Water Research最新文献

{"title":"Dispersed Alkaline Substrate passive treatment technology for highly contaminated acid mine drainage: 20 years of successful application","authors":"Rafael León, Ricardo Millán-Becerro, Francisco Macías, Carlos R. Cánovas, Carmen M. Neculita, Carlos Ayora, José Miguel Nieto","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124683","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past two decades, Dispersed Alkaline Substrate technology (DAS) has emerged as a highly effective passive approach to treating acid mine drainage with extreme acidity and metal loading. By mixing alkaline materials - such as limestone, magnesia, barium carbonate or industrial by-products - into an inert wood-chip matrix, DAS systems maintain high porosity and neutralization capacity without rapidly clogging. This treatment technology has evolved from laboratory trials to pilot and full-scale field testing, using multi-step systems integrated with Natural Fe-Oxidizing Lagoons (NFOL) for pre-oxidation, which have demonstrated their long-term effectiveness for acidity and metal removal. The sustainability and applicability of the process has been improved by the search for new reagents (e.g. MgO for divalent metals removal, BaCO₃ for sulfate removal, wood ash or calcite-rich waste for cost reduction). Field trials in diverse regions - from the Iberian pyrite belt to South Africa, Canada, South America, Asia, Europe and Oceania - report net acid removal often exceeding 95% and near complete retention of metal(loid)s such as Al, Cu, Zn, Pb and As. Mineralogical analyses indicate that contaminants precipitate primarily as hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, and sulfates (e.g., schwertmannite, basaluminite, barite), allowing targeted valorization of metal-rich sludges. Remaining challenges include assessing long-term reagent life under variable hydrological conditions, extending full-scale use to phosphogypsum and other industrial leachates, and developing strategies for residue stabilization and resource recovery. The aim of this review is to synthesise these developments, assess current performance and identify future research needs for the advancement of passive DAS treatment technology.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"289 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145140971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RiSIM: River surface image monitoring software for quantifying floating macroplastic transport","authors":"Tomoya Kataoka ,&nbsp;Takushi Yoshida ,&nbsp;Kenji Sasaki ,&nbsp;Yoshinori Kosuge ,&nbsp;Yoshihiro Suzuki ,&nbsp;Tim H.M. van Emmerik","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable and continuous plastic monitoring in rivers is essential for quantifying plastic flux and guiding mitigation efforts. One effective strategy for observing floating plastic transport is image-based monitoring using deep learning models. We developed river surface image monitoring software (RiSIM) to quantify floating macroplastic transport through three core processes: (1) a template matching algorithm, which identifies matching areas in a frame that resemble a template given in the previous frame; (2) deep learning models for plastic detection, classification, and object tracking; and (3) the evaluation of plastic transport rate in terms of both quantity and mass. The RiSIM-derived plastic transport rates were validated through a mark-release-recapture experiment and <em>in-situ</em> visual observation under both non-flood and flood conditions. The temporal variability and composition of the plastic transport rate in terms of quantity and mass were in good agreement with the ground truth data (r = 0.91 and 0.80, respectively). And also, it remained valuable for capturing the temporal variability in plastic transport rate (r = 0.87) via the comparison with <em>in-situ</em> visual observation, indicating that the RiSIM is valuable for assessing the increase in plastic transport rate due to a flood event. In fact, we found a significant relationship (<em>r</em>² = 0.36 for quantity; <em>r</em>² = 0.27 for mass) between daily-mean plastic transport rates and river discharge during flood events over four months. Accordingly, the RiSIM, as a near-field remote sensing technology, is a powerful tool for quantifying plastic transport and managing mis-managed plastic waste in river environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 124678"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct roles of granules and flocs in aerobic granular sludge processes","authors":"Ling-Hang Li, Martin Pabst, Mark C.M. van Loosdrecht, Mario Pronk","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124671","url":null,"abstract":"Aerobic Granular Sludge (AGS) is an innovative and efficient biotechnology for wastewater treatment and is successfully applied on full-scale worldwide. Full-scale municipal AGS systems typically contain both granular sludge (granules) and flocculent sludge (flocs). Studies on the different roles of granules and flocs fractions are limited. In this study, a laboratory-scale AGS reactor fed with complex synthetic wastewater was operated to simulate full-scale AGS systems and to study the different roles of granules and flocs. The