Water Research最新文献

{"title":"Long-term impacts of free chlorine and monochloramine on the development of drinking water biofilm","authors":"Lihua Chen ,&nbsp;Haoran Shi ,&nbsp;Gertjan Medema ,&nbsp;Walter van der Meer ,&nbsp;Gang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biofilm formation in drinking water distribution systems is primarily managed by disinfectants such as free chlorine (FC) and monochloramine (MC). However, there is limited understanding of their long-term and dynamic effects on biofilm development. To address this, a 56-week study was conducted to comprehensively assess biofilm development in terms of microbial quantity and community under different disinfection regimes: no chlorine (NC), FC (0.1 mg/L), and MC (0.4 mg/L). The results showed that both FC and MC significantly inhibited biofilm growth compared to the NC condition while shaping distinct biofilm communities. Notably, FC drastically reduced biofilm biomass and community diversity, resulting in a more uniform biofilm community predominantly composed of Proteobacteria (e.g., <em>Rhizobacter</em> spp., <em>Pseudomonas</em> spp., and <em>Hyphomicrobium</em> spp.), indicating stronger selection pressures on the microbial population. In contrast, though MC effectively reduced the biofilm biomass to a level comparable to that of FC, it maintained a high diversity comparable to that of NC (dominated by <em>Sphingobium</em> spp. and <em>Nocardioides</em> spp.), reflecting weaker selection pressure on bacterial community. Temporally, biofilm communities under all conditions started from nearly identical states. From week-19 and week-36 onwards, deterministic processes predominantly governed biofilm formation under FC and NC conditions, signifying that these biofilms reached a stable state. Differently, under MC condition, the community assembly was continually influenced by stochastic processes, with the biofilm not achieving stability until week-56. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the long-term dynamics of biofilm development and evidenced that FC is better than MC in controlling biofilm formation, particularly from the community diversity perspective. This challenges classical views that MC is more effective than FC in penetrating and controlling biofilm, which may change the popularity of MC as a disinfectant in water utilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 123566"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximizing membrane antifouling potential: The impact of fluoride positioning in multifunctional designs","authors":"Caihong Liu ,&nbsp;Rui Gao ,&nbsp;Xiao Wang ,&nbsp;Andreia F. Faria ,&nbsp;Liu Yang ,&nbsp;Bin Zhang ,&nbsp;Qiang He","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluoropolymers with low surface energy demonstrate outstanding potential for fouling release. However, their limited effectiveness in practical antifouling applications requires integration with other strategies. This study explored the significant impact of fluoropolymers in a multifunctional approach that combines antiadhesion (S), antibacterial (M), and fouling release (H) properties to enhance the performance of thin-film-composite (TFC) membranes for controlling biofouling (The letters S, M and H originate from the initial letters of the corresponding functional monomers). We constructed membrane surface functionalities with fluoropolymers placed in different layers: p(H-M-S), which incorporates fluoropolymers in the innermost layer as a release-antibacterial-antiadhesion membrane; p(M-H-S), where fluoropolymers are in the middle layer as an antibacterial-release-antiadhesion membrane; and p(M-S-H), with fluoropolymers in the outermost layer as an antibacterial-antiadhesion-release membrane. This multifunctional approach resulted in superior membrane transport properties and varying resistance to biofouling. During repeated filtration cycles, the p(H-M-S) membrane showed the most effective biofouling mitigation and long-term durability, achieving an 82 % flux recovery in the third cycle due to the synergistic effects of its three combined functions. The p(M-H-S) membrane displayed strong antiadhesion performance in the early stages but had limited durability over time. In contrast, the p(M-S-H) membrane revealed the weakest fouling resistance, likely because of the hydrophobic nature of the fluorinated components in the outermost layer. Bacterial adhesion assay and protein release tests further demonstrated that the p(M-H-S) membrane reduced bacterial adhesion by 66 % and released 23 % of the protein foulants. This effectiveness is attributed to the antifouling activity provided by the hydrophilic zwitterions and bactericidal quaternary ammonium compounds, as well as the fouling-release capability of fluoropolymers, which facilitates the detachment of foulants under hydraulic forces. Microscopic analysis, coupled with interfacial energy evaluations, confirmed the presence of various multi-defense mechanisms based on the different functional architectures of the membranes. These findings offer valuable insights for designing optimized multifunctional antifouling membranes with improved performance and stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 123565"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143713261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal cybersecurity framework for smart water system: Detection, localization and severity assessment","authors":"Nazia Raza,&nbsp;Faegheh Moazeni","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The digital transformation