Water Research最新文献

{"title":"Reaction kinetics of organic sulfur compounds with ozone in aqueous phase","authors":"Simon A. Rath, Maria Lia Halder, Urs von Gunten","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124649","url":null,"abstract":"Sulfur functional groups are abundant in natural organic compounds, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Kinetic data of their aqueous reaction with ozone is only available for a very small set of compounds and sometimes contradictory, making predictions on their fate during ozonation processes difficult. Therefore, second-order rate constants <em>k</em>_O₃ were determined for 37 sulfur-containing compounds and trends in reactivity were identified. For the determination of <em>k</em>_O₃ via competition kinetics, aldicarb was established as pH-independent competitor (<em>k</em>_O₃=1.0 × 10⁶M⁻¹s⁻¹). Sulfides (thioethers) react very fast with ozone (<em>k</em>_O₃≈2 × 10⁶M⁻¹s⁻¹). Exceptions are sulfides, which are π-conjugated to electron-withdrawing groups (e.g., thiocarbamates, <em>k</em>_O₃≈10⁰−10³M⁻¹s⁻¹), and β-lactam antibiotics (<em>k</em>_O₃≈10³M⁻¹s⁻¹), which are deactivated to different degrees. Thiols exhibit pH-dependent reactivities, though the dependency is much smaller than previously reported, ranging from <em>k</em>_O₃+SH≈10⁴M⁻¹s⁻¹ to <em>k</em>_O₃+S⁻≈10⁶M⁻¹s⁻¹, but an unprecedented pH-dependency is observed. A deactivating effect of neighboring groups renders the reactivity of the disulfide cystine and similar compounds pH-dependent (<em>k</em>_O₃(pH3)≈10²M⁻¹s⁻¹, <em>k</em>_O₃(pH7)≈10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹) while disulfides without acidic functional groups exhibit pH-independent reactivity (<em>k</em>_O₃≈2 × 10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹). Further oxidized functional groups like sulfoxides or thiosulfinate esters are unreactive (<em>k</em>_O₃≈10⁰−10¹M⁻¹s⁻¹), but sulfinates are very susceptible to ozonation (<em>k</em>_O₃≈2 × 10⁶M⁻¹s⁻¹). A definitive explanation for this difference is still lacking. For non-<em>N</em>-alkylated isothiazolones, an unexpected pH-dependency is observed, similar to cysteines. The reactivity at pH 7 differs by 4 orders of magnitude, whether or not <em>N</em>-alkylated (<em>k</em>_O₃≈10²M⁻¹s⁻¹, <em>k</em>_O₃≈10⁶M⁻¹s⁻¹, respectively). Overall, the data presented provides novel insights into the ozone reactivity of sulfur compounds as a basis for a better assessment of their fate during ozonation.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145127895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Separating the horizontal advection component from field-measured suspended sediment concentration profiles","authors":"Zixi Zhao ,&nbsp;Shaotong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinran Wu ,&nbsp;Yao Jin ,&nbsp;Lulu Qiao ,&nbsp;Guangxue Li ,&nbsp;Sanzhong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The one-dimensional vertical diffusion-settling (1DV) model is a classical tool for analyzing sediment dynamics. However, it assumes that horizontal advection effects are negligible, making it effective for sandy coasts with strong vertical mixing but unsuitable for fine-grained sediments. Existing methods for separating advection effects rely on costly experimental techniques or physical process-based models, limiting their practicality. To overcome this challenge, this study introduces a data-driven approach based on dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), making it possible to separate horizontal advection components while reducing the complexity of the modeling process. By applying the DMD method hierarchically, three distinct components were reconstructed from the measured SSC profiles: (1) Profile I, representing the combined effect of storm-induced vertical mixing and background concentration; (2) Profile II, corresponding to tidal resuspension associated with the M2 tide; and (3) Profile III, representing horizontal advection driven by the M2 tide. The relative variance contribution rate (RVCR) of these profiles was analyzed throughout the study period, revealing that during storm events, Profile I dominated SSC variations, with a peak contribution of 98.7%. As the storm intensity weakened, the contribution of Profile I gradually declined, while that of Profile II increased. After the storm dissipated, Profile II became the dominant component controlling fine-grained SSC variations, reaching a maximum RVCR of 70.9%. The RVCR of Profile III remained below 2% during the storm period but increased following the storm, with a maximum of 7.8% observed throughout the study period. The reconstructed total SSC profiles exhibit high accuracy, with 83.7% of RMSE values below 0.3 g/L, validating the effectiveness of the proposed method. This study successfully separates horizontal advection components from observed SSC profiles using a data-driven decomposition method, providing technical support for extending the 1DV model to silty coasts and offering a new approach for analyzing sediment transport dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 124630"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145116759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of ionic surfactant contaminants on polystyrene-air bubble interactions for microplastics removal from wastewater","authors":"Pouria Amani,&nbsp;Mahshid Firouzi","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics are pervasive