Water Research最新文献

{"title":"The Critical Role of Flocs in Nitrification in Full-Scale Aerobic Granular Sludge-Based WWTP","authors":"Livia Britschgi, Stephany Wei, Andreas Proesl, Eberhard Morgenroth, Nicolas Derlon","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.123021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.123021","url":null,"abstract":"Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is usually considered to be a biofilm system consisting of granules only, although practical experience suggests that flocs and granules of various sizes co-exist. This study thus focused on understanding the contribution of flocs and granules of various sizes to nitrification in a full-scale AGS-based wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) operated as a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The size distribution in terms of total suspended solids (TSS) and the distribution of the nitrifying communities and activities were monitored over 14 months. Our results indicate that AGS is a hybrid system in which flocs (<0.25 mm) play a critical role in nitrification. AGS consisted of 36% flocs and 50% large granules (>2 mm) at a TSS concentration of 4.7 ± 0.7 gTSS L^-1. The growth of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in large granules was limited due to the high mass transfer limitation in biofilm and the high solids retention time (SRT) of flocs, where favorable conditions for the growth of nitrifiers were maintained during the warm season. The specific activities of the small aggregates (<1 mm) were 5 to 15 times higher than those of large granules. As a result, flocs contributed >50% to nitrification during the warm season, whereas granules >1 mm contributed <20%. Such predominance of flocs in nitrification became problematic in the cold season when the minimum SRT of NOB increased to values similar to the floc SRT, resulting in 79% loss of the NOB. Consequently, NOB activities dropped, and elevated effluent nitrite concentrations of several mgN L^-1 were monitored. We suggest operating AGS systems similarly to hybrid systems in order to promote the enrichment of NOB in the granules by controlling the floc SRT at low values smaller than the minimum SRT of NOB throughout the year.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectral and molecular insights into the variations of dissolved organic matter in shallow groundwater impacted by surface water recharge","authors":"Hongyu Ding, Mingxia Zheng, Lina Yan, Xiaoyu Zhang, Lu Liu, Yuanyuan Sun, Jing Su, Beidou Xi, Huibin Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.122978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122978","url":null,"abstract":"Dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents one of the most active elements in aquatic systems, whose fraction is engaged in chemical and biological reactions. However, fluorescence, molecular diversity and variations of DOM in groundwater systems with the alteration of surface water recharge remain unclear. Herein, Excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) combined with principal component coefficients, parallel factor analyses (PARAFAC) with two‒dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) were applied in this study. EEM data reassembled for principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted differences in tryptophan-like peak between groundwater collected parallel to the river (PR) and those taken vertical to the river (VR). PARAFAC have identified six components, i.e., microbial-related humic substances (C1 and C6), protein-like substances (C2 and C5), and terrestrial humic-like substances (C3 and C4). In the PR direction, variations of fluorescence components were dominated by terrestrial humic-like substances, while microbial humic-like substances predominated in the VR direction, as revealed by 2D-COS analysis. FT-ICR MS data showed a similar DOM molecular evolution trend in groundwater. Specifically, biodegradable molecular formulas decreased with a diminishing contribution of river water to groundwater recharge. This decrease was accompanied by a decrease in O₃S and O₅S components, which highlight the influence of anthropogenic river water on groundwater DOM characteristics. Groundwater DOM variations were attributed to the influx of bioavailable and low-oxidized components and the release of terrestrial humic-like substances during river water recharge processes. This study contributes valuable insights into the transformations of DOM in groundwater systems influenced by surface water recharge, enhancing our understanding of the interplay between surface water and groundwater quality.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics in German paper mills' wastewater and process water treatment plants: investigation of sources, removal rates, and emissions","authors":"Felix Steinfeld, Antje Kersten, Samuel Schabel, Jutta Kerpen","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.123016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.123016","url":null,"abstract":"Although the paper industry processes polymeric materials and discharges large amounts of wastewater, no research on microplastics in the wastewater from paper mills has been published to date. This study is the first to investigate this issue. The wastewater treatment plants of twelve representatively selected German paper mills were investigated using an analysis protocol based on µ-Raman spectroscopy. The results show that treated process water from surface