Water Research最新文献

{"title":"Identification and Environmental Occurrence of Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Derived from Lithium-Ion Battery","authors":"Yuanchen Chen, Ruyue Guo, Fangfang Ren, Hangbiao Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123862","url":null,"abstract":"Global rise in electric vehicle adoption has prompted the rapid expansion of the lithium-ion battery (LIB) manufacturing and recycling industry. Many emerging classes of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been incorporated into the LIB. However, the potential for PFAS emissions to the environment during the manufacturing and recycling processes of the LIB remains poorly understood. In this study, characteristic fragment ion-based non-target analysis was conducted to screen and identify unknown PFASs in surface water and sediment samples surrounding several LIB manufacturing and recycling factories. In total, 33 PFASs belonging to eight classes were identified in collected environmental samples with the confidence level of 1−3. Among these PFASs, environmental occurrence of <em>N</em>-ethyl perfluoromethanesulfonamide, <em>N</em>-hydroxymethyl trifluoromethanesulfonamide, and a series of bisperfluoroalkane sulfonimides (Bis-FASIs) is first discovered in this study. Furthermore, this study also investigated the sediment-water partitioning behaviors of these identified 33 PFASs. Results showed that the calculated mean log <em>K</em>_oc values in all sampling regions ranged from 0.51 ± 0.16 to 3.5 ± 0.34 for C₂−C₁₂ perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, 1.0 ± 0.31 to 2.9 ± 0.35 for C₁−C₈ perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, 1.2 ± 0.20 to 2.1 ± 0.19 for C₁−C₄ perfluoroalkane sulfonamides, and 1.9 ± 0.35 to 3.3 ± 0.16 for Bis-FASIs. In general, the log <em>K</em>_oc values of each class of PFASs linearly (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) increased with increasing number of fluorinated carbons. This study discovered seven novel PFASs, which underscores the need to expand regulatory monitoring beyond legacy PFASs. The findings of this study also highlight the urgency of assessing ecological and human health risks posed by LIB-derived PFASs, particularly their potential for long-range transport and persistence in aquatic systems.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Conversion of Municipal Sludge to Practical Carbon Source via N/MxOy in Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation","authors":"Kaiyu Fang, Yang Tong, Yuting Zhu, Guodong Yao, Xu Zeng, Yecheng Xue, Yangyuan Zhou, Jianfu Zhao, Siqing Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123859","url":null,"abstract":"The residual liquid phase after wet air oxidation of sludge has long been recognized as a potential carbon source due to its richness in volatile fatty acids (VFAs). However, nitrogen inevitably accumulates in the form of ammonia during the process, undermining the goal of adding a carbon source to aid bioreactors in nitrogen removal. To address this issue, different N/M_xO_y catalysts were synthesized with noble metal (N=Ru, Pt, Pd) and metal oxide supports (M_xO_y=Al₂O₃, TiO₂, CeO₂, ZrO₂). The entire process comprised the liquefaction of sludge and the subsequent refining of oxidation liquid. The performance of these catalysts was compared using various parameters, including total nitrogen (TN) removal, practical carbon source (PCS) production, and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production, to ensure both the quantity and quality of the carbon source. Ru/TiO₂ was found to be the best catalyst, achieving a TN removal rate of 94.6% and a PCS concentration of 2760 mg/L under optimized reaction conditions of 260°C, 1.5 MPa O₂, 4.0 h, an initial pH of 7.1, and the addition of 3.0 g/L vacuum-dried catalyst. In general, 110.1 g COD carbon source could be produced per kg dry sludge. The reusability of the catalyst was examined, and PCS only decreased 4.7% after four cycles of usage. The change in other dissolved organic matter was also investigated, with CHON and CHO molecules, as well as lignins and condensed hydrocarbons, being considered the dominant components. This study offers a viable approach for the resource utilization of municipal sludge.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"10 1","pages":"123859"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loss of riparian canopy cover reduces the transfer of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and simplifies the trophic links in stream food webs","authors":"Youzhi Yu, Ke Zhang, Hao Jiang, Xiang Tan, Quanfa Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123861","url":null,"abstract":"Stream ecosystems have been impacted by multiple anthropogenic stressors including the loss of riparian canopy cover. However, it remains unclear how these stressors shape the profiles and transfer of fatty acids in basal resources, and subsequently affect the trophic linkages in stream food webs. We collected 158 food web samples including three basal resources (periphyton, fine benthic organic matter (FBOM) and seston), two primary consumers (macroinvertebrate and omnivorous fish), and one secondary consumer (carnivorous fish) together with water quality samples across an anthropogenic disturbance