of water distribution systems has streamlined monitoring and control through the integration of smart devices such as pressure sensors, smart meters, and level switches, all communicating with supervisory control and data acquisition systems. However, this connectivity introduces cyber vulnerabilities, endangering system security and economic stability. Recent cyberattacks on critical infrastructures emphasize the urgent need for sophisticated security measures. This study proposes a novel comprehensive cybersecurity framework for cyberattack detection, localization, post-processing, and impact assessment through a severity index. The framework includes two reconstruction-based <u>optimal cyberattack detectors</u>: (i) autoencoder, and (ii) one-dimensional convolutional neural network, both optimized using Bayesian optimization method. A Savitzky–Golay filtering technique is employed in post-processing to reduce false alarms while preserving timely attack detection. The presented approach successfully detected all cyberattacks in the BATADAL benchmark, outperforming existing models with minimal detection delays, achieving <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>D</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>98</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span>. It ranks first among machine learning solutions, with a combined detection accuracy exceeding 95% for both models. Additionally, an attack <u>localization framework</u> is developed to identify the most affected regions of the water network, and an attack <u>severity index</u> is formulated for resource planning and decision-making, evaluated on <em>“C-Town”</em> benchmark, a commonly used water network for cybersecurity studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 123517"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143723610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel magnetic adsorption and capacitive deionization coupled technology for industrial saline wastewater recycling","authors":"Shuo Wang ,&nbsp;Hongjie Wang ,&nbsp;Xinyuan Huang ,&nbsp;Zefeng Wu ,&nbsp;Hongyang Xue ,&nbsp;Chunxia Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cost-effective desalination technologies were urgent needed to recycle industrial saline wastewater, desalinate seawater and brackish water. Deionisation techniques based on the adsorption principle usually suffer from low adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, susceptibility to contamination, regeneration difficulties and secondary contamination. In this paper, the magnetic reduced graphene oxide (mrGO) was successfully prepared as magnetic media, and a novel magnetic adsorption deionization and capacitive deionization coupled system (MDI-CDI) was constructed, in which a superposition magnetic field with consistent direction was formed by the internal additional magnetic field of magnetic media and the external magnetic field. The relationship between various salt solutions, initial concentration, operation patterner and deionization effect were investigated by KCl solution to optimize the MDI system. The actual petrochemical circulating wastewater (0.933 mS/cm), were adopted to investigate the magneto-electric coupling effect of MDI-CDI system, the average desalination rate and COD removal were 96.9 % and 84.8 %, respectively. In addition, the three-stage tandem MDI system was adopted to investigate the enhanced magnetic adsorption deionization effect, which was 79.3 % of catalytic cracking wastewater (37.4 mS/cm) and 84.0 % of petrochemical wastewater (3.68 mS/cm), respectively. The results indicate that the main deionization mechanisms of MDI system were enhanced by a superimposed magnetic field, including physical adsorption, magnetic attraction, electrostatic attraction, and surface complexation/deposition effects. The MDI-CDI coupled deionisation system can mitigate membrane contamination, regenerate online without secondary pollution under low-consumption, high-efficiency and stable state, providing a new technological idea for the regeneration and utilization of saline wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 123559"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143703256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal and spatial feature extraction using graph neural networks for multi-point water quality prediction in river network areas","authors":"Hang Wan ,&nbsp;Long Xiang ,&nbsp;Yanpeng Cai ,&nbsp;Yulei Xie ,&nbsp;Rui Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep learning methods have demonstrated strong capabilities in capturing nonlinear relationships for water quality prediction, yet existing studies predominantly focus on individual monitoring sites while neglecting pollutant spatial dynamics. To address this limitation, a Spatio-Temporal Feature Graph Neural Network (STF-GNN) was proposed, which integrated graph convolutional networks (GCN), gated recurrent units (GRU), and self-attention mechanisms to explicitly model multi-scale spatiotemporal dependencies among distributed monitoring stations. By representing stations as graph nodes with adjacency relationships, STF-GNN could simultaneously extract spatial topological features and temporal evolution patterns from multivariate time series data. Experimental results demonstrated superior performance in dissolved oxygen (DO) and total nitrogen (TN) prediction, achieving RMSE values of 0.233 (DO) and 0.033 (TN), outperforming baseline models by 36.54–161.47 % in accuracy. Cross-basin validations revealed robust generalization