environmental pollutant, creating an urgent need for effective removal from aquatic systems. Froth flotation has recently gained attention as a promising, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technique for microplastic (MP) removal. However, flotation performance depends on bubble–particle interactions, which can be profoundly altered by surfactants which are widespread in municipal and industrial wastewaters. Despite their constant presence, no systematic studies have examined how surfactant adsorption onto MPs and air bubbles affects these interactions. In this work, we assess how two ionic wastewater surfactants: anionic sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) and cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) affect the surface characteristics of virgin and photo-aged polystyrene (PS) microplastics, and how they impact the efficacy of sodium oleate (NaOL) as a flotation collector. We demonstrate that MP aging and surfactant adsorption strongly change surface wettability and thereby bubble–particle attachment. Although NaOL effectively can restore the hydrophobicity of aged MPs in clean systems, its effectiveness declines markedly with increasing SDBS or CTAB concentration. These results reveal a complex interplay among MP surface properties, surfactant contamination, and collector performance, highlighting the need to consider the adverse impacts of wastewater surfactants when developing flotation-based MP removal strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 124664"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145116760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heightened Threat of Aged Microplastics in Constructed Wetlands: Impacts on Nitrogen Cycles and Greenhouse Gas Emissions","authors":"Shiwen Zhang, Shengxuan Huang, Huijun Xie, Haiming Wu, Zhen Hu, Linlan Zhuang, Jian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124660","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastics (MPs) could significantly affect the pollutant treatment performance of constructed wetlands (CWs). However, the impact of aged MPs on nitrogen (N) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within CWs remains limited. This study utilized fibrous MPs, which were widely distributed in wetlands, as representative MPs to explore the effects of different concentrations and aging behaviors of MPs on N–transformation and GHG emissions. The results revealed that high–concentration aged MPs reduced the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria while promoting the abundance of nitrate–reducing bacteria, leading to a decrease in NH₄⁺-N removal (12.85%) and an increase in NO₃⁻-N removal (39.44%). Furthermore, MPs entered plants through their cell walls, affecting plant growth and inducing oxidative stress, thereby reducing the plants ability to absorb N. Additionally, high–concentration aged MPs enhanced the emission of N₂O and CH₄ by altering the enzymatic activities and functional genes associated with N and C transformation, while inhibiting CO₂ emission. These findings emphasize that the accumulation and aging of MPs within substrate could significantly influence the operation and pollutants removal performance of CWs.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145127873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collaborative Catalysis of Single Atoms and Atomic Clusters as Dual Sites for Confined Peroxymonosulfate Activation to Coordinate Radical and Singlet Oxygen Pathways","authors":"Mengdi Zhao, Zibo Xu, Xiaoguang Duan, Nigel J.D. Graham, Hua Zhong, Daniel C.W. Tsang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124655","url":null,"abstract":"Single-atom catalysts have attracted tremendous research interest in advanced oxidation water treatment, while their efficiency and recyclability were restricted by speciation. Deliberate manipulation of single-atom (SAs) accumulation and distribution to tune the catalyst efficiency and route constitutes an area of great interest but a challenging pursuit. Here, we developed a series of novel spherical porous carbon materials from biomass waste with a three-dimensional distribution of Fe. Fe SAs and atomic clusters (ACs) are simultaneously formed in catalysts, and their distribution from the outer surface to the inner core varies with pyrrolic N content. The cooperation of SAs and ACs serves as a pair of redox sites linked with graphitic carbon to coordinate the electron circulation with peroxymonosulfate (PMS), generating radical and singlet oxygen for antibiotic degradation. The confined environment and the cooperation of dual sites perpendicular to the carbon plane were first reported, which enhanced the generation of reactive species. These advantages afforded efficient degradation (up to 229% improved in kinetics and 133% improved in degradation) with heightened recyclability (up to 150% improved) compared to surface-doped SAs or ACs-dominated catalyst. Furthermore, this approach achieved efficient utilization of atomic metal sites compared to previously documented metal-based ADCs. This study reveals the synergy of SAs and ACs in a confined environment for cyclic electron transfer and inspires a new version for designing atomically dispersed Fe within the 3D structure for advanced water decontamination.