gradient in a small catchment (Laoguan River) of the Yangtze River, China. We investigated the influence of riparian land-use changes, canopy cover and water quality on the nutritional quality indicated by the proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in periphyton, seston and FBOM and their transfer in stream food webs. Our results showed that land use primarily affected the reduced the proportions of EPA in periphyton more than seston and FBOM. It was confirmed that loss of canopy coverage reduced the proportions of EPA of periphyton due to the significant correlations and difference between two groups: the least disturbed group (forest &gt; 90%) and the highly disturbed group (high agriculture/urban). Compared to the least-disturbed sites, food webs appeared to be simpler with less trophic linkages at highly disturbed sites affected by agricultural and urban land uses. Finally, we validated that EPA was the important linkage between periphyton and primary consumers-macroinvertebrates, and further second consumers- omnivore fish, which may account for the decrease of network of trophic links at highly disturbed sites. This study provides insights into how anthropogenic stressors, particularly land-use changes and loss of riparian canopy cover, affect the nutritional quality of basal resources and simplify food web structures in stream ecosystems, highlighting the critical role of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in linking trophic levels.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"141 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Removal of Organic Micropollutants Using 2D Metal-Organic Framework Interlayered Nanofiltration Membrane","authors":"Ruiying Li, Lingyue Zhang, Shuang Zheng, Wenyu Liu, Li Long, Chuyang Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123852","url":null,"abstract":"Organic micropollutants (OMPs) present considerable threats to both human health and the environment. Traditional thin film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) polyamide membranes, despite their high water permeance and salt rejection capabilities, often fail to effectively remove OMPs. This study addresses this limitation by incorporating two-dimensional (2D) zinc(II) tetrakis(4-carboxy-phenyl)porphyrin (Zn-TCPP) metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets as interlayers in TFC membranes (TFNi), using a polyethylene glycol (PEG) assisted exfoliation technique to mitigate issues of nanosheet restacking and aggregation. The uniformly distributed MOF interlayers significantly improved pure water permeance from 10.6 to 32.1 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹ while maintaining a high rejection of 97.0% towards Na₂SO₄. Moreover, the optimized membrane showed significant improvements in OMP removal, attributed to the increased negative charge and greater hydrophilicity of the polyamide rejection layer. These findings highlight the potential of 2D MOF nanosheets as interlayers in developing high-performance membranes for effective OMP removal and water reuse.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ozonation of wastewater effluent by the MEMBRO3X contactor: Micropollutants abatement and bromate mitigation","authors":"Jaedon Shin, Tony Merle, Arnaud Cockx, Caroline Gachet Aquilon, Urs von Gunten","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123853","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are significant sources of micropollutants, potentially adversely affecting freshwater ecosystems. Ozonation is an effective way to abate micropollutants during treatment of wastewater effluent, however, the presence of bromide may lead to bromate, a potentially carcinogenic byproduct. The applicability of a hollow fiber porous membrane-based ozone contactor (MEMBRO₃X) was assessed for wastewater effluent treatment for the simultaneous abatement of micropollutants and bromate mitigation by investigating the effects of operating conditions (e.g., hydraulic retention times, gas phase concentrations of ozone and hydrogen peroxide dosing) and water quality parameters (concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and level of alkalinity). In synthetic water containing Suwannee River Natural Organic Matter and bromide, MEMBRO₃X showed better performance for relative micropollutant abatement with minimal bromate formation compared to the conventional ozonation in the presence of high DOC concentration and high alkalinity for ozone gas phase concentrations of ≤ 10 gO₃ Nm^-3. Key ozone mass transfer parameters, including liquid velocity and membrane length, were also investigated to support interpretation of treatment performance. Adding H₂O₂ improved ozone mass transfer at the membrane interface, but also elevated bromate formation, making this an unfavorable option. Three secondary wastewater effluent samples were investigated, and a similar trend as for synthetic DOM-containing water was observed regarding water quality and process operating conditions. The calculated required membrane surface areas for the MEMBRO₃X process are 15 to 60 m² per cubic meter of treated water per hour, which aligns with typical membrane-based filtration systems. This suggests that the MEMBRO₃X process is a practical solution for effective micropollutant abatement with minimized bromate formation.