capabilities of the established model, maintaining maximum relative errors below 0.639 (DO) and 0.606 (TN) without site-specific customization. Notably, the model achieved 88 % peak-valley synchronization at untrained station, demonstrating strong anti-interference ability against unseen environmental variations. Ablation studies confirmed the necessity of both spatial and temporal modules, with their omission causing significant accuracy declines (12.07–19.25 %). These findings highlighted the critical roles of both spatial and temporal feature extraction in improving predictive performance of the model. The work can provide a theoretically grounded framework for spatially-aware water quality prediction, supporting enhanced environmental monitoring strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 123561"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143713264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualization of MC-LR in lakes using near-infrared technology","authors":"Huiyan Chuan ,&nbsp;Bingyan Li ,&nbsp;Zhaomin Wang ,&nbsp;Yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Ping Xie ,&nbsp;Yong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a secondary metabolite produced by cyanobacteria, poses significant ecological and health risks, particularly in lakes, where fluctuations in its concentration directly affect water quality and the living environment of nearby residents. However, the complexity of lake environments and the absence of suitable rapid monitoring tools have made long-term and extensive MC-LR monitoring challenging. This study proposed an effective monitoring tool based on near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence technology for the rapid assessment of MC-LR in lakes. The results demonstrated that the NIR fluorescent probe specifically binds to MC-LR, inducing changes in the fluorescence signal. Fluorescence analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the probe's signal and MC-LR concentrations in lakes with varying pollution levels. Stepwise multiple linear regression and random forest analyses confirmed that fluorescence signal changes were primarily influenced by MC-LR. Additionally, the probe's long emission wavelength (699–783 nm) reduced background fluorescence interference, while its large Stokes shift (&gt; 100 nm) minimized excitation light interference, significantly enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurements. The NIR fluorescent probe offers a promising solution for detecting MC-LR in natural lakes, advancing water quality monitoring by providing a rapid and reliable assessment tool.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 123558"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143703345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploiting microplastics and the plastisphere for the surveillance of human pathogenic bacteria discharged into surface waters in wastewater effluent","authors":"Luke Woodford,&nbsp;Lauren F. Messer,&nbsp;Michael J. Ormsby ,&nbsp;Hannah L. White,&nbsp;Rosie Fellows,&nbsp;Richard S. Quilliam","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Discharge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is a well-characterised source of human pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes entering the environment. However, determining whether pathogens released from effluent into surface waters are viable, and consequently pose a risk to human health, is hindered by the use of transient grab-sampling monitoring approaches. Here we present a novel surveillance system using low-cost microparticles (polyethylene, cork and rubber) deployed upstream and downstream of a WWTP effluent pipe, that exploits the ability of bacterial pathogens to form biofilms. Using quantitative culture-based and molecular methods, viable <em>E. coli, Klebsiella</em> spp., <em>Citrobacter</em> spp.<em>,</em> and <em>Enterococcus</em> spp. were identified after only 24-hour of deployment. Moreover, these pathogens were continually present at each timepoint (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14 and 23 days) as biofilm communities matured, with all pathogens detected at higher concentrations downstream of the WWTP effluent pipe. Long-read whole genome sequencing revealed a suite of plasmids, virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance genes in bacterial pathogens isolated from biofilms formed downstream of the effluent pipe. Furthermore, recognising that pathogens are typically present at proportionally low concentrations within mixed biofilm communities, total biofilm pathogenicity was confirmed using a <em>Galleria mellonella</em> infection model. Full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that human pathogens present in microplastic biofilms (the ‘plastisphere’) dominated the microbial community of infected <em>G. mellonella</em> larvae within 24 hr, suggesting these bacteria remained highly virulent. Overall, this study demonstrated the efficacy of an easy-to-deploy system for the surveillance and rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria being discharged from point-source pollution. We envisage that if used as part of an integrated environmental management approach, this approach could help to reduce the public and environmental health risks of human pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes, by monitoring viable human pathogens entering surface waters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 123563"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143713262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Behavior