Water Research最新文献

{"title":"Nanoconfined metastable manganese sulfide in mesoporous silica enables effective suppression of microbial mercury methylation","authors":"Qihong Yang, Xin Tong, Xinyi Guo, Yuxiao Cui, Zhanhua Zhang, Tong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124721","url":null,"abstract":"Mercury contamination in aquatic ecosystems poses a persistent threat to human health, primarily due to the formation of the highly toxic and bioaccumulative methylmercury (MeHg). Conventional remediation strategies (e.g., adsorption, precipitation) often fail to prevent MeHg generation as the immobilized mercury remains bioavailable to methylating microorganisms. Here, we develop a manganese sulfide-mesoporous silica composite (MnS@SBA) that leverages nanoconfinement within the silica channels to stabilize the metastable γ-MnS phase, thereby enhancing mercury sequestration while effectively suppressing microbial methylation. The MnS@SBA exhibits exceptional Hg(II) sequestration efficiency across diverse environmental conditions (e.g., pH, redox conditions, dissolved organic matter, coexisting ions). Spectroscopic and microscopic analyses, combined with theoretical calculations, reveal that nanoconfinement promotes strong Hg–S interactions and facilitates HgS precipitation within the silica channels, minimizing mercury bioavailability. Crucially, MnS@SBA prevents contact between immobilized mercury and microorganisms, effectively suppressing microbial MeHg production. Composed of low-cost, naturally abundant components and superior performance in simultaneous Hg(II) removal and MeHg suppression, MnS@SBA presents a promising and practical material for mitigating mercury pollution in aquatic environments. This study establishes a novel framework for designing nanoconfined functional materials that simultaneously achieve metal remediation and ecological risk mitigation, offering insights for designing advanced materials targeting heavy metal contaminants.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper-Enhanced Ferrihydrite Fenton Generates Dual Oxidants for Pollutant Degradation via Surface Affinity Differentiated Pathways","authors":"Qiuyao Liu, Zhipeng Shu, Xiaohan Lu, Enyang Liu, Shuwen Yan, Xiuping Zhu, Xiaofei Wang, Zezhen Pan, Zimeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124720","url":null,"abstract":"Ferrihydrite (Fh) and transition metal ions such as Cu(II) are ubiquitous in natural and engineered aquatic systems, influencing pollutant degradation through Fenton-like processes. In contrast to previous studies focusing exclusively on either Cu(II)-catalyzed homogeneous reactions or iron oxide-mediated heterogeneous reactions, this work presents an integrated view of Cu(II)-Fh interactions under environmentally relevant pH conditions. We demonstrate that Cu(II) and Fh jointly establish a dual-oxidant system capable of generating both hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and Cu(III). These reactive species operate through spatially distinct mechanisms, leading to pollutant-specific degradation behaviors. Five organic compounds, including formate (FA), benzoic acid (BA), bisphenol A (BPA), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), and hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid (HEDP), were examined to elucidate the roles of mineral surface affinity and reactive species distribution. Adsorbed compounds (FA, BA and BPA) were primarily degraded via nonradical inner-sphere electron transfer at the Fh surface, with limited •OH involvement. In contrast, weakly adsorbing pollutant, HEDP, degradation was governed by •OH and Cu(III), while DMP, which exhibited negligible adsorption and minimal Cu(III) reactivity, proceeded mainly through •OH generated with the presence of adsorbed surface Cu(II). This affinity-differentiated oxidation paradigm highlights how pollutant structure, coordination chemistry, and interfacial redox dynamics jointly control degradation pathways in mineral-water systems. Cu(II) plays a dual catalytic role: enhancing radical formation and acting as a selective oxidant via Cu(III) for strongly complexing ligands. These findings advance the mechanistic understanding of Cu-enhanced heterogeneous Fenton systems and provide new insight into contaminant fate and transformation in redox-active aquatic environments.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of Analytical Techniques for Microplastic and Nanoplastic Quantification in the Presence of Clay","authors":"Surya Sujathan, Abbas El-Zein","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124716","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate quantification of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in laboratory and environmental samples remains challenging, particularly in complex matrices such as clay. While ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and fluorescence spectrophotometry (FS) are widely used due to their simplicity and high throughput, their reliability diminishes in the presence of clay. Existing separation methods are often ineffective for MP/NPs and may introduce additional errors during the measurement process. Advanced analytical techniques have shown high accuracy for monodisperse MP/NP solutions, yet their reliability in clay-rich environments remains untested. This study evaluates two such techniques, flow cytometry (FCM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) – in both fluorescence and non-fluorescence modes, alongside UV-Vis and FS, assessing their performance in measuring polystyrene (PS) MP/NPs (0.1–5 µm) at varying concentrations, in the presence of kaolinite, montmorillonite and bentonite clays. Tests with clay-free monodisperse MP solutions indicated that UV-vis and FS can measure wide range of MP size and concentrations, while NTA and FCM showed effective detection within narrower size range, < 0.5 µm and > 0.5 µm, respectively. The presence of clay adversely affected all methods to varying extents. UV-Vis was the most susceptible, with errors exceeding 10% at PS/clay mass ratios above ∼ 1. In contrast, FCM was the least affected due to its ability to distinguish particles based on size, shape, and granularity. Fluorescence-based detection offered a clear advantage in separating MPs from clay interference, allowing FS, NTA, and FCM to show improved measurement accuracy compared to non-fluorescent based measurements. However, FS accuracy declined as PS/clay ratio dropped below 0.01 due to autofluorescence from clays. Overall, FCM emerged as the most suitable method for rapid and reliable quantification of MP/NPs in clay-rich matrices, using both fluorescent and non-fluorescent detection modes. These findings provide direct practical advantage for laboratory-scale investigations and a foundation for developing protocols for fast, accurate MP/NP quantification in clay rich environmental matrices.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145203086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making Waves: Conductive Materials in Anaerobic Digestion: A Sustainable Pathway or a Hidden Carbon Burden?","authors":"Yifeng Feng, Yi Han, Liezhong Fan, Xiejuan Lu, Xiaohui Wu, Guanghao Chen, Feixiang Zan","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124718","url":null,"abstract":"Conductive material-mediated anaerobic digestion (AD) systems offer a promising solution to enhance methane production, yet its sustainability and economic viability require holistic evaluation. In this study, we systematically assess the typical conductive materials, namely, biochar, iron-based material, and biochar-iron composites, through integrated life cycle and cost-benefit analyses of 219 experimental cases. Biochar-iron composites achieved the highest methane yield improvement (36%), while iron-based materials posed significant carbon burdens (contributing up to 44% of system emissions). Crucially, material recycling (five cycles) reduced iron's carbon footprint by 72%, and digestate valorization into biochar further lowered net emissions by 113.8-184.9%. Economically, iron-based materials outperformed biochar in profitability (220 USD/ton volatile solids (VS)), and combining material recovery with digestate valorization boosted net profits by 191.8-264.8%. The findings demonstrate that prioritizing biochar-iron composites for performance and iron-based materials with recovery for cost-effectiveness, alongside closed-loop design, can reconcile environmental and economic goals. This work provides actionable pathways to optimize conductive material-enhanced AD systems for scalable, sustainable waste-to-energy conversion.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel framework for forward osmosis in zero- and low-flow conditions: Applicability and fundamental differences from reverse osmosis","authors":"Yinseo Song, GunYoung Kim, Min Seok Lee, Min-kyu Kim, Ji Woong Chang, Dae Ryook Yang, Kiho Park","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124717","url":null,"abstract":"Forward osmosis (FO) systems operating under low or zero cross-flow velocities present modeling challenges due to the limitations of conventional external concentration polarization (ECP) formulations, which often predict near-zero flux under stagnant conditions, contradicting experimental observations. To address this, we propose a revised ECP model incorporating an asymptotic Sherwood number that enables continuous mass transfer prediction as the Reynolds number approaches zero. The model accounts for both molecular diffusion and natural convection, allowing accurate flux prediction in spacer-free and low-flow environments. Model parameters were estimated from experimental data and validated through simulations of a hydration pack (zero flow) and a commercial FO module operating at 0–10 cm/s cross-flow velocity. Simulated results closely matched experimental trends and successfully reproduced water flux behavior across operating regimes. Sensitivity analysis revealed that baseline mass transfer parameters (<em>Sh₀, a, b, c, d</em>) had influence comparable to intrinsic membrane properties (<em>A</em> and <em>S</em>), particularly in no-spacer systems where diffusion and boundary layer resistance dominate. These findings confirm the critical role of mass transfer coefficients in FO performance. In the low cross-flow regime, analysis of the recovery–flux–velocity relationship demonstrated the feasibility of low-velocity operation and clarified key distinctions from RO. The model supports FO system design under minimal flow conditions, facilitating the development of compact modules suitable for portable and hybrid applications.