Water Research最新文献

{"title":"Solute spreading enhancement by drainage-imbibition cycles in unsaturated porous media","authors":"Ali Saeibehrouzi ,&nbsp;Petr Denissenko ,&nbsp;Ran Holtzman ,&nbsp;Vasily Kantsler ,&nbsp;Soroush Abolfathi","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transport of solute species under unsaturated conditions, where multiple immiscible fluids coexist, is a common occurrence in various environmental and engineering applications within subsurface porous media. In this study, we integrate microfluidic experiments and direct simulation to analyze the effect of successive drainage-imbibition cycles on solute transport, a process that is not yet well understood in the context of unsaturated porous media. The spatial distribution of water and air is found by experiments, and the transport process is modeled by high-fidelity direct numerical simulation, remarkably reducing computational costs and enabling individual investigation of injection cycles. We show that cycles of non-wetting and wetting phases increase the rate of solute spreading non-monotonically by altering the volume and tortuosity of the percolating pathways of the carrier fluid (where transport occurs). Drainage-imbibition cycles reduce the saturation of the carrier fluid by entrapping a higher volume of the non-wetting phase, thereby decreasing the magnitude of mobile pathways. Simultaneously, cyclic injection increases the length of the pathways that solute species must travel through the hysteresis phenomenon. Through the analysis of mobile and immobile pathways, we demonstrate that the effect of drainage-imbibition cycles on the mixing of solute species becomes negligible after 1-2 cycles. These results advance our understanding of the complex dynamics of unsaturated transport, providing new insights into the impacts of cyclic variations in the soil water content on contaminants and nutrients transport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 123741"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143940409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algal bloom forecasting leveraging signal processing: A novel perspective from ensemble learning","authors":"Caicai Xu ,&nbsp;Yuzhou Huang ,&nbsp;Ruoxue Xin ,&nbsp;Na Wu ,&nbsp;Muyuan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate forecasting of algal blooms is essential for implementing timely control measures. However, given their inherent complex time-frequency characteristics, capturing the dynamics of algal blooms remains an ongoing challenge in standalone models. Targeting this challenge, this study demonstrates an ensemble framework that combines signal processing with machine learning (ML) techniques to collectively forecast algal dynamics. This method utilizes an efficient signal processing algorithm, namely the compete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN), to decompose the highly non-stationary patterns of algal dynamics, while leveraging the complementary strengths of four distinct ML models to optimize the learning of the decomposed components. Our results demonstrated that CEEMDAN can largely improve the forecasting performance of standalone ML models (e.g., long short-term memory), achieving an average increase in validation <em>R</em>² by 63 %. Moreover, by incorporating the ensemble effects that leverage model-specific strengths, this performance gain was further amplified, resulting in an average increase of 75 % in validation <em>R</em>² compared to standalone ML models. The developed method, termed CEEMDAN-Hybrid-Ensemble (CHES) model, consistently delivered accurate forecasting of algal dynamics across multiple time resolutions (hourly, daily, and biweekly) in both rivers (River Enborne and The Cut) and lakes (Blelham Tarn and Lake Lillinonah), as suggested by high validation <em>R</em>² values of 0.955, 0.878, 0.824, and 0.957, respectively. In addition, the CHES model achieved stable multi-step forecasting of algal dynamics with gaps ranging from 1 to 7 steps, as indicated by an average validation <em>R</em>² of 0.72 <span><math><mo>±</mo></math></span> 0.17 (S.D.) and an average validation root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of 0.32 <span><math><mo>±</mo></math></span> 0.11 RFU. This study highlighted the ensemble effect achieved by integrating signal processing and ML techniques, presenting a novel perspective that enhances forecasting robustness to support the early warning of algal blooms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 123800"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143940408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 surveillance of wastewater in small rural communities identifies lack of vaccine coverage as influence of omicron outbreak","authors":"Solana Narum ,&nbsp;Thibault Stalder ,&nbsp;Benjamin Ridenhour ,&nbsp;Erik R. Coats","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can provide critical early warnings to aid public health, which can be particularly beneficial in rural communities with limited access to health care. Spikes of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration in wastewater have been used to represent infections in a community, but wastewater holds a wealth of information that has not been explored yet. The objectives of this research were to expand the use of WBE to 1) determine the dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 variants in rural communities, and 2) evaluate the relationship between community vaccination status and the outbreak of a variant. We