of NOM-Cu(Ⅱ)Colloids at the Goethite Interface","authors":"Yuekang Chen, Lijuan Zeng, Kai Chen, Meiling Yin, Xiongkai Zheng, Yuting Zhou, Yanping Deng, Jiehong Ye, Zhi Dang, Chuling Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123562","url":null,"abstract":"Natural organic matter (NOM), due to its high reactivity, often facilitates the formation of NOM-heavy metal colloids. However, the impact of mineral components on the behavior of these colloids remains poorly understood. In present research, to investigate the interfacial reaction properties of NOM-Cu(II) colloids with goethite at varying C/Cu(II) ratios, nano-sized Cu(Ⅱ) colloids with different C/Cu(Ⅱ) ratios were synthesized under aerobic conditions by combining humic acid with Cu(Ⅱ). Adsorption experiments showed that NOM-Cu(Ⅱ) colloids enhanced Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption onto goethite at low C/Cu(Ⅱ) ratios (C/Cu(Ⅱ) ≤ 25). Conversely, the adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) was hindered at high C/Cu(Ⅱ) ratios (C/Cu(Ⅱ) ≥ 50), while Fe release is promoted, facilitating further reactions with NOM-Cu(II) colloids to form Fe-NOM-Cu(II) colloids. HR-TEM and QCM-D experimental results indicated that NOM-Cu(II) colloids aggregated and formed a softer deposit layer on mineral surfaces at low C/Cu(II) ratios. Conversely, at high C/Cu(II) ratio, HA formed a dense adsorption layer on goethite, while Fe-NOM-Cu(II) colloids were observed in the liquid phase samples. In situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, ITC experiments, and theoretical calculations further demonstrated that the adsorption mechanism was not dominant at low C/Cu(II) ratios. Instead, the aggregation and deposition of colloids induced by goethite promote Cu(II) adsorption. At high C/Cu(II) ratio, the suppression of Cu(II) adsorption was attributed to the formation of a dense adsorption layer by free HA, which coordinated with goethite surfaces via carboxyl groups, occupying adsorption sites. Additionally, the high concentration of HA intensified the stability of colloids in solution. This research provides crucial insights into the interactions between NOM-Cu(II) colloid and environmental minerals, elucidating the molecular mechanisms influencing colloidal behavior on mineral surfaces, which is vital for understanding the geochemical cycling of heavy metals.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143713263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to: “The key role of surface tension in the transport and quantification of plastic pollution in rivers” [Water Research 226 (2022) 119,078]","authors":"Daniel Valero ,&nbsp;Biruk S. Belay ,&nbsp;Antonio Moreno-Rodenas ,&nbsp;Matthias Kramer ,&nbsp;Mário J. Franca","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123520","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 123520"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143703260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrient enrichment by high aquaculture effluent input exacerbates imbalances between methane production and oxidation in mangrove sediments","authors":"Zetao Dai,&nbsp;Yujie Li,&nbsp;Yanlong Zhang,&nbsp;Tao Xiang,&nbsp;Jiarui Peng,&nbsp;Xiangjun Mao,&nbsp;Yifei Fan,&nbsp;Feifei Wang,&nbsp;Shengchang Yang,&nbsp;Wenzhi Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2025.123552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frequent aquaculture activities introduce substantial nutrients into mangrove ecosystems; however, the impact of this nutrient enrichment on methane (CH₄) emissions and the associated microbial communities remains largely unexplored. In this study, we used the static chamber method, combined with 16S rRNA-based, metagenomic sequencing and binning techniques, to investigate the emission patterns of greenhouse gases (GHGs), with a particular focus on CH₄, in mangroves subjected to different levels of effluents. The results showed that the effluent input decreased the mineral protection of sediment carbon (C) pools and increased C loss by more than double. In particular, high effluent input increased CH₄ emissions by 243.3 %. Random forest analysis revealed that changes in methanogens were an important factor in explaining the variation of CH₄ emissions. Amplicon data showed that the proportion of methylotrophic methanogens increased after effluent input, and metagenomic binning further attributed this change to the adaptability of methylotrophic methanogens to the substances transporting by the effluent. The enhanced hypoxia in sediments resulting from effluent input promoted the transition of methanotrophic communities from aerobic to anaerobic types and made anaerobic oxidation of CH₄ more reliant on sulfur reduction rather than nitrate reduction. The PLS model further revealed that the nutrients brought by effluent input stimulated an increase in DOC content which induced an imbalance between CH₄ production and oxidation in sediments by facilitating methanogens but inhibiting methanotrophs, ultimately resulting in an increase in CH₄ fluxes. These findings underscore the significance of mangroves receiving effluent input as critical consequent reactors, highlighting the necessity to consider effects of high nutrient enrichment by aquaculture effluent input on GHG emissions and blue C potential in mangroves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 123552"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143695704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}