Water Research最新文献

{"title":"Adsorption of uranium (VI) complexes with polymer-based spherical activated carbon","authors":"Youssef-Amine Boussouga ,&nbsp;James Joseph ,&nbsp;Hryhoriy Stryhanyuk ,&nbsp;Hans H. Richnow ,&nbsp;Andrea I. Schäfer","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Adsorption processes with carbon-based adsorbents have received substantial attention as a solution to remove uranium from drinking water. This study investigated uranium adsorption by a polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC) characterised by a uniformly smooth exterior and an extended surface of internal cavities accessible via mesopores. The static adsorption of uranium was investigated applying varying PBSAC properties and relevant solution chemistry. Spatial time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was employed to visualise the distribution of the different uranium species in the PBSAC. The isotherms and thermodynamics calculations revealed monolayer adsorption capacities of 28–667 mg/g and physical adsorption energies of 13–21 kJ/mol. Increasing the surface oxygen content of the PBSAC to 10 % enhanced the adsorption and reduced the equilibrium time to 2 h, while the WHO drinking water guideline of 30 µgU/L could be achieved for an initial concentration of 250 µgU/L. Uranium adsorption with PBSAC was favourable at the pH 6–8. At this pH range, uranyl carbonate complexes (UO₂CO_3(aq), UO₂(CO₃)₂^2–, (UO₂)₂CO₃(OH)₃^–) predominated in the solution, and the ToF-SIMS analysis revealed that the adsorption of these complexes occurred on the surface and inside the PBSAC due to intra-particle diffusion. For the uranyl cations (UO₂²⁺, UO₂OH⁺) at pH 2–4, only shallow adsorption in the outermost PBSAC layers was observed. The work demonstrated the effective removal of uranium from contaminated natural water (67 µgU/L) and meeting both German (10 µgU/L) and WHO guideline concentrations. These findings also open opportunities to consider PBSAC in hybrid treatment technologies for uranium removal, for instance, from high-level radioactive waste.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 120825"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135423012654/pdfft?md5=5dfae4e3f5cf4fa508cb5c7833f088f1&pid=1-s2.0-S0043135423012654-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72365558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulphate reduction, Autotrophic denitrification, NItrification, and Anammox (SANIA) integrated process for next-generation biological wastewater treatment","authors":"Chu-Kuan Jiang, Yang-Fan Deng, Zou Xu, Buddhima Siriweera, Di Wu, Guang-Hao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120824","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study proposes the <strong><u>S</u></strong>ulphate reduction, mixed sulphide- and thiosulphate-driven <strong><u>A</u></strong>utotrophic denitrification, <strong><u>Ni</u></strong>trification, and <strong><u>A</u></strong>nammox integrated (SANIA) process for sustainable treatment of mainstream wastewater after organics capture. Three moving-bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) were applied for developing sulphate reduction (SR), mixed sulphide- and thiosulphate-driven partial denitrification and anammox (MSPDA), and nitrification (N), respectively. Typical mainstream wastewater after organics capture (e.g., chemically enhanced primary treatment, CEPT) was synthesized with chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 110 mg/L, sulphate of 50 mg S/L, ammonium of 30 mgN/L. The feasibility of SANIA was investigated with mimic nitrifying effluent supplied in MSPDA-MBBR (Period I), followed by the examination of the applicability of SANIA process with N-MBBR integrated (Period II), under moderate temperatures (25–27 ℃). In Period I, SANIA process was established with both SR- and MSPDA-MBBR continuously operated for over 300 days (no anammox biomass inoculation). Specifically, in MSPDA-MBBR, high rates of denitratation (2.7 gN/(m²·d)) and anammox (2.8 gN/(m²·d)) were achieved with anammox contributing to 81% of the total inorganic nitrogen removal. In Period II, the integrated SANIA system was continuously operated for over 130 days, achieving up to 90% of COD, 93% of ammonium, and 61% of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal, with effluent concentrations lower than 10 mg COD/L, 3 mg NH₄⁺-N/L, and 13 mg TIN-N/L. The implementation of SANIA can ultimately reduce 75% and 40% of organics and aeration energy for biological nitrogen removal. Considering the combination of SANIA with CEPT for carbon capture and sludge digestion/incineration for energy recovery, the new integrated wastewater technology can be a promising strategy for sustainable wastewater treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"79 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71435602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructed electron-dense Mn sites in nitrogen-doped Mn3O4 for efficient catalytic ozonation of pyrazines: Degradation and odor elimination","authors":"Yinning He ,&nbsp;Jiayi Li ,&nbsp;Jingyu Tang ,&nbsp;Haijun Cheng ,&nbsp;Tao Zeng ,&nbsp;Zhiqiao He ,&nbsp;Da Wang ,&nbsp;Lizhang Wang ,&nbsp;Shuang Song ,&nbsp;Jun Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, N-doped