Water Research最新文献

{"title":"Conversion of coastal wetlands to paddy fields substantially decreases methane oxidation potential and methanotrophic abundance on the eastern coast of China","authors":"Yuling Yang, Weiqi Wang, Qinan Hu, Xiaochen Yao, Wangting Yang, Sile Wen, Haikun Wu, Jinghao Jin, Lidong Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.122962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122962","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal wetland ecosystems play a key role in the global carbon cycle and climate mitigation. The land conversion of coastal wetlands to paddy fields, an increasingly common practice to feed the growing population, has been shown to dramatically stimulate the methane emissions of (CH₄). However, the knowledge about how such wetland conversion affects the methane oxidation, a key process regulating methane emissions from coastal wetlands, is nearly unknown. In this study, a space-for-time substitution method was employed to investigate the impact of the conversion of coastal wetlands (dominated by <em>Phragmites</em> or mangrove (<em>Kandelia</em> and <em>Bruguiera</em>)) to paddy fields on the methane oxidation process on the eastern coast of China. Our results showed that the average CH₄ oxidation potential in the converted paddy soils significantly reduced by 28.4% and 29.3%, respectively, and the average abundance of methanotrophic <em>pmo</em>A gene decreased by 77.1% and 81.9%, respectively, compared to the original <em>Phragmites</em> and mangrove soils. Significant changes in the methanotrophic community composition were also found after converting <em>Phragmites</em> and mangrove wetlands to paddy fields. Structural equation modeling analysis suggested that the land conversion significantly affected the CH₄ oxidation potential by changing the soil physicochemical properties (pH, ammonium content, and nitrate content) and methanotrophic abundance. Overall this study showed significant alterations in CH₄ oxidation potential and community composition and abundance of methanotrophs caused by conversion of coastal wetlands to paddy fields, improving the knowledge of the underlying microbial mechanisms of land conversion on methane emissions.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142804959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of polyamide nanofiltration membranes by free chlorine and halide ions: kinetics, mechanisms, and implications","authors":"Linyan Yang, Haixiang Yu, Huihui Zhao, Caiping Xia, Qinyu Yu, Xueming Chen, Guomin Cao, Lankun Cai, Shujuan Meng, Chuyang Y. Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.122963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122963","url":null,"abstract":"The kinetics of polyamide membrane degradation by free chlorine and halide ions (Br⁻ and Cl⁻) were innovatively evaluated based on physicochemical properties and filtration performance, using water/solute permeability coefficient in addition to bromide incorporation as important indicators. The reaction rate constants for the reduced water and H₃BO₃ permeability coefficient were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher at 0–1 h than 1-10 h. N-bromination and bromination-promoted hydrolysis are dominant degradation mechanisms at 0−1 h (reflected by the breakage of hydrogen bond, the increased Ca binding content, and the increased charge density), and ring-bromination further occurs at 1−10 h (reflected by the disappearance or weakening of aromatic amide band and the nearly constant hydrogen bond). The more reactive but less abundant brominating agents (Br₂O, BrOCl, BrCl, and Br₂) played significant roles in membrane degradation, contradicting the conventional belief that HOBr is the only reactive species. BrCl at pH 4.0 and BrOCl and Br₂O at pH 7.0 made significantly higher contributions to membrane degradation than HOBr (&gt;76% vs. &lt;13%). The increased contribution of BrCl and Br₂ with the increased [Cl⁻] and [Br⁻]_ex (the excess bromide, defined as [Br⁻]_o − [HOCl]_o when [Br⁻]_o &gt; [HOCl]_o), respectively, was responsible for the greater reduction of water permeability coefficient. The innovative and simple approach developed in this study provides important insights to evaluate and predict membrane degradation.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142809870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational simulation of bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of antibiotics mechanisms in aquatic food chain","authors":"Zi-Yi Zheng, Jing-Xuan Zhou, Zhao-Xing Peng, Hong-Gang Ni","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.122951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122951","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous antibiotics have been detected in aquatic ecosystems and induced severe toxic effects on aquatic organisms. However, mechanisms of bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of antibiotics are not adequately discussed, to the best of our knowledge. In this context, the bidirectional selective effect values (BSEV) and trophic transfer efficiency