waters is negligible as a source of microplastics (MPs) ≥ 20 µm. The microplastics concentrations in untreated wastewater range from 10⁶ to 10⁸ (MPs ≥ 20 µm)/m³. Sources of microplastics in wastewater include recovered paper, functional polymers, and coating colors, among others. The most frequently detected polymers are polyethylene and polystyrene. In four cases, moving bed biofilm reactors were identified as a source of microplastics. The microplastics concentration in treated wastewater ranges from 10² to 10⁴ (MPs ≥ 20 µm)/m³. Hence, the removal rate of the wastewater treatment plants exceeds 99%. Mechanical treatment and the activated sludge process have the highest removal rates of all treatment stages. The loads emitted into surface waters range from 10⁶ to 10⁸ (MPs ≥ 20 µm)/h, comparable to municipal wastewater treatment plants with a population equivalent of over 10,000 inhabitants. Compared with other wastewater-related emissions (the total emissions of municipal wastewater treatment plants, or combined sewer overflow), the contribution of paper mills to microplastics in the aquatic environment is low. The results of the removal efficiency can be transferred to other branches of industry and municipal wastewater treatment plants.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrient loading accelerates breakdown of refractory dissolved organic carbon in seagrass ecosystem waters","authors":"Xia Zhang, Songlin Liu, Yunchao Wu, Hongxue Luo, Yuzheng Ren, Jiening Liang, Xiaoping Huang, Peter I. Macreadie","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.123017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.123017","url":null,"abstract":"Nutrient loading is a major driver of seagrass ecosystem decline and also threatens the capacity for seagrass ecosystems to act as ‘blue carbon’ sinks. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) represents a crucial component of carbon storage in seagrass ecosystems, with refractory DOC (RDOC) playing a key role in long-term (millennial time scale) carbon stocks. The processes governing RDOC are heavily influenced by microbial activity. While it is known that nutrient loading can weaken DOC sequestration potential by changing the DOC composition and transformation, the impact of nutrients on microbial communities that regulate the RDOC pool in seagrass ecosystems remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we conducted a 300-d laboratory incubation experiment to examine the effects of nutrient enrichment on DOC processing and microbial community dynamics. As expected, nutrient addition significantly accelerated the decline in DOC concentration, resulting in the residual DOC exhibiting a higher degree of humification and more depleted δ¹³C constituents. Concurrent with DOC degradation, microbial community composition shifted from a mix of r- and K-strategists in the early stages to a dominance of K-strategists and fungi in the later stages. Specific bacterial taxa, such as unidentified <em>Rhodospirillales</em> and <em>Oceanococcus</em>, were more prevalent in eutrophicated seagrass waters, while <em>Magnetospira</em> and <em>Nocardioide</em> were more abundant in less eutrophicated waters by the end of the incubation. We speculated that these microbial groups likely adapted to utilise more RDOC, contributing to its decline. The decline in RDOC was approximately 2-times greater in less eutrophicated seagrass waters compared to more eutrophicated waters (26.9% and 14.5% decline respectively), which suggests that less eutrophicated seagrass ecosystems are more vulnerable. This study provides evidence that high nutrient loading can enhance RDOC remineralization, ultimately weakening the long-term carbon sequestration potential of seagrass ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Phosphorus on the Functional Properties of Extracellular Polymeric Substances Recovered from Sludge","authors":"Nouran T. Bahgat, Philipp Wilfert, Stephen J. Picken, Leo Sorin, Yuemei Lin, Leon Korving, Mark C.M. van Loosdrecht","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.123019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.123019","url":null,"abstract":"Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) are ubiquitous in biological wastewater treatment (WWT) technologies like activated sludge systems, biofilm reactors, and granular sludge systems. EPS recovery from sludge potentially offers a high-value material for the industry. It can be utilized as a coating in slow-release fertilizers, as a bio-stimulant, as a binding agent in building materials, for the production of flame retarding materials, and more. P recovered within the extracted EPS is an intrinsic part of the recovered material that potentially influences its properties and industrial applications. P is present in EPS in different speciation (e.g., P esters, poly-P, ortho-P, etc.). Such P species are already intensively used in the chemical industry to enhance thermal stability, viscoelasticity, emulsification, water-holding capacity, and many other properties of some natural and petroleum-derived polymers. The translation of this knowledge to EPS is missing which prevents the full utilization of phosphorus in EPS. This knowledge could allow us to engineer EPS via phosphorus for specific target properties and applications. In this review, we discuss how P could affect EPS properties based on experiences from other industries and reflect on how these P species could be influenced during the EPS extraction process or in the WWTPs.