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intensification of ozone gas/liquid mass transfer and ozonation efficiency: a critical review","authors":"Xuetong Yang, Tao Zhang, Ze Liu, Rui Zhang, Changtao Chen, Zhengyao Li, Kristof Demeestere, Stijn W.H. Van Hulle","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124719","url":null,"abstract":"Ozone (O₃) is effective for degrading persistent organic pollutants in wastewater but its efficiency is limited by poor O₃ gas/liquid mass transfer (<em>k</em>_L<em>a</em>) and low O₃ utilization efficiency (typically 30%-64% in bubble columns). This review critically evaluates strategies to intensify O₃ mass transfer and enhance pollutant degradation. The <em>k</em>_L<em>a</em> and energy consumption in different commonly used ozone contactors was compared, highlighting the importance of developing enhancement methods. Based on this, four types of techniques (i.e. applying physical fields, implementing membrane technology, utilizing micro/nano bubbles, and adding additives) were evaluated using <em>k</em>_L<em>a</em> enhancement factor, pollutant degradation efficiency, and scalability as criteria. Physical methods (including ultrasound, electric field, and high gravity) enhanced <em>k</em>_L<em>a</em> by 1.3–3 times but face scalability challenges due to high energy demands. Micro/nano-bubble producing systems coupled with catalysts such as activated carbon or chemical additives achieved <em>k</em>_L<em>a</em> enhancements 3-4 times, increasing degradation of refractory pollutants by over 60% removal. However, the microbubble generation also demands additional energy and chemical additives may cause secondary pollution. Natural mineral packings provide a balanced solution, enhancing <em>k</em>_L<em>a</em> by 2.5–3 times and recalcitrant pollutant removal by 25–30% at low energy consumption without secondary separation issues. For scalability, membrane contactors and catalytic microbubble have been applied at large-scale wastewater treatment while the stability of membrane and catalysts needs to be further improved. Overall, this study identifies favorable strategy for O₃ gas/liquid mass transfer and pollutant removal for sustainable water treatment.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study of CO₂ Nanobubbles and Macrobubbles: Effects on Water Chemistry, Microalgal Growth, and Carbon Utilization","authors":"Lili Li, Jingru Wei, Yi-Ying Lee, Yihan Zhang, Shan Xue, Sowmya Atukuri, Yantao Li, Taha Marhaba, Xuezhi Zhang, Wen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124714","url":null,"abstract":"Algal biotechnology presents a cost-effective approach for simultaneous carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture and bioproduct generation. However, conventional gas delivery approaches (e.g., macro and micro-bubbles) suffer from low gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency (<em>K_L·a</em>) and CO₂ utilization. This study investigated the aqueous properties of CO₂ nanobubbles and impacts on the CO₂ mass transfer, utilization, and microalgal growth. Results revealed that direct injection of CO₂ nanobubbles in DI water achieved rapid CO₂ saturation (1.48 ± 0.08 g·L^-1) and nanobubble density (1.5 × 10⁸ particles·mL^-1) within 1 minute. By contrast, the circulation mode produced a higher nanobubbles concentration (2.6 × 10⁸ particles·mL^-1) after 20 min with a similar dissolved CO₂ concentration. Accordingly, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (<em>K_L·a</em>) of CO₂ nanobubbles in DI water reached 12.41 ± 3.49 h^-1 (circulation mode) and 18.91 ± 7.68 h^-1 (direct mode), exceeding that of macrobubbles (10.18 ± 2.38 h^-1). Compared to macrobubbles, the use of CO₂ nanobubbles in <em>Scenedesmus obliquus</em> cultivation increased biomass by 10.11 ± 0.01% over 14 days and garnered carbon utilization efficiency (CUE) to 27.86 ± 0.63%, supported by the enhanced CO₂ mass transfer or carbon transfer efficiency. These findings highlight the potential of nanobubble technology in algal biotechnology applications and global CO₂ emission mitigation.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validating a Bayesian network model to characterise faecal indicator organism loss from septic tank systems in rural catchments","authors":"Chisha Chongo Mzyece, Miriam Glendell, Zisis Gagkas, Mads Troldborg, Camilla Negri, Eulyn Pagaling, Ian Jones, David M. Oliver","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124715","url":null,"abstract":"Validating model predictions with observed data is crucial for fostering confidence in model results, yet it is often overlooked in Bayesian Network (BN) studies. This research validated a BN model designed to predict faecal indicator organism (FIO) loss from septic tank systems (STS) in rural catchments (Cessnock and Mein). Both a hybrid model (combining continuous and discrete variables) and a fully discretised model were assessed. Our approach to model validation employed four methods: (1) comparing probability distributions of simulated and observed FIO loads in the hybrid model, (2) sensitivity analysis in the discrete model to identify key variables influencing results, (3) estimating percentage bias to evaluate the average difference between predicted and observed FIO loads in the hybrid model, and (4) applying Shannon entropy to measure uncertainty in the discrete model’s spatial application. Predicted FIO loads per STS were consistent across models, with the hybrid network estimating 4.63 × 10¹⁰ cfu/yr in the Cessnock