Mn₃O₄ catalysts (Mn-<em>n</em>N) with electron-dense Mn sites were synthesized and employed in heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (HCO). These catalysts demonstrated excellent performance in pyrazines degradation and odor elimination. The synthesis of Mn-<em>n</em>N was achieved through a facile urea-assisted heat treatment method. Experimental characterization and theoretical analyses revealed that the Mn<img>N structures in Mn-<em>n</em>N, played a crucial role in facilitating the formation of electron-dense Mn sites that served as the primary active sites for ozone activation. In particular, Mn-1N exhibited excellent performance in the HCO system, demonstrating the highest 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (2,5-DMP) degradation efficiency. ^•OH was confirmed as the primary reactive oxygen species involved in the HCO process. The second-order rate constants for 2,5-DMP degradation with O₃ and ^•OH, were determined to be (3.75 ± 0.018) × 10⁻¹ and (6.29 ± 0.844) × 10⁹ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, respectively. Seventeen intermediates were identified through GC-MS analysis during the degradation of 2,5-DMP via HCO process with Mn-1N. The degradation pathways were subsequently proposed by considering these identified intermediates. This study introduces a novel approach to synthesize N-doped Mn₃O₄ catalysts and demonstrates their efficacy in HCO for the degradation of pyrazines and the elimination of associated odors. The results show that the catalysts are promising for addressing odor-related environmental issues and provide valuable insights about the broader significance of catalytic ozonation processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 120823"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71435604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do resilience metrics of water distribution systems really assess resilience? A critical review","authors":"Michaela Leštáková,&nbsp;Kevin T. Logan,&nbsp;Imke-Sophie Rehm,&nbsp;Peter F. Pelz,&nbsp;John Friesen","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Having become vital to satisfying basic human needs, water distribution systems (WDSs) are considered critical infrastructure. They are vulnerable to critical events such as extreme weather, natural and man-made disasters, armed conflicts etc. To account for critical events during design and operation of WDSs, the concept of resilience is frequently mentioned. How resilience of WDSs can be assessed using resilience metrics has been the subject of research of many publications. The aim of this paper is to inspect the alignment between a general understanding of resilience in WDSs and the metrics used for their resilience assessment. A novel framework for categorising resilience metrics for WDSs is presented. A literature review of resilience metrics for WDSs is performed and the results are analysed using the developed framework. The results show that the existing resilience metrics are not able to capture resilience in its complexityresilience metrics do not really assess resilience of the WDSs as a whole, but rather focus only on specific functions and properties which can make the WDSs resilient.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"248 ","pages":"Article 120820"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135423012605/pdfft?md5=fbc45776453af53b38b7ffed97c0da9b&pid=1-s2.0-S0043135423012605-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71435680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The interaction between extracellular polymeric substances and corrosion products in pipes shaped different bacterial communities and the effects of micropollutants","authors":"Hong Yin ,&nbsp;Haibo Wang ,&nbsp;Min Wang ,&nbsp;Baoyou Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120822","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120822","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There are growing concerns over the effects of micropollutants on biofilms formation and antibiotic resistance gene (ARGs) transmission in drinking water distribution pipes. However, there was no reports about the influence of the interaction between extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and corrosion products on biofilms formation. Our results indicated that the abundance of quorum sensing (QS)-related genes, polysaccharide and amino acids biosynthesis genes of EPS was 6747–8055 TPM, 2221–2619 TPM, and 1461–1535 TPM in biofilms of cast iron pipes, respectively, which were higher than that of stainless steel pipes. The two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) analysis of attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR–FTIR) results indicated that polysaccharide of EPS was more easily adsorbed onto the corrosion products of cast iron pipes. Therefore, more human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) carrying ARGs were formed in biofilms of cast iron pipes. The amide I and amide II components and phosphate moieties of EPS were more susceptible to the corrosion products of stainless steel pipes. Thus, more bacteria genera carrying mobile genetic elements (MGE)-ARG were formed in biofilms of stainless steel pipes due to more abundance of