiencies. The total average daily doses (ADDs) were below the corresponding chronic reference dose (RfD) values, suggesting low health risks. Further investigations on both toxicities and fates of these MSs are still necessary to strengthen health protection strategies.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144715729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme precipitation amplified the cumulative effects of DOM availability on organic-sourced DIC in the Yangtze River","authors":"Chu Zhao, Guangrui Yang, Lize Meng, Heran Chen, Shuaidong Li, Farong Chen, Zihao Bian, Jiaming Chen, Jian Zhou, Qihao Jiang, Tao Huang, Hao Yang, Changchun Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124312","url":null,"abstract":"Frequent extreme climate events are restructuring riverine carbon cycles dominated by dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). However, the variability of dissolved organic matter (DOM) induced by rainstorm and its linkage to riverine DIC dynamics remain unclear, limiting an in-depth understanding of carbon transport and fate across the river-ocean continuum. This study employed Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) coupled with stable carbon and water isotope tracing techniques to investigate DOM-DIC interactions in the Yangtze River. Results demonstrated that organic matter constituted a major DIC source, contributing 13.52 ± 1.66% and 23.15 ± 3.27% of total DIC during normal (May) and rainstorm (September) periods in 2021, respectively. Extreme precipitation events (&gt;150 mm·day^-1) elevated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and the biological transformation index (<em>I</em>_bio) of DOM, while reducing molecular mass and double-bond equivalents (DBE) compared to normal conditions. During the rainstorm period, DOC concentration and <em>I</em>_bio values progressively declined downstream with increasing distance from the precipitation core, while molecular mass and DBE increased, contrasting with the spatially homogeneous DOM distribution characteristic of the normal period. Rainstorm enhanced terrestrial organic matter inputs, increasing DOC concentration and enriching low-molecular-weight, highly saturated CHO and CHON compounds. These synergistic effects accelerated DOM biodegradation to organic-sourced DIC (DICoc). Structural equation modeling further confirmed that extreme precipitation primarily promoted DICoc production through stimulated DOM biodegradation rather than photochemical oxidation. Storm events mobilized protein-like compounds from residential wastewater, while elevated water temperatures and nutrient levels collectively enhanced DOM biodegradability. Conversely, rainstorm-induced turbidity plumes suppressed photodegradation of terrestrial aromatic humic substances. Our findings highlight that precipitation-driven DOM loading and molecular transformations significantly accelerate biogeochemical carbon cycling.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144715728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public goods-mediated bacterial interplay in aquatic ecosystems","authors":"Yerim Park, Wonjae Kim, Jihye Bae, Woojun Park","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124310","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial public goods, including siderophores, heme, and catalases, underpin cooperative interactions in aquatic environments. These extracellular compounds enable resource acquisition, stress mitigation, and metabolic cross-feeding, helping aquatic microbial communities cope with environmental stress and sustain their ecological roles. Because public goods are freely available to surrounding cells, their production involves balancing individual cost and community benefit, generating conflict between cooperation and cheating. External cues such as nutrient limitation, salinity shifts, and oxidative stress modulate the production and utilization of microbial public goods. Aquatic systems are physically homogeneous and dilute, fostering metabolic interdependence by increasing reliance on externally available compounds and shaping cooperation through dependency rather than autonomy. In parallel, genomic traits such as gene loss or streamlining in oligotrophic aquatic taxa further reinforce this cooperative mode. Many aquatic microbes have lost the full genetic capacity to synthesize essential metabolites, including vitamins, siderophores, and antioxidants, making them dependent on extracellular metabolites provided by other community members. In such water environments, the production and accessibility of public goods become central to survival, fostering cross-feeding and collective stress responses. This shared resource dependence reinforces cooperation and drives community organization and functional interdependence, underscoring the ecological and evolutionary importance of public goods in shaping aquatic microbial ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144719419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting seasonal variations in riverine nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in China: implications for N/P imbalances","authors":"Honghao Liu, Lin Gao, Ze Yuan, Ting Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124317","url":null,"abstract":"Rivers are critical conduits of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), essential nutrients that regulate the productivity and resilience of freshwater ecosystems through seasonal fluctuations. However, comprehensive assessments of the seasonal dynamics of N, P, and their stoichiometric ratios in river ecosystems, as along with the underlying natural and anthropogenic drivers of the magnitude of these seasonal variations, remain scarce. In this study, we conduct an investigation of seasonal variations in total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, and their stoichiometric ratios across 150 medium-sized river basins in China. Our findings reveal starkly contrasting seasonal trends: TP concentration peaks in spring and summer, while TN concentration reaches maximum levels in winter, resulting pronounced intra-annual fluctuations in TN:TP ratios. These divergent dynamics are modulated by a complex interplay of hydrological variability, temporal autocorrelation in nutrient concentrations, and temperature-driven processes. Seasonal fluctuation in the TN:TP ratio leads to spatiotemporal variability in nutrient constraints. Seasonal differences in water temperature and the magnitude of TN variability explain 22% and 14% of this variation, respectively, while climatic factors and anthropogenic influences account for 15% and 13%. Phosphorus-limitation dominates most river systems year-round, but seasonal shifts toward N-P co-limitation occur in southern basins during warmer months. Water temperature emerged as a primary driver, influencing the magnitude of seasonal variability in nutrient concentrations, with hydrological discharge and human activities providing additional influence. The seasonal variability of TN and TP is substantially greater in northern basins than in southern basins, and this regional heterogeneity is closely associated with differences in climate, land use, and anthropogenic inputs. These findings underscore the need for regionally adaptive, season-specific nutrient management strategies to address growing N/P imbalances exacerbated by climate change and anthropogenic impacts.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144719462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}