laboratory reactor achieved a coexistence of granules and flocs with a floc mass fraction of 17%. Activities of different size fractions were evaluated and compared regarding carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus removal: flocs (FL; &lt;0.2mm), small granules (SG; 0.2∼1.0mm), medium granules (MG; 1.0∼2.0mm), and large granules (LG; &gt;2.0mm). During feeding, large granules and medium granules exhibited more substrate uptake than small granules and flocs due to preferential substrate access. For aerobic conversion, flocs and small granules showed higher biomass-specific nitrification rates, while medium granules and large granules showed higher phosphorus uptake and denitrification capacity. Furthermore, large granules and medium granules showed higher mass transfer limitation of oxygen, which limits their nitrification capability. Microbial community analysis using metagenomics and metaproteomics was performed across size fractions, and distinct communities in granules and flocs were shown. Granules showed a high abundance of <em>Candidatus</em> Accumulibacter (Polyphosphate-accumulating organism, PAO) and <em>Candidatus</em> Competibacter (Glycogen-accumulating organism, GAO). Flocs showed a high abundance of <em>Nitrosomonas</em> (Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria, AOB) and <em>Tetrasphaera</em> (Fermentative PAO) and a low abundance of <em>Ca.</em> Accumulibacter. The distribution of microbial activities and microbial community over sludge size fractions in the laboratory reactor is similar to full-scale AGS systems, indicating that this laboratory setup can simulate full-scale systems and can be used for future research. Overall, this study highlights the importance of maintaining a good balance between different granule sizes and flocs to optimize nutrient removal.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive modeling of membrane lifetime for sustainable management of full-scale membrane bioreactors","authors":"Chenxin Tian, Tianyue Wang, Ruobin Dai, Li Wang, Zhiwei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124676","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate prediction of membrane lifetime remains a critical challenge for the cost-effective and sustainable operation of full-scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for wastewater treatment. In this study, we developed a mathematical model, by integrating Darcy’s law, resistance-in-series theory, and intermediate blocking model, to predict membrane lifetime over multiple operation cycles. Three parameters can be obtained through intra-cycle fitting, including <em>J</em>₀ (initial water permeance), <em>J</em>_ss (steady water permeance) and <em>K</em> (fouling constant). A temperature coefficient was introduced to quantify seasonal effects on membrane water permeance, and irrecoverable fouling resistance served as a bridge linking intra- and inter-cycle permeance variation. The model was calibrated and validated using 7 years of data from a 200,000 m³/day full-scale MBR, achieving high accuracy in predicting water permeance variation. Two replacement strategies were evaluated: a conventional replacement strategy without prediction model (5.5 years) incurred the higher cost ($346,088/tank), while the model-guided replacement strategy (6.9 years) reduced costs by 17.5%. Sensitivity analysis revealed that membrane lifetime was quite sensitive to the fouling rate and irrecoverable foulant accumulation, highlighting the importance of material optimization and effective cleaning strategy. This work provides an interpretable framework for membrane lifetime prediction, enabling operators to optimize replacement timing, identify critical influencing factors and make sustainable membrane management decisions, while also supporting resource-efficient, low-carbon operation and the sustainable transformation of the water sector.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) transport from biosolids-amended soils: An experimental and numerical approach","authors":"Alonso Doria-Manzur ,&nbsp;Evan P. Gray ,&nbsp;Summer S. Streets ,&nbsp;Jennifer L. Guelfo","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) do not mineralize in conventional wastewater treatment processes and accumulate in effluents and biosolids. Land-application of biosolids improves soil health; however, PFAS may leach from applied biosolids posing a threat to underlying groundwater systems. In general, transport mechanisms controlling PFAS leaching from biosolids are not fully understood. In this study, two municipal biosolids were mixed with soil at agricultural loading rates and packed in saturated flow-through columns. Biosolids, biosolids-amended soils (pre- and post-leaching) and column eluants were analyzed via targeted analysis, total oxidizable precursor assay (TOP), and suspect screening. Saturated column results were modeled using HYDRUS 1-D to obtain transport parameters. Resulting parameters were used to simulate long-term leaching of two PFAS under field-relevant conditions. Mass balances in column systems show that the majority of precursors (&gt;65 %) in biosolid-amended soils remained sorbed after flow-through experiments. TOP assay results for column eluants suggested that the small