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-Dimensional Prussian Blue Analog-Based Catalytic Membrane for Effective Decontamination of Micropollutants","authors":"Huiying Li, Bingyu Wang, Luyao Wang, Yanbiao Liu, Fengzhi Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123855","url":null,"abstract":"Cost-effective, stable, and highly efficient catalytic technology is the key challenge for wastewater treatment based on advanced oxidation processes. Catalytic membranes, functioning as heterogeneous advanced oxidation microreactors, offer substantial advantages in the removal of organic pollutants. However, creating catalytic membranes with a high density of active sites for efficient and rapid degradation of pollutants in continuously flowing solutions poses challenges for practical applications. In this study, a two-dimensional Co/Fe-PBA catalytic membrane was developed and fixed onto a hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane modified with polydopamine (PDA) through vacuum filtration. This membrane was used to activate peracetic acid (PAA) for the degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), an emerging environmental endocrine disruptor. The interaction between PAA and Co/Fe-PBA induces the continuous and rapid generation of free radicals and singlet oxygen (¹O₂). Furthermore, the hydrophilic catalytic membrane, containing nano-confined channels, facilitates the efficient transfer of aqueous solutions. The introduction of a PDA layer acts as an in-situ metal ion chelator, dynamically capturing leached metal ion during catalysis and thereby mitigating efficiency loss while reducing metal ion leaching. The Co/Fe-PBA/PDA catalytic membrane shows excellent efficiency in activating PAA to degrade EE2, with a catalytic efficiency close to 100% in a single-pass filtration mode. In continuous flow mode, it maintains a 95% degradation rate after 5 h of continuous filtration. The CH₃C(O)OO• radical and non-radical ¹O₂ are the primary reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for the oxidation of EE2. The degradation products of EE2 were identified through LC-MS analysis, and computational predictions indicate that, compared to EE2, the overall ecotoxicity of the degradation products is lower. The catalytic membrane also exhibits high degradation efficiencies for various organic pollutants. The activation of PAA by the catalytic membrane for EE2 degradation demonstrates excellent catalytic performance and mass transfer efficiency, overcoming the challenge of recycling powdery catalysts and providing new insights for the removal of emerging contaminants.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Case for Credit: Toward a Mechanistic Model of Solids Partitioning and Virus Removal for Secondary Biological Wastewater Treatment","authors":"Phillip Wang, Tyler Hill, Christina Morrison, Andrew Black, Katherine Crank, Bonnie Mull, Jacimaria Batista, Daniel Gerrity","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123857","url":null,"abstract":"Regulatory frameworks for potable reuse often include stringent log reduction value (LRV) targets for viruses and protozoa. To reliably protect public health while also considering the sustainability of advanced water treatment, it is critically important to accurately and rapidly assess pathogen removal and avoid under-crediting of any unit process in a potable reuse treatment train. This study systematically evaluates secondary biological wastewater treatment across solids retention times (SRTs) ranging from 2 to 20 days and uses culture and molecular methods to characterize attenuation of 12 viruses, including fecal indicators, surrogate bacteriophages, and enteric pathogens. This study also proposes a mechanistic model for physical removal based on a solids partitioning/adsorption framework incorporating mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations. Mean sample-specific partitioning coefficients (K_d) ranged from 2.1 log₁₀ mL/g for cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) to 3.8 log₁₀ mL/g for phiX174. K_d values were strongly correlated with LRVs, although the resulting adsorption models (sample-specific, linear, and Freundlich) could not fully explain the large variability in virus removal across all conditions. LRVs of 1-3 were observed for all viruses, but the 5^th percentile LRVs that drive regulatory determinations were often &lt;0.5. This study proposes several approaches for awarding implicit LRVs of ≥1 using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) coupled with observed secondary treatment performance or secondary effluent concentrations.