quantified the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, as well as specific mutations that are consistent with Delta and Omicron in influent raw wastewater samples collected from wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) for five populations with &lt;1000 residents and one larger population in Latah County, ID. A binomial generalized linear model using the percent of the population with protection against Omicron from the initial vaccines and the booster shot was able to predict the probability of an uptick in Omicron concentration in wastewater with an accuracy of 0.96. Evaluation of vaccination data indicate that the spike in Omicron infections in December 2021 in the studied towns was linked to low levels of population protection from the initial shots of the COVID-19 vaccine against Omicron infection and limited uptake of booster shots in these communities. Despite difficulties with applying WBE in rural regions, this study shows that beyond evaluating spikes of viral infections, WBE can be used to evaluate the effect of a population’s vaccine coverage on SARS-CoV-2 variant dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 123818"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143940410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic insights into chlorine resistance of a Mycobacterium sp. strain isolated from treated wastewater effluent","authors":"Rasindu Galagoda ,&nbsp;Gyuhyon Cha ,&nbsp;Hiroe Hara-Yamamura ,&nbsp;Ryo Honda ,&nbsp;Konstantinos T. Konstantinidis ,&nbsp;Norihisa Matsuura","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123807","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chlorine is the principal microbial disinfectant used for water treatment. However, chlorine-resistant bacteria such as <em>Mycobacterium</em> spp., can survive chlorine treatment and even grow in the presence of chlorine, posing potential public health risks. In this study, we isolated a <em>Mycobacterium</em> sp. strain from treated effluent and investigated its chlorine resistance and recovery using transcriptomic analyses. Specifically, isolate M1, showing 94.58 % average nucleotide identity (ANI) with <em>Mycobacterium massilipolynesiensis</em> type genome, was exposed to 1 ppm HOCl for 30 min and subjected to RNA sequencing. Genes identified as upregulated compared to control conditions (no HOCl) were involved in detoxification (toxic compound degradation; <em>nemA</em>; log₂ fold-change [FC]: 7.41), redox homeostasis (COQ5; quinone synthesis; log₂ FC 5.70, <em>rosB</em>; riboflavin synthesis; log₂ FC 5.61), protein homeostasis (<em>cysHKO, moeZ</em> cysteine biosynthesis, and <em>arg</em> complex; arginine metabolism), and lipid metabolism (<em>cpnA</em>; 6.95 FC) suggesting a multifaceted adaptation to oxidative stress. Levels of a few membrane transport proteins (<em>czcD</em>, and <em>bcr</em>) were also upregulated, highlighting their role in chlorine exposure. Overall, this study broadens the understanding of chlorine resistance strategies employed by <em>Mycobacterium</em> sp. to combat oxidative stress and the resulting toxic intracellular compounds, and has implications for adjusting water treatment technologies toward eliminating mycobacteria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 123807"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143933060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the ecological niche of comammox Nitrospira by in-situ enrichment within mainstream nitrification systems","authors":"Xiaochuan Ran ,&nbsp;Mingda Zhou ,&nbsp;Tong Wang ,&nbsp;Yanren Wang ,&nbsp;Han Wang ,&nbsp;Yayi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123810","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Complete-ammonia-oxidization bacteria (Comammox <em>Nitrospira</em>) hold promising potential for reducing carbon footprint in mainstream wastewater treatment. However, the inadequate understanding of comammox <em>Nitrospira</em> within wastewater systems has greatly hindered the utilization of these novel microbial resources. This study explored the ecological niche of comammox <em>Nitrospira</em> within mainstream nitrification systems by enriching them under varied operational conditions. The joint analysis of multiple linear regression and random forest model have identified <em>in-situ</em> ammonium concentration and pH as the two most important parameters influencing the growth of comammox <em>Nitrospira</em>, followed by nitrogen loading rate, nitrogen source type, and dissolved oxygen (DO). Meanwhile, the ecological niche preference of comammox <em>Nitrospira</em> was revealed. The optimal ranges of <em>in-situ</em> ammonium concentration and pH for comammox <em>Nitrospira</em> was found below 0.5 mg NH₄⁺-N/L and 6.5–7.5, respectively, indicating that low free ammonia conditions favor their growth. Furthermore, comammox <em>Nitrospira</em> exhibited a competitive advantage over <em>Nitrosomonas</em> under weakly acidic pH (6.0–6.5), and adapted to DO fluctuations by interspecies shifts, whereas <em>Nitrosomonas</em> preferred relatively high DO (1.5–2 mg O₂/L). Comparative genomics further confirmed the above niche differentiation of two groups from reconstructed comammox <em>Nitrospira</em> and <em>Nitrosomonas</em> genomes. Overall, these findings provide guidance for the application of comammox process in wastewater treatment, thereby supporting the transition of mainstream nitrification process toward a more sustainable and energy-efficient pathway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 