catchment and 4.36 × 10¹⁰ cfu/yr in the Mein catchment, while the discrete network predicted 3.85 × 10¹⁰ cfu/yr and 3.65 × 10¹⁰ cfu/yr, respectively, closely aligning with observed values of 6.17 × 10¹⁰ cfu/yr and 5.10 × 10¹⁰ cfu/yr. Sensitivity analysis identified STS condition and treatment level as critical factors influencing FIO loss. Shannon entropy values (1.60–1.85) revealed significant uncertainty in model predictions in the catchment where STS were associated with a variability of Hydrology of Soil Types (HOST)-derived risk factors. When applied at national scale, greater confidence in model results was associated with Central, East and West Scotland where most STS were associated with a moderate to high HOST-derived risk classification. Our research is the first to show how BN models can predict FIO pollution from STS to watercourses and the findings suggest that refining model predictions requires more accurate data on STS treatment levels and maintenance, as well as access to good quality high-resolution stream water quality monitoring data.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced venlafaxine degradation in amorphous FeS2 under redox-dynamic aqueous environments: Critical role of citrate in electron utilization for boosted hydroxyl radical generation","authors":"Yibo Yuan, Xipeng Wei, Minghan Zhu, Jiale Liu, Hua Yin, Zhi Dang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124709","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmaceuticals and organic acids ubiquitously coexist in urban riverine environments, yet the transformation mechanisms of antidepressants like venlafaxine (VNF) in iron sulfide-rich sediments under redox-dynamic conditions remain poorly resolved. This study comprehensively analyzed adsorption/desorption dynamics and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative degradation of VNF in amorphous iron sulfide (FeS_2(am)), emphasizing the role of citric acid (CA) in modifying these interactions. Our results revealed that VNF was stably adsorbed onto FeS_2(am) under anoxic conditions with no observable degradation. Conversely, exposure to O₂ triggered rapid desorption of VNF (93.58%) and its partial degradation (16.96%) mediated by hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Remarkably, CA amendment significantly promoted VNF degradation under oxic conditions, achieving 97.36% degradation and increasing the observed rate constant (<em>k_obs</em>) 17.4-fold (from 6.38×10⁻⁴ to 1.11×10⁻² min⁻¹). Mechanistically, CA optimized electron utilization efficiency in FeS_2(am) through three synergistic pathways: (i) generation of carbon-centered radicals that amplified secondary •OH production via Fenton-like chain reactions; (ii) acceleration of Fe²⁺ regeneration through enhanced electron transfer from sulfur intermediates (e.g., S²⁻, S₀) to Fe³⁺; and (iii) elevation of H₂O₂ into •OH conversion efficiency from 57.20% to 83.20%. Electrochemical analyses corroborated that CA enabled a more efficient four-electron O₂ reduction pathway, thereby enhancing electron utilization for rapid •OH generation. Density functional theory calculations combined with LC-Orbitrap-HRMS analyses identified nine distinct VNF degradation pathways. Additionally, ECOSAR results indicated a significant reduction in ecotoxicity of the transformation products compared to the parent compound. Collectively, these findings pave the way for developing ligand-enhanced in situ remediation strategies for antidepressant contaminants in redox-dynamic sediments.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145203089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Scale Spatio-Temporal Graph Neural Network for Enhanced Water Demand Forecasting","authors":"Ang Xu, Tuqiao Zhang, Xuanpeng Zhang, Yu Shao, Tingchao Yu, Shipeng Chu, Lijuan Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124711","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate Water Demand Forecasting (WDF) is essential for effectively managing the Water Distribution System (WDS). Graph neural networks, which utilize pre-defined spatial graphs to model relationships among sensor nodes, have been widely applied to WDF. Existing methods typically capture temporal dependencies at a single time scale and construct static graphs representing the most dominant spatial relationships. These limitations often impair model performance, particularly under increased graph complexity and extended forecasting horizons. To address the above issues, this study proposes a Multi-scale Spatio-Temporal Graph Neural Network (MSTGNN) tailored to the hierarchical nature of water demand time series. Specifically, MSTGNN captures multi-scale demand patterns by constructing hierarchical temporal representations ranging from fine to coarse time scales. Moreover, it adaptively learns scale-specific graph structures to reflect rich inter-sensor dependencies varying across scales. Extensive experiments on a real-world WDF dataset with 54 sensors demonstrate that MSTGNN achieves superior performance over six state-of-the-art methods in day-ahead WDF at 15-minute intervals. Its strength in modeling multi-scale spatio-temporal dependencies significantly enhances forecasting accuracy and scalability, supporting advanced smart applications in WDS.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145203122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}