ratio (TTER) of 24 antibiotics in a simulated food chain (<em>Chlorella sorokiniana</em>-<em>Daphnia magna</em>-<em>Danio rerio</em>) were first calculated to mirror the bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Based on estimates above, the multi-output machine learning (ML) models, including K nearest neighbor (KNN), Support vector machine (SVM), Extremely randomized trees (ERT) and Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), were constructed, followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and density functional theory (DFT) calculation to explore the bioaccumulation and biomagnification mechanism. According to our results, sulfonamide antibiotics had greater capacity biomagnification, while <em>β</em>-lactam and tetracycline antibiotics showed opposite results. Meanwhile Cytochromes P450 (CYP450) in <em>Danio rerio</em> played a key role in the food chain. The ERT model exhibited reliable prediction with indicators of R² = 0.816, MAE = 0.039, MSE = 0.003, RMSE = 0.053 and MAPE = 8.923. The <em>AATS5s</em> was identified as the most contributing descriptor. The differences in the atomic composition, structure and binding ability to enzymes of antibiotics lead to the differences in their bioaccumulation. Van der Waals interactions (ΔE_vdw) and non-polar interactions (ΔG_nonpolar) were the main driving energy for the biometabolism capability of antibiotics. Tetracyclines are the most readily biometabolized, whereas sulfonamides are more difficult to biometabolize due to their low binding capacity and low reactivity.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142804921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Porous polyurethane biocarriers could enhance system nitrification resilience under high organic loading by retaining key functional bacteria","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.122950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122950","url":null,"abstract":"Resilience to increasing organic loading rates (OLRs) is the key to maintaining stable performance in treating industrial wastewater. First, this stud…","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142797629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The functional dominance and metabolic diversity of comammox Nitrospira in recirculating aquaculture systems","authors":"Zimin Chai, Zhichao Tian, Maosheng Zheng, Bowen Wang, Yunlong Li, Jiaqi Cui, Feng Ju, Junfeng Niu, Jianhua Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.122949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122949","url":null,"abstract":"As a newly discovered group of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms, complete ammonia oxidizing (comammox) <em>Nitrospira</em> has been widely found in various oligotrophic ecosystems. However, their activity and ecological niche is still unclear in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). This study aimed to compare the abundance and activity of comammox <em>Nitrospira</em>, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), and elucidate metabolic versatility of comammox <em>Nitrospira</em> in RAS. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) results showed that either comammox <em>Nitrospira</em> or AOB numerically predominated, while comammox <em>Nitrospira</em> and AOA shared similar low ammonia niches. Specifically, DNA-based stable isotope probing in conjunction with high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed that comammox <em>Nitrospira</em> accounted for 79.1%, 97.5%, 91.9% and 97.6% in the active ammonia-oxidizing community in four selected typical samples representing high abundance of comammox, AOA, and AOB, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of heavy fraction DNA further identified novel comammox species from <em>Nitrospira nitrificans</em> cluster and clade A.2 acting as active species in different freshwater aquariums. Moreover, metagenome-assembled genome analysis revealed them as novel species with stress resistance and metabolic diversity compared with known comammox <em>Nitrospira</em>. This study underscores the dominant role of comammox <em>Nitrospira</em> as active ammonia-oxidizers in RAS and presents two novel comammox MAGs with metabolic flexibility, enriching our understanding of the nitrification process in oligotrophic artificial ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142797633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mg²⁺ and Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (MAP)-Induced Anammox Granulation for Comparable Nitrogen Removal: Implementation Pathways and Microbial Mechanisms","authors":"Huiqun Shi, Xiaoyi Ren, Ruili Yang, Jinsong Wang, Huaihao Xu, Xinqing Liao, Yaoyin Lou, Shaohua Chen, Xin Ye, Xiaojun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.122954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122954","url":null,"abstract":"Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process is a highly effective and economic technology for nitrogen removal from wastewater. However, the slow growth of anammox bacteria and sludge flotation