123810"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143933057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migration behavior of organic foulants toward anion exchange membrane under the electric field","authors":"Tiecheng Guo,&nbsp;Daliang Xu,&nbsp;Guibai Li,&nbsp;Xiaobin Tang,&nbsp;Heng Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anion exchange membrane (AEM) fouling has sparked extensive research, especially on the interaction of foulants with the AEM. However, there is still a lack of clear explanation about how foulants migrate from feedwater to the AEM surface. This study systematically investigated the migration of foulants and influencing factors in electrodialysis (ED). The behavior of negatively charged foulants in ED was found to occur in three stages according to the variety of the rate of diluate conductivity change: blocking by boundary layer, approaching, and arriving at the AEM surface. The results revealed that the membrane was rarely fouled in the first stage, whereas the fouling level significantly increased in the second and stabilized in the third. A limiting conductivity was identified, marking the point where the fouling level began to rise, indicating the transition from the first to subsequent stages. The current value was found to be highly responsible for limiting conductivity (contribution &gt;95 %). Based on that, an operation strategy with low energy consumption and high desalination efficiency was proposed by adjusting the current according to feed water conductivity. This study brings insights into completing the whole fouling behavior and developing anti-fouling strategies for AEM by mitigating foulants' migration, which increases ED desalination performance facing fouling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 123809"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143933070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alkaline hydrolysis of solid 1,3,5-trichloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (T3): kinetics, mechanism, and overlooked deprotonation effects","authors":"Bo Zhao ,&nbsp;Christos Christodoulatos ,&nbsp;Qiantao Shi ,&nbsp;Meng Ji ,&nbsp;Steven Sheets ,&nbsp;Benjamin Smolinski ,&nbsp;Xiaoguang Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The environmental risks associated with chloronitroaromatic compounds (CNAs) have raised significant concerns, yet their transformation through alkaline hydrolysis remains poorly understood, especially for hydrophobic polychlorinated polynitrobenzenes (PCPNBs). This study systematically investigates the hydrolysis of granular 1,3,5-trichloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (T₃, 176 × 100 µm) through combined experimental and density functional theory (DFT) approaches. Granular T₃ hydrolysis follows pseudo-first-order kinetics (0.163 h⁻¹ at 95 °C), limited by solubility and intrinsic reactivity at ambient temperature and mass transfer at high temperature, while dissolved T₃ exhibits pseudo-second-order kinetics (1.074 L·mg⁻¹·h⁻¹ at 95 °C). DFT calculations confirm the thermodynamic feasibility of both chlorine (Cl) and nitro (NO₂) substitutions via the bimolecular nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S_N2Ar) mechanism. Dechlorination is kinetically favored over denitration due to the higher electrophilicity and lower steric hindrance of the Cl substitution site and the weaker C-Cl bond. Importantly, this study reveals a critical but previously overlooked factor in PCPNBs’ transformation: deprotonation. <em>pK</em>_a and energy barrier calculations indicate that deprotonation of the substituted products significantly increases the energy barrier for subsequent substitution (e.g., from 16.7 to 31.1 kcal·mol⁻¹). This kinetic suppression originates from enhanced electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged aromatic ring and the nucleophile, coupled with diminished resonance stabilization due to reduced aromaticity in the transition states. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and UV–Vis analyses validate these predictions, identifying monosubstituted, deprotonated polychlorinated polynitrophenols as dominant products. These insights enhance the mechanistic understanding of CNAs hydrolysis and highlight the critical role of protonation state in determining their environmental fate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 123808"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143933059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-optimized advanced oxidation for enhanced sludge dewatering: EPS mechanistic insights and predictive modeling","authors":"Zi-Chen Ling ,&nbsp;Jing-Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Shi-Jie Yuan ,&nbsp;Bin Dong ,&nbsp;Xiao-Hu Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123804","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123804","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recalcitrant nature of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in sewage sludge severely limits dewatering efficiency. While advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) disrupt EPS matrices, their optimization remains challenging. This study integrates machine learning (ML) with AOPs to establish predictive frameworks for parameter optimization. A Bayesian-optimized XGBoost model (test R² = 0.87, based on a 70/30 train-test split) outperformed other algorithms in predicting optimal AOP configurations, while an AdaBoost-based model (test R² = 0.81) provided mechanistic insights. Radical