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The discharge of chlorinated effluent from wastewater treatment plants enhances dissolved oxygen in the receiving river: From laboratory study to practical application","authors":"Xueer Ren, Zuxin Xu, Wenhai Chu, Cheng Ye, Yingying Zhou, Jingyi Zhang, Qian Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.123012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.123012","url":null,"abstract":"Dissolved oxygen (DO) is essential for the health of aquatic ecosystems, supporting biogeochemical cycles and the decomposition of organic matter. However, continuous untreated external inputs from illicit discharges or sewer overflows, coupled with inadequate ecological base flow, have led to widespread river deoxygenation and serious ecological crises. This study demonstrates that chlorinated wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent can significantly enhance DO levels in downstream rivers, particularly in areas with high pollution loads or poor ecological base flow. Notably, DO increases in receiving waters were positively correlated with initial chorine doses. Residual chlorine in WWTP effluent reduced inorganic nitrogen and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Analysis of DOM and molecular properties showed that residual chlorine preferentially reacts with low-molecular-weight organics like amino acids, increasing their hydrophobicity and electrophilicity. These molecular changes inhibit enzyme interactions, reducing the bioavailability of these compounds for oxygen-consuming processes. Field studies demonstrated that through on-site optimization of the full-scale WWTP disinfection process, specifically by controlling residual chlorine levels in effluents, DO levels downstream increased by an average of 15%, with a maximum of 48% compared to upstream levels, while typical disinfection byproducts (i.e., trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids and haloacetonitriles) remained below regulatory thresholds. This work provides new insights into the positive effects of chlorinated WWTP effluent on DO levels in receiving waters.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142848890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practical Considerations for the Optimization of In Situ Mineralization of Perfluorocarboxylic Acids and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances using Persulfate Oxidation","authors":"Emily K. Cook, Christopher I. Olivares, Yilu Sun, Fuhar Dixit, Daniel Ocasio, Shan Yi, David L. Sedlak, Lisa Alvarez-Cohen","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.123015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.123015","url":null,"abstract":"Military bases and airports are often contaminated by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) due to the repeated use of aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs) from decades of training exercises, equipment testing, and extinguishing of fuel- and solvent-based fires. Pump-and-treat systems combined with sorption processes are common ex situ remediation strategies; however, they can be expensive and may require decades of operation, particularly at sites where long-term diffusion and desorption of contaminants are the primary release processes. Alternatively, in situ chemical oxidation is an effective remediation strategy in which oxidants (e.g., persulfate, hydrogen peroxide) are injected into an aquifer to react with contaminants on site, and is competitive with alternative remediation techniques, such as pump-and-treat and ex situ treatment options. Specifically, heat-activated persulfate oxidation (HAPO) creates highly reactive sulfate radicals that under sufficiently acid conditions can mineralize perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and many of the polyfluoroalkyl substances in AFFF. Sulfate radicals, however, can be scavenged by solutes present in groundwater, reducing the efficiency of PFCA transformation. To assess the application of HAPO, we conducted experiments under conditions typical of source zones where remediation is likely to be employed. We found that repeated treatment of aquifer solids with modest amounts of persulfate (50-300 mM) at low temperature activation (40 °C) could reduce the concentrations of precursors and PFCAs with chain lengths greater than three carbons by over 95%. Following treatment, addition of strong base (i.e., NaOH) was needed to neutralize acidity and convert dissolved metals back into less mobile forms.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142848892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network Embedding: The Bridge Between Water Distribution Network Hydraulics and Machine Learning","authors":"Xiao Zhou, Shuyi Guo, Kunlun Xin, Zhenheng Tang, Xiaowen Chu, Guangtao Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.123011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.123011","url":null,"abstract":"Machine learning has been increasingly used to solve management problems of water distribution networks (WDNs). A critical research gap, however, remains in the effective incorporation of WDN hydraulic characteristics in machine learning. Here we present a new water distribution network embedding (WDNE) method that transforms the hydraulic relationships of WDN topology into a vector form to be best suited for machine learning algorithms. The nodal relationships are characterized by local structure, global structure and attribute