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145116763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of enhanced strategies for nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands: from design, influencing factors to full-scale applications and challenges","authors":"Tongtong Liu, Guohong Liu, Ye Qiu, Jiajie Zhou, Jiannan Li, Jun Ma, Yujie Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124662","url":null,"abstract":"Enhanced N removal from water bodies has always been a research hotspot, as excessive nitrogen discharge will lead to eutrophication and causing a threat to aquatic ecosystems. An effective ecological technology, constructed wetlands (CWs) have been used to undertake the task of deep-level nitrogen (N) removal from various types of wastewaters. However, due to the lack of electron donors and an unsuitable dissolved oxygen environment, the biological N removal process in CWs is usually limited. Therefore, numerous strategies for enhanced N removal in CWs have been developed; But these studies are mainly focus on the performance in lab-scale systems. A comprehensive summary of removal mechanisms, advantages and disadvantages, influencing factors, and the applications status of these strategies in full-scale systems remains insufficient. This paper reviews different strategies applied for the intensifications of N removal in CWs, including the utilization of emerged substrates, bioaugmented CWs, the optimization of configurations and operation modes, and the combination with bioelectrochemical systems. It focuses on the strengthening mechanisms, major influencing factors, applications and challenges in full-scale CWs. Compared to the traditional CWs, nitrogen removal efficiency can be significantly improved in enhanced CWs with emerged substrates, bioaugmented CW and coupled system. But their broad applications in full-scale systems are hindered by several drawbacks, including the high cost, potential secondary pollutions (e.g. excessive effluent chromaticity, high pH levels) and uncertainty in long-term relative effectiveness. The optimization of configurations and operation modes in CWs, which are the most commonly used in full-scale CWs, does not appear to be consistently effective for enhanced N removal because of the complex operation conditions. In the future researches, special emphases of enhanced N strategies in CWs should be given to the reasonable structural design, simplicity and economy of enhanced strategies, and no secondary pollutions.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145116762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental stage-dependent carrier effects of nanoplastics on PFOS bioaccumulation and toxicity in zebrafish: Insights from toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic perspective","authors":"Jiayu Ma,&nbsp;Ning Gao,&nbsp;Xiang Yuan,&nbsp;Lanpeng Yang,&nbsp;Lin Zhu,&nbsp;Jianfeng Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The long-term coexistence of nanoplastics (NPs) and persistent pollutants like perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in aquatic ecosystems necessitates an understanding of their combined effects on organisms across different life stages. Here, a toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TK-TD) framework was employed to elucidate life stage-dependent mechanisms of NPs-PFOS interactions in zebrafish. At the embryonic stage (0–48 h), the presence of NPs reduced PFOS accumulation by decreasing its bioavailability, consequently mitigating hatching suppression relative to PFOS exposure alone. Conversely, at the larval stage (72–168 h), combined exposure significantly increased PFOS accumulation and exacerbated multilevel toxic effects, including oxidative stress, metabolic dysregulation, disruption of circadian/visual/nervous pathways, and ultimately behavioral deficits (e.g., abnormal swimming). Using the TK model, we quantified the bioaccumulation kinetics modulated by NPs in zebrafish during the embryonic and larval stages. The Bayesian benchmark dose (BBMD) model based on internal concentration indicated no significant alteration of the PFOS dose-response relationship by NPs, implying that the carrier effect of NPs was the primary mechanism driving life stage-specific outcomes. These findings highlight the necessity of investigating life stage-specific risks for NPs-contaminant co-exposure, where NPs transition from toxicity mitigators in embryos to toxicity amplifiers in larvae mediated by carrier effects, as quantified by the TK-TD perspective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 124658"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145116761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methane concentration dynamics and association with dissolved carbon in different small artificial waterbodies: Implications for origin and emission","authors":"Mingzhe Guo ,&nbsp;Wei Tang ,&nbsp;Guangyao Zhao ,&nbsp;Cheng Song ,&nbsp;Hong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Small artificial waterbodies (SAWs) are significant hotspots for methane (CH₄) emissions. Recent findings on CH₄ production by phytoplankton via autotrophic pathways in oxic water columns have expanded the conceptual framework of surface water CH₄ sources beyond the traditional heterotrophic pathways in anaerobic sediments. However, the mechanisms regulating CH₄ concentrations (CCH₄) in SAWs under this revised framework remain unclear. To assess the respective roles of autotrophic (dissolved inorganic carbon, DIC-driven) and heterotrophic (dissolved organic carbon, DOC-driven) pathways