donor and catalyst concentrations exhibited synergistic effects (<em>r</em> &gt; 0.8) in hydroxyl radical generation, with pH and VS/TS ratio critically influencing EPS dynamics. Soluble EPS (S-EPS) dominated dewaterability control, whereas tightly bound EPS showed negligible impact. SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis identified radical donor dosage, catalyst loading, and pH as pivotal operational parameters, with acidic conditions enhancing EPS disruption. This work advances data-driven AOP optimization for sludge management, highlighting the need for dynamic EPS transformation studies and adaptive control systems to achieve sustainable wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 123804"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrite impairs bioreactor performance due to decreased replication of Candidatus Brocadia sapporoensis by unbalanced energy allocation","authors":"Xuejiao Qiao ,&nbsp;Liyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiguang Qiu ,&nbsp;Yang Wu ,&nbsp;Chunfang Deng ,&nbsp;Yanni Geng ,&nbsp;Yichi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan Yan ,&nbsp;Bing Li ,&nbsp;Lijuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei-Qin Zhuang ,&nbsp;Ke Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123806","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of nitrite on anammox activities have been extensively studied. However, the molecular mechanisms of specific microorganisms responding to nitrite in anammox systems remain unexplored. This study investigates how excessive nitrite affects the core metabolisms of AnAOB and symbiotic bacteria, further elucidating the mechanisms by which it regulates microbial growth and nitrogen removal performance. Specifically, the nitrogen removal process in a continuous-flow anammox membrane bioreactor collapsed when the nitrite concentration reached 243 mg N/L. Integrated meta-omics analyses demonstrated that excessive nitrite disrupted the energy metabolism of <em>Ca.</em> Brocadia sapporoensis (AMXB1), reducing the energy available for developing tolerance. Subsequently, it disrupted cell replication by impairing the biosynthesis process of AMXB1, particularly DNA replication and the formation of vital cell structures such as the cell membrane and cell wall, as well as the cellular protection system, leading to the collapse of the anammox system. Additionally, the cross-feeding of amino acids and cofactors between AMXB1 and symbiotic bacteria plays an important role in the recovery of nitrogen removal performance of anammox consortia after nitrite inhibition. The findings provide a novel strategy and direction for improving the tolerance and resilience of anammox consortia in engineered ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 123806"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143932613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-depth comparison of untargeted and targeted sequencing for detecting virus diversity in wastewater","authors":"Yabing Li,&nbsp;Pankaj Bhatt,&nbsp;Irene Xagoraraki","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sequencing approaches may enable monitoring of a broad range of viruses in wastewater, including potential emerging and non-reportable human viruses. Considering the fact that metagenomic sequencing may be non-specific for low-abundance human viruses, integration of viral amplification and enrichment strategies are proposed to enhance the accurate detection of a broad range of human viruses in municipal wastewater. In this study, we focused on the in-depth comparison analysis of three untargeted amplification methods (Multiple Displace Amplification [MDA], Reverse Transcription – MDA [RT-MDA], and a PCR-based random amplification [PCR-based]) and one targeted method (Twist Comprehensive Viral Research Panel [TWIST]) for detecting virus diversity in wastewater. In addition, we included the comparisons of two extraction kits (Qiagen QIAamp VIRAL RNA Mini Kit and ZymoBIOMICSTM DNA/RNA Minipre Kit) and four virus identification tools (Diamond blast, Kraken2, VirSorter2 and geNomad) for a systematic study. Performances of Qiagen and Zymo extraction kits in recovering viruses and human viruses in wastewater were comparable. By the three untargeted methods we detected 12,808 contigs with lengths longer than 10,000 bp. No contig longer than 10,000 bp was detected by the targeted method. Presence of human viruses were analyzed further by comparing the viral contigs against a custom Swiss-Prot human virus database. There were 45 viruses that are potentially associated with human health found in wastewater, 8 of them were unique to the targeted method and 7 of them were unique to the three untargeted methods. Four enteric viruses <em>Mamastrovirus, Norovirus, Rotavirus</em> and <em>Sapovirus</em> were detected with high abundance in samples prepared with the targeted method. Dimensional scaling analysis demonstrated the divergent virus and human virus communities from the untargeted and targeted methods. Patterns of virus and human virus populations identified by Kraken2 and geNomad were similar. Presence of selected viruses (SARS-CoV-2 [N1&amp;N2], SC2, RSV, Norovirus GI and GII) were confirmed with ddPCR. This work indicates integration of untargeted and targeted sequencing methods, and complementary ddPCR can ensure the accurate detection of known and novel viruses using wastewater surveillance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 123803"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}