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Total Coliform Dynamics in a Drinking Water Reservoir","authors":"Carlos Eduardo Veras, John Tobiason, Amanda Carneiro Marques, Yuehlin Lee, Emily Kumpel","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123850","url":null,"abstract":"Maintaining high-quality drinking water supply reservoirs is important for protecting public health. Despite extensive watershed protection efforts, reservoirs can still experience seasonal, elevated total coliform bacteria concentrations, indicator bacteria commonly used for regulations. This study aimed to understand associations between concentrations of total coliform and an array of water quality, soil, and meteorological parameters over 10 years to identify potential causes and correlations of elevated total coliform bacteria concentrations in a protected watershed and clear, oligotrophic waters. Leveraging long-term data, we performed extensive data analysis and a data-driven model to investigate these relationships in the Quabbin Reservoir (Massachusetts, USA). Data analysis and data-driven modeling results indicated that proxies of algae, organic matter, and dry conditions, as well as water temperature and dissolved oxygen, were most associated with increased total coliforms in the reservoir. Although indicator bacteria such as total coliform are frequently used for routine monitoring, our findings highlight that it was unlikely that their proliferation is indicating a likely elevated risk in the reservoir. The studied reservoir has pristine water quality with low variability and low fecal bacteria indicator levels with no sign of external contamination; therefore, the high concentrations of total coliform bacteria in the summer is likely an autochthonous process. Additionally, applying machine learning methods to leverage long-term routine data collected by monitoring agencies highlights opportunities to better understand how to maintain high-quality surface water in drinking water supply reservoirs through a rapidly changing climate.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Coupled Capacitive Desalination (C-CDI) for Enhanced Desalination Performance at Ultralow Voltage","authors":"Zhibin Ren, Jinkang Liu, Adekunle Adedapo Obisanya, Yan Ma, Xinyi Tan, Faming Gao, Jianren Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123854","url":null,"abstract":"A coupled capacitive desalination (C-CDI) technique has been developed based on an innovative liquid–solid hybrid electrode design, wherein a thin layer of redox-active solution is confined near the surface of a porous carbon electrode. In this configuration, the desalination behavior is significantly enhanced through synergistically coupling of electrical double layer of the porous carbon and the redox reactions of the solution-phase redox species at the liquid-solid interface. To demonstrate the feasibility and superiority of this novel approach, the desalination behaviors of this liquid-solid hybrid have been investigated in a model system, where hierarchically porous hollow carbon spheres (HCS) are covered with a thin layer of ferrocene derivative (FcN₂Br₂) solution. The results reveal that the thickness of the redox electrolyte plays a critical role in determining the overall desalination performance. When confined within 500 µm, the thin layer of FcN₂Br₂ solution can effectively couple with the HCS electrode to achieve “overlay effects” in terms of both ion storage kinetics and capacity. Furthermore, the C-CDI can achieve most of its desalination capacity with ultralow energy consumption, owing to the intense redox reaction of FcN₂Br₂ in a narrow potential range. Consequently, this setup attains a high desalination capacity of 52.2 mg g^-1 and a rapid desalination rate of 6.6 mg g^-1 min^-1 at an ultralow voltage of 0.6 V, surpassing most reported benchmark devices. Overall, this pioneering work underscores the significant benefits of integrating liquid and solid electrodes, paving a groundbreaking and promising path for the future CDI evolution.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-guided prediction of chlorinated/chloraminated disinfection by-product formation in drinking water treatment","authors":"Youheng Liang, Ruixing Huang, Jingrui Wang, Zhengpeng Han, Sisi Wu, Yao Tan, Xiaoliu Huangfu, Qiang He","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123849","url":null,"abstract":"Chlorination and chloramination as common water disinfection methods are challenged by the unintended formations of hazardous disinfection by-products (DBPs). Accurately predicting DBP formation is essential for improving water treatment processes and protecting public health. However, existing models for predicting DBP levels in drinking water treatment, especially for unregulated DBPs, are insufficient. In this study, we developed machine learning (ML) models to predict the levels of five total DBPs (TDBPs) and their ten individual DBPs (IDBPs) resulting from chlorination and chloramination, covering both regulated and unregulated DBPs. To solve the challenge of redundant models, we adopted a data integration strategy to construct larger-scale unified models. The results suggested that the unified model performance outperformed individual models, whereas the individual models were more effective for predicting TDBPs. Moreover, the Shapley additivity interpretation and partial dependence plots provided valuable insights into the key factors influencing DBP formation, aligning with experimental findings. A web application, known as the ACAI platform, was deployed for the first time to predict DBP levels using an automated ML protocol. This user-friendly platform makes DBP prediction accessible to a wide range of users, including those without programming expertise. We expect that these ML models and web interface will support data-driven decision-making in disinfection.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}