QS-related genes, amino acids biosynthesis genes of EPS and the functional genes related to lipid metabolism. The enrichment of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and sulfadiazine (SUL) in corrosion products induced upregulation of QS and EPS-related genes, which promoted bacteria carrying different ARGs growth in biofilms, inducing more microbial risks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 120822"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71435605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive assessment of toxicity and environmental risk associated with sulfamethoxazole biodegradation in sulfur-mediated biological wastewater treatment","authors":"Huiqun Zhang ,&nbsp;Haoting Quan ,&nbsp;Shiliu Song ,&nbsp;Lianpeng Sun ,&nbsp;Hui Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Incomplete mineralization of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in wastewater treatment systems poses a threat to ecological health. The toxicity and environmental risk associated with SMX biodegradation in the sulfur-mediated biological process were examined for the first time through a long-term (180 days) bioreactor study and a series of bioassays. The results indicated that the sulfur-mediated biological system was highly resistant and tolerant to SMX toxicity, as evidenced by the enrichment of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), the improved microbial metabolic activity, and the excellent performance on pollutants removal under long-term SMX exposure. SMX can be effectively biodegraded by the cleavage and rearrangement of the isoxazole ring, hydrogenation and hydroxylation reactions in sulfur-mediated biological wastewater system. These biodegradation pathways effectively reduced the acute toxicity, antibacterial activity, and ecotoxicities of SMX and its biotransformation products (TPs) in the effluent of the sulfur-mediated biological system. The TPs produced via hydrogenation (TP1), hydroxylation, and isoxazole ring cleavage (TP3, TP4, TP5, TP8, and TP9) exhibited lower toxicity than SMX. Under SMX stress, although the abundance of sulfonamide resistance genes increased, the total abundance of ARGs decreased due to the extrusion of some intracellular SMX by the efflux pump genes and the inactivation of some SMX through the biodegradation process. Efflux pump and inactivation, as the main resistance mechanisms of antibiotics in the sulfur-mediated biological system, play a crucial role in microbial self-defense. The findings of this study demonstrate the great potential of the sulfur-mediated biological system in SMX removal, detoxication, and ARGs environmental risk reduction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 120753"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49688203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of halogenated organic compounds by the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: A critical review","authors":"Shixi Wu ,&nbsp;Manabu Fujii ,&nbsp;Xin Yang ,&nbsp;Qing-Long Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Halogenated organic compounds (HOCs), widely present in various environments, are generally formed by natural processes (<em>e.g</em>., photochemical halogenation) and anthropogenic activities (<em>e.g</em>., water disinfection and anthropogenic discharge of HOCs), posing health and environmental risks. Therefore, in-depth knowledge of the molecular composition, transformation, and fate of HOCs is crucial to regulate and reduce their formation. Because of the extremely complex nature of HOCs and their precursors, the molecular composition of HOCs remains largely unknown. The Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) offers the most powerful resolution and mass accuracy for the simultaneous molecular-level characterization of HOCs and their precursors. However, there is still a paucity of reviews regarding the comprehensive characterization of HOCs by FT-ICR MS. Based on the FT-ICR MS, the formation mechanism, sample pretreatment, and analysis methods were summarized for two typical HOCs classes, namely halogenated disinfection byproducts and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in this review. Moreover, we have highlighted data analysis methods and some typical applications of HOCs using FT-ICR MS and proposed suggestions for current issues. This review will deepen our understanding of the chemical characterization of HOCs and their formation mechanisms and transformation at the molecular level in aquatic systems, facilitating the application of the state-of-the-art FT-ICR MS in environmental and geochemical research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 120694"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41187463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging electro-driven technologies for phosphorus enrichment and recovery from wastewater: A review","authors":"Yunfei He ,&nbsp;Ao Gong ,&nbsp;Augustina Osabutey ,&nbsp;Tie Gao ,&nbsp;Noor Haleem ,&nbsp;Xufei Yang ,&nbsp;Peng Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The recovery of phosphorus from wastewater is a critical step in addressing the scarcity of phosphorus resources. Electro-driven technologies for phosphorus enrichment have gathered significant attention