fraction of unknown precursors mobilized in column experiments were short-chain precursors (<span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span>C7). Transport modeling in HYDRUS 1-D demonstrated that PFAS desorption from biosolid-amended soils was rate-limited under saturated conditions. Long-term modeling of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate transport using conditions representative of the upper midwestern United States found aqueous concentrations of 107 and &lt;1 ng/L, respectively, reaching the saturated zone after 40 yrs of annual biosolids applications. This suggests that at some land application sites, best management practices focused on PFAS in municipal biosolids should include multi-pathway exposure analysis, considering the soil to groundwater pathway for more mobile PFAS and shallow soils and porewater, along with processes such as plant uptake, runoff, and tile drainage for less mobile PFAS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 124674"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-shielded antibacterial thin-film composite membrane unifying ROS-mediated biocidal action and thermodynamic anti-adhesion for sustainable cooling water treatment","authors":"Hongzhi Liu,&nbsp;Zi Wang,&nbsp;Hesong Wang,&nbsp;Jiaxuan Yang,&nbsp;Tianyi Wang,&nbsp;Zihan Liu,&nbsp;Han Zhang,&nbsp;Heng Liang,&nbsp;Langming Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To alleviate the global water crisis, membrane technology is widely employed in cooling water reuse processes. However, excessive microbial growth induced by industrial waste heat leads to severe membrane biofouling. This study constructed a customized armor coating composed of tannic acid (TA), copper (Cu), and polyethylenimine (PEI) on a commercial membrane surface via a minimalist approach. The coating achieved superior eradication efficiency (&gt;95 %) against planktonic bacteria through Cu²⁺-catalyzed reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The average adhesion force between the membrane and bacterial coaggregates decreased significantly from 11.5 nN to 7.58 nN following modification. Furthermore, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) components exhibited significantly reduced adhesion propensity on the membrane surface. This is attributed to the robust hydration layer provided by the metal-polyphenol network (MPN), which substantially elevated the membrane's surface energy barrier and adhesion resistance. Long-term synthetic wastewater testing demonstrates that a robust dual-action anti-fouling mechanism ensures highly efficient biofilm suppression capability, effectively extending the lifespan of nanofiltration membranes. This work expands the application of MPN-based materials in the membrane field, providing a minimalist yet highly efficient and innovative paradigm for developing antibacterial membrane surfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 124668"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced full-process method for the quantitative analysis of PFAS in sludge: Robust extraction and matrix effect-minimized method","authors":"Song Li ,&nbsp;Jingwei Yan ,&nbsp;Wanying Zhai ,&nbsp;Wenbo Yu ,&nbsp;Timing Jiang ,&nbsp;Jing Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Bai ,&nbsp;Sha Liang ,&nbsp;Shushan Yuan ,&nbsp;Huabo Duan ,&nbsp;Jiakuan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate quantification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in complex matrices, such as sewage sludge, is an ongoing challenge. To address this issue, a rigorously validated, robust, and efficient method for a wide range of PFAS (48 different species) extraction in sludge was developed. By optimizing liquid-solid ratio (30 mL/g), extracting solvent (methanol ammonia hydroxide (99.5 : 0.5, v/v)), oscillation time (60 min, 300 rpm), and pH of extraction solution (pH = 3) before solid phase extraction, an acceptable recovery (50 %-125 %) of the majority target PFAS (45 of 48) with low relative standard deviation (≤ 16.84 %) was achieved. Compared to currently widely used extraction methods, such as ASTM D2216, a Chinese standard (HJ 1334–2023) and the U.S. EPA method 1633A, the proposed method achieves a 17.3 %-27.6 % increase in the extracted total PFAS concentration for target analysis. Furthermore, it enables the identification of 3 additional PFAS types, thereby enhancing the scope and accuracy of PFAS analysis. During the investigation of matrix effects, despite the higher organic matter content in anaerobically digested sludge (71.8 %) compared to waste activated sludge (46.3 %), the matrix effect in the former was significantly lower during PFAS extraction and detection. This result suggests that unstable organic matter in sludge may primarily contribute to the observed matrix effects. Furthermore, reducing the injection volume during mass spectrometry analysis, diluting samples prior to detection, and applying internal standards correction can effectively mitigate matrix effects. When this method was applied to the analysis of different sludge samples (<em>n</em> = 10), all samples exhibited satisfied recoveries of internal standards within the range of 50 %-150 % except for long-chain ¹³C₂-PFDoA in a sludge sample. Long-chain PFAS, such