often hinder its field application. Ion adsorption and crystal precipitation can potentially promote the sludge granulation and hence address the above issues. This study investigated two approaches to support anammox granulation through Mg²⁺ adsorption and magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) precipitation. Mg²⁺ addition improved the specific anammox activity (SAA) by 4.09 to 4.75-fold compared to MAP-mediated ones, which could be explained by the upregulations of nitrogen and inorganic carbon metabolisms. The active extracellular polymeric substances generation at metabolites level may also favor the granulation in Mg²⁺-mediated anammox. However, sludge loss halted the continuous size increase of sludge. Differently, MAP promoted granulation by physically increasing the granular density, which allowed for a greater retention of sludge within the reactor. However, the co-growth of MAP precipitates with anammox may lead to mass transfer limitations, resulting in down-regulated gene expressions and metabolites in inorganic carbon metabolism, which negatively impacted the SAA. Overall, both strategies achieved comparable nitrogen removal capacities. Nevertheless, the co-growth of MAP and anammox was promising for effectively mitigating sludge flotation. Our study provided strategies and omics-based evidences for anammox granulation and activity variations, benefiting anammox practical applications.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142797632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fate of wastewater trace organic chemicals in vegetated biofiltration systems","authors":"Kefeng Zhang, Lihao Yuan, Ana Deletic, Veljko Prodanovic","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.122953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122953","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetated biofiltration system (VBS) is an effective green technology for urban stormwater and greywater treatment. However, VBS is yet to be optimised for effective treatment of wastewater, particularly if it contains trace organic chemicals (TrOCs). The effect of plant species has not been addressed under TrOC wastewater loading. This study tested and evaluated the effectiveness of VBS over a one-year period in removing six TrOCs commonly found in wastewater, namely Caffeine (CAF), Paracetamol (PCM), Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), N diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), Bisphenol A (BPA) and Ibuprofen (IBU). Eleven VBS configurations were tested in a year-long laboratory column study to explore the role of seven different plant species (with differing characteristic), varied soil media depths, and soil characteristics, on the fate of TrOCs in the systems. The effect of different operational conditions (<em>e.g.,</em> dosing volume and regime) on removal efficiency was investigated. The results indicated VBS was able to maintain a high removal rate (&gt;95%) of CAF, BPA, and IBU throughout the experiment, followed by PCM (&gt;79%), SMX (50%-80%), and DEET (&lt;12%). Plant species significantly impacted the removal of SMX and DEET (<em>p&lt;0.05</em>), with <em>C. indica</em> as the best performer. Reducing hydraulic loading rate and decreasing daily dosing volume and frequency contributed positively to the PCM, SMX, and DEET removal rates. Noticeable accumulations of SMX, DEET, and BPA (8.2, 43.1, and 54.5 ng·g-1, respectively) were detected in the filter media, particularly within the saturated zone. Higher chemical concentrations (<em>i.e.,</em> CAF and DEET) were found in plant root tissue than in plant shoot tissue. This study offers valuable insights into VBS's design and operational aspects for removing TrOCs.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142797630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity of Primary vegetation species of lake shore impacts largely carbon emissions in thermokarst lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","authors":"Qian Xu, Cunde Xiao, Liang Zhao, Tingting Xing, Lei Wang, Zhiheng Du, Dongdong Chen, Pengfei Liu, Fangping Yan, Junzhi Liu, Rinat Manasypov, Ji Chen, Yongqin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.122946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122946","url":null,"abstract":"Terrestrial organic matter from surrounding primary vegetation is critical for carbon cycling in thermokarst lakes. However, the characteristics and contribution of this vegetation in shaping microbial community and affecting carbon emissions in thermokarst lakes remain poorly understood. This study quantifies the influence of lakeshore primary vegetation characteristics on microbial community and carbon emissions across lakes with different vegetation types on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Our findings indicate that methane (CH₄) diffusion and ebullition emissions increase significantly from alpine desert (AD), alpine steppe (AS), alpine meadow (AM) to swamp meadow (SM). Specifically, diffusion fluxes in lakes averaged 1.7 mmol m‌‌⁻² d⁻¹ (ranging from 0.04 to 5.7 