information. A conjoint use of two deep auto-encoder embedding models ensures that the hydraulic relationships and attribute information are simultaneously preserved and are effectively utilized by machine learning models. WDNE provides a new way to bridge WDN hydraulics with machine learning. It is first applied to a pipe burst localization problem. The results show that it can increase the performance of machine learning algorithms, and enable a lightweight machine learning algorithm to achieve better accuracy with less training data compared with a deep learning method reported in the literature. Then, applications in node grouping problems show that WDNE enables machine learning algorithms to make use of WDN hydraulic information, and integrates WDN structural relationships to achieve better grouping results. The results highlight the potential of WDNE to enhance WDN management by improving the efficiency of machine learning models and broadening the range of solvable problems. Codes are available at <span><span>https://github.com/ZhouGroupHFUT/WDNE</span><svg aria-label=\"Opens in new window\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"20\" viewbox=\"0 0 8 8\"><path d=\"M1.12949 2.1072V1H7V6.85795H5.89111V2.90281L0.784057 8L0 7.21635L5.11902 2.1072H1.12949Z\"></path></svg></span>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro-nano bubble ozonation for effective treatment of ibuprofen-laden wastewater and enhanced anaerobic digestion performance","authors":"Sining Zhou, Lei Qiao, Yanyan Jia, Samir Kumar Khanal, Lianpeng Sun, Hui Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.123006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.123006","url":null,"abstract":"The pharmaceutical industry plays a crucial role in driving global economic growth but also poses substantial environmental challenges, particularly in the efficient treatment of production wastewater. This study investigates the efficacy of micro-nano bubble (MNB) ozonation for treating high-strength ibuprofen (IBU)-laden wastewater (49.9 ± 2.3 mg/L) and mitigating its inhibitory effects on the anaerobic digestion (AD) of intralipid (IL)-laden wastewater. Our findings demonstrated that MNB ozonation achieved a 99.0% removal efficiency of IBU within 70 min, significantly surpassing the 69.8% efficiency observed with conventional ozonation under optimal conditions. Both conventional and MNB ozonation primarily transformed IBU through oxidation processes, including hydroxylation and the conversion of C-H bonds to C=O groups, along with carbon cleavage. However, MNB ozonation markedly reduced the toxicity of IBU-laden wastewater by further transforming toxic by-products, particularly under mildly alkaline conditions (pH 7.2 and 9.0). This reduction in toxicity led to a significant improvement in subsequent AD performance; specifically, a 70-min MNB ozonation pretreatment enhanced methane production by 48.1%, increased chemical oxygen demand removal by 35.6%, and reduced fatty acid accumulation compared to the control without pretreatment. Additionally, the effluent from MNB ozonation positively impacted the microbial community, particularly by enriching syntrophic bacteria and methanogens. Overall, these findings offered new insights into the behavior and toxicity of IBU oxidation by-products in both conventional and MNB ozonation processes. Furthermore, this study proposed a novel strategy for the combined treatment of IBU- and IL-laden wastewaters, establishing a robust foundation for advancing MNB ozonation technology in engineered pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A numerical investigation of the effects of model parameterization on the delineation of source protection zones under uncertainty","authors":"Allanah Kenny, Theo S. Sarris, David M. Scott, Catherine Moore","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.123010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.123010","url":null,"abstract":"Source protection zone delineation has evolved over the past decades from fixed radius or analytical and numerical methods which do not consider uncertainty, to more complex stochastic numerical approaches. In this paper we explore options for delineating a source protection zone, while considering the inherent uncertainty involved in characterizing hydraulic conductivity. We consider a representative pumping well in an unconfined alluvial aquifer under steady-state flow conditions, with the hydraulic conductivity distribution inferred from borehole lithology data in the West Melton area near Christchurch, New Zealand. Lithologies are categorized according to their inferred hydraulic flow and transport properties, using two to four hydrofacies groupings. Probabilistic source protection zones are determined for alternative lithology categorization scheme and hydrofacies conductivity parameterization methods. Results show that the choice of calibration method significantly impacts the delineated source protection zone. In heterogeneous aquifers, the degree of protection offered by deeper pumping wells may be overstated, and forward particle tracking proved more comprehensive than backward tracking due to the complexity of flow paths near the well screen. Simple models, such as homogeneous models, require upscaled parameters to effectively represent aquifer heterogeneity, providing insights into how simplified source protection zone delineation could be made more robust in highly heterogeneous contexts.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}