due to their inherent advantages, such as mild operating conditions, absence of secondary pollution, and potential integration with other technologies. This study presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the field of phosphorus enrichment, with a specific focus on capacitive deionization and electrodialysis technologies. It highlights the underlying principles and effectiveness of electro-driven techniques for phosphorus enrichment while systematically comparing energy consumption, enrichment rate, and concentration factor among different technologies. Furthermore, the study provides a thorough analysis of the capacity of various technologies to selectively enrich phosphorus and proposes several methods and strategies to enhance selectivity. These insights offer valuable guidance for advancing the future development of electrochemical techniques with enhanced efficiency and effectiveness in phosphorus enrichment from wastewater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 120699"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41187480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alkaline chlorination of drinking water: A trade-off between genotoxicity control and trihalomethane formation","authors":"Chao Fang ,&nbsp;Wenyuan Yang ,&nbsp;Nannan Lu ,&nbsp;Rong Xiao ,&nbsp;Zhenqi Du ,&nbsp;Qi Wang ,&nbsp;Wenhai Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The pH of chlorination is an important factor affecting the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this study, we discovered that the genotoxicity induced by chlorination can be effectively reduced under alkaline conditions. As the pH of chlorination increased from 6.5 to 8.5, the genotoxicity of investigated waters reduced by ∼30–90 %. By assessing the genotoxicity of the mixture of measured DBPs, it was found that the contribution of measured DBPs to the overall genotoxicity was lower than 5 %, and the significant reduction of genotoxicity was largely associated with unknown DBPs. The result of Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that humified organics and soluble microbial byproducts were likely responsible for the genotoxicity, and their derived genotoxic compounds (i.e., unknown DBPs) tended to decompose during alkaline chlorination. However, the control of genotoxicity by alkaline chlorination was achieved at the expense of promoting trihalomethane (THM) formation. The highest genotoxicity reduction (93 %) was observed for chlorinated granular activated carbon-treated waters, but the formation of THMs was promoted to a level approaching that in untreated waters. The inconsistent trend of overall genotoxicity and THM concentration during alkaline chlorination suggested the inadequacy of THMs as metric for DBP exposure, and considerations should also be given to the toxicity of bulk water in addition to regulated DBPs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 120692"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50165290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustained activation of persulfate by slow release of Fe(II) from silica-coated nanosized zero-valent iron for in situ chemical oxidation","authors":"Minjoo Song ,&nbsp;Quoc Bien Nguyen ,&nbsp;Cheolyong Kim ,&nbsp;Inseong Hwang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sustained activation of persulfate through the slow release of Fe(II) from silica-coated nanosized zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles (nZVI@SiO₂<span>) was investigated. Slow release of Fe(II) prevented radical scavenging by excess Fe(II) and increased the radical yield, which improved the stoichiometric efficiency of phenol degradation. Sulfate and hydroxyl radicals were found to be the main oxidative species produced during phenol degradation and were found to make comparable contributions to oxidation. The nZVI@SiO</span>₂ particle silica shell thickness controlled the release of Fe(II) and therefore the sustained activation of persulfate and was strongly affected by the synthesis conditions, including the [Si]/[Fe] ratio and silica supply rate. Optimal sustained phenol degradation was achieved when nZVI@SiO₂<span> particles were synthesized using a [Si]/[Fe] ratio of 0.5 and a tetraethyl orthosilicate supply rate of 0.5 mL/min, and this was attributed to the nZVI@SiO</span>₂ particles giving an optimal Fe(II) release rate and therefore a high persulfate activation rate and a high phenol removal efficiency. Sustained persulfate activation induced by Fe(II) being slowly released was described well by single-stage first-order kinetics rather than two-stage first-order kinetics typical of unmodified nZVI/persulfate systems. Persulfate was found still to be activated by iron (oxyhydr)oxides minerals after the nZVI@SiO₂ particles had been exhausted but the persulfate sustained activation induced by the slow release of Fe(II) played a crucial role in determining the overall degradation efficiency. The results highlight the importance of the slow release of Fe(II) from nZVI-based materials for in situ chemical oxidation through sustained persulfate activation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 120715"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49672861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}