in driving CCH₄ across SAW types, we conducted a two-year field study during algal bloom periods in 26 SAWs, including recreational waterbodies (RWs), agricultural waterbodies (AWs), and semi-intensive aquaculture waterbodies (SIAWs). Results indicate that CCH₄ mean levels differed significantly among RWs (0.66 μmol L⁻¹), AWs (0.83 μmol L⁻¹), and SIAWs (0.38 μmol L⁻¹), corresponding to different aquatic ecosystem characteristics. In RWs and SIAWs, where humic-like substances accounted for 53.98 % and 57.27 % (means) of dissolved organic matter (DOM), respectively, CCH₄ was directly driven by DIC. In contrast, AWs, with a lower proportion of humic-like substances (mean: 43.87 %), exhibited more frequent instances of exceptionally high methane emission fluxes values—estimated using the static chamber method—likely due to ebullition from sediments, with CCH₄ was directly driven by DOC. DOM characteristics serves as a common indirect influencing factor on CCH₄. These results highlight the direct role of the phytoplankton methane production pathway in driving CCH₄ with a high degree of DOM degradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 124659"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145116807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Derivation of hexachlorocyclohexane toxicity thresholds for assessing ecological risks in the surface waters of China","authors":"Jiawei Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuqun Ye ,&nbsp;Zefan Wang ,&nbsp;Wen Sun ,&nbsp;Jiji Li ,&nbsp;Xiangli Dong ,&nbsp;Mikhail B. Shilin ,&nbsp;Ekaterina O. Leonteva ,&nbsp;Mukanov Yerbolat Nakhypovich ,&nbsp;Chengkai Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) being prohibited for a long time in China, they still generally exist in the surface waters and pose a constant threat to aquatic organisms. We retrieved a total of 108 available published literature to assess their ecological risks in the surface waters of China, involving rivers, lakes, and seas. Most of the collected data measured quantifiable HCHs, with the detection rate exceeding 85.0 % for all individual HCHs. A model-averaging species sensitivity distribution (SSD) was constructed to derive the water-quality thresholds of HCHs based on various toxicity endpoints. The results showed that the mortality-based predict no-effect concentration (PNEC) was estimated to be 16.3 and 22.8 <em>μ</em>g/L for <em>α</em>-HCH and <em>β</em>-HCH, respectively; The growth-based PNEC at 0.022 <em>μ</em>g/L was proposed as the aquatic life criteria of <em>γ</em>-HCH. A certain percentage of aquatic species may face the adverse ecological effect of <em>γ</em>-HCH, with values of potential affected fraction ranging from 0.02 % to 4.76 %. The results of the probabilities of distribution-based quotient (DBQ) exceeding 1/25 showed that the risk of exposure to <em>γ</em>-HCH in the lakes was higher than those in the rivers and sea. The potential-risk sites were mainly located in Yangtze River Basin, Yellow River Basin, Pearl River Basin, and Huaihe River Basin, which belong to the traditional agricultural areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 124651"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145116809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating ecosystem service supply-demand dynamics into watershed management: A novel framework for quantifying water purification services","authors":"Lei Tan ,&nbsp;Guishan Yang ,&nbsp;Qing Zhu ,&nbsp;Rongrong Wan ,&nbsp;Jun Li ,&nbsp;Hengpeng Li ,&nbsp;Bing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of water purification service (WPS) supply-demand mismatches is critical for developing effective watershed management strategies to safeguard downstream water quality in lakes and reservoirs. However, developing a generalizable framework to quantify these complex supply-demand dynamics presents methodological challenges that currently constrain effective water quality management. In the study, we developed a novel framework that quantifies the dynamic WPS supply-demand relationship. By coupling long-term water quality monitoring data with hydrological modeling and random forest algorithms, the framework quantifies the WPS supply capacities of each upstream subbasin and the WPS demand of lakes and reservoirs. We applied this new framework to a critical drinking water source watershed in eastern China. Results showed that (1) Upstream ecosystems retained substantial total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) for the downstream reservoir, intercepting an average of 6.80 × 10⁶ kg TN and 2.57 × 10⁶ kg TP annually, and the supply varied among years, seasons, and subbasins. (2) On the demand side, 14.7 % and 32.4 % reductions in TN and TP loads of the downstream reservoir were required. (3) Temporal mismatches between supply and demand were revealed, with 65 % of TN mismatches concentrated in March-May, and 71 % of TP mismatches occurring in July, March, and June. We recommend spatially targeted conservation measures and temporally adaptive management strategies for optimizing WPS supply-demand balance. Our framework provides an effective method for giving information to targeted watershed management by resolving spatiotemporal disparities of WPS supply and demand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 124657"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145116810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}