as PFOA and PFOS, remained the predominant compounds in different sludge. These findings highlight the method’s reliability for complex matrices and its potential for broader environmental monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 124666"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145127869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field Measurement and Modelling of PFAS Leachability from a Contaminated Fire Training Area – Whole of Pad Response to Rainfall","authors":"Grant B. Douglas, Greg B. Davis, Kaveh Sookhak Lari, Elise Bekele, John Pengelly, Garth Watson, Mike Williams, Jason K. Kirby","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124669","url":null,"abstract":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have historically infiltrated concrete and asphalt pavements where aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) were used. These pavements can act as long-term sources of PFAS-contaminated runoff, but their contribution is not well quantified. Over 230 rainfall-runoff samples were collected over 335 days from a PFAS-impacted fire training area (FTA) and analysed for 32 PFAS. Rainfall and discharge were monitored, with peak runoff at 1.75 L/s across ∼30 events. Average total PFAS concentrations in runoff events were similar over 11 months (typically 1.0–3.8 µg/L; PFOS 0.50–1.7 µg/L). Within flow events, concentrations decreased at high flows, likely due to dilution, and increased as flows subsided. Composition was consistent throughout, with PFOS dominant (40–60%) and PFHxS, 6:2 FTS, and PFHxA each ∼3–20%. Even after long dry periods, PFAS profiles were unchanged. Annual PFAS discharge was estimated at 75–380 mg/y, with uncertainty at low flows. PFAS at greater than 1 µg/L might discharge over centuries based on estimates of the total mass. Similarly, modelling showed that PFAS might discharge for many decades to centuries. Findings suggest that natural release rates may not meaningfully reduce PFAS discharges over time, thus informing decisions on whether active remediation (e.g., removal, sealing, or water treatment) is warranted at legacy sites.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating chlorine consumption through semi-mechanistic modeling and its implications for trihalomethane formation: A comparison of diverse drinking water","authors":"Ehsan Ranjbar, Dominik Kaczmarek, Hamed Khorasani, Aki Sebastian Ruhl","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124673","url":null,"abstract":"In many regions, drinking water disinfection is crucial for the inactivation of microorganisms. However, chemical reactions between chlorine and natural organic matter and inorganic compounds can result in unwanted formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). 25 non-chlorinated tap water samples from different regions of Germany were chlorinated to evaluate the chlorine consumption and formation of DBPs. Most of the water samples quickly consumed the initially dosed chlorine (NaOCl as 1 mg/L Cl₂), leaving less than 10% residual chlorine after 2 h. A strong correlation between ultra-violet absorption at a wavelength of 254 nm (UV₂₅₄) and chlorine consumption was observed. A mathematical model using this correlation could well predict chlorine consumption over time. The model can be used to design chlorine booster stations in water distribution networks. The formation of trihalomethanes (THM) including trichloromethane (chloroform), tribromomethane (bromoform), bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane was analyzed. The results revealed varying levels of THM. While the highest total THM concentrations reached 93.8 μg/L, the lowest concentration was 10.7 μg/L.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting phosphorus recovery strategies for activated sludge: DoE and multi-objective optimisation to analyse key process factors and associated costs","authors":"Gaia Boniardi, Paige Rackham, Albie Gan, Adrian Oehmen","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.124670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.124670","url":null,"abstract":"Sewage sludge-derived matrices have been shown to be promising sources of phosphorus (P) to alleviate pressure on natural reserves. However, the diverse forms of P to be extracted from activated sludge make recovery challenging, where P release can limit P recovery. This study applies response surface methodology to evaluate the effects of pH, temperature, acetate, and their interactions, on P release, followed by multi-objective optimisation to identify the process conditions that achieve the optimal trade-off between minimising extraction costs and maximising P release. Results indicated that the most significant factors impacting P release were pH, followed by the interaction between temperature and acetate, and temperature alone. Acidification at pH 4 and room temperature achieved the lowest operational costs (∼ 1 US$/kg P_ext) for effective P extraction (44%), as compared to bioacidification or mild heating. Following extraction, P was successfully precipitated as ACP (∼ 100% precipitation efficiency at pH 9), enabling a potential recovery of 15-20 kg P per tonne of sludge (dry matter).","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}