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹), and ebullition fluxes in lakes averaged 14.5 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ (ranging from 0.18 to 99.1 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹). Carbon dioxide (CO₂) diffusive emissions in SM, AM, AS were significantly higher than AD, with fluxes ranging from -14.12 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ to 51.33 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹. The primary vegetation diversity also showed a significant increase from alpine desert (AD, 3.17 ± 1.33), alpine steppe (AS, 5.33 ± 1.63), alpine meadow (AM, 4.5 ± 1.05) to swamp meadow (SM, 9.2 ± 1.40). Lake shore primary vegetation diversity indirectly enhances CH₄ and CO₂ emissions by altering water pH. Additionally, it influences methane-cycling microorganisms through pH regulation, further promoting CH₄ emissions. Greater vegetation diversity also increases CH₄ emissions by affecting sediment microbial carbon. These results underscore the importance of integrating vegetation diversity and microbial community patterns into carbon cycling models to improve the predictions of thermokarst lake carbon emissions in a warming and greening future, emphasizing the urgent requirement to protect the pristine environments of permafrost regions.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142797635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green walls for greywater treatment: a comprehensive review of operational parameters and climate influence on treatment performance","authors":"A. Galvão, M. Rodrigues, J. Mata, C.M. Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.122948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122948","url":null,"abstract":"Green walls for greywater treatment have emerged as a solution to increase green spaces in densely urbanized areas while providing treated greywater for reuse. Over the past decade, numerous studies have focused on optimizing these systems, though most address specific operational conditions and evaluate a limited set of performance parameters. This review synthesizes the existing literature using a meta-analysis to identify key operational factors and treatment performance metrics. A systematic search was conducted across Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, resulting in the selection of 33 studies. These studies were classified using the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, and a comprehensive database with over 8,500 entries was built to analyse performance of COD, BOD, TOC, TSS, NH₄⁺, TN, TP, and bacteriological parameters across different climate zones. Results revealed performance variations across climate zones, with temperate climates outperforming dry regions. Regression equations between areal mass load and removal efficiency are proposed as design guidelines, and recommendations are made regarding optimal filling media. Additionally, for specific reuse applications, the inclusion of a disinfection unit is advised to meet microbiological quality standards.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142797634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Feasible Regulation Strategy for Conjugation of Antibiotic Resistance Genes Based on Different Bacterial Quorum Sensing Inhibition Methods","authors":"Chen-Yi Jiang, Xiao-Chi Feng, Hong-Tao Shi, Shu-Hong Gao, Wen-Qian Wang, Zi-Jie Xiao, Nan-Qi Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2024.122958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122958","url":null,"abstract":"The dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) poses global environmental issues, and plasmid-mediated conjugation contributes substantially to the spread of ARGs. Quorum sensing (QS), an important cell–cell communication system that coordinates group behaviors, has potential as a feasible regulation pathway to inhibit the conjugation process. We examined the promoting effects of QS signal on conjugation, and this study is the first to report that QS inhibitors 2(3H)-benzofuranone and acylase I effectively repressed conjugation frequency of RP4 plasmid to 0.32- and 0.13-fold compared with the control respectively. The investigation of underlying mechanisms of QS inhibitors revealed a significant decrease in cellular contact and the formation of transfer channels. The downregulation of <em>sdiA</em> gene regulating the expression of QS signal receptor contribute to conjugation inhibition. Importantly, the expression of genes related to the formation of conjugative pili, which plays a role in plasmid mating bridge formation was downregulated, indicating QS inhibitors affect conjugation mainly through regulation of the mating pair formation system. Furthermore, 2(3H)-benzofuranone and acylase I achieved 84.07% and 66.05% inhibitory effect on plasmid spread in activated sludge reactors. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the feasibility of using different bacteria quorum quenching methods to control the spread of ARGs.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142804961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}