Ecotoxicology最新文献

{"title":"Lipid profile of Siberian larch needles under chronic exposure to aluminum smelter emissions (Eastern Siberia, Russia).","authors":"Olga Vladimirovna Kalugina, Larisa Vladimirovna Afanaseva","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02908-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02908-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The lipid composition of Larix sibirica needles, a key forest-forming species of boreal forests of Eastern Siberia (Irkutsk region, Russia), exposed to emissions from the Bratsk aluminum smelter, one of the world's largest aluminum producers, was studied. The production emissions of this smelter contain multiple pollutants, with fluoride compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) demonstrating the highest phytotoxicity. Lipid profiles of needles were analyzed using thin-layer chromatography across a pollution gradient ranging from background to critical levels. The content of pollutant elements (F, S, metals and metalloids) in the needles was determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and spectrophotometry. The oxidative stress markers (hydrogen peroxide and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) levels) were also measured using spectrophotometric methods. It was shown that unlimited input of pollutants initiates the development of oxidative stress in larch needles. This is evidenced by a 1.3-4.5 fold increase in H₂O₂ concentration in needles compared to background (unpolluted) tree-stands and a close positive relationship between these parameters (r = 0.69-0.87, P ≤ 0.05, n = 29). Analysis of the lipid profile of L. sibirica needles at different pollution levels revealed a significant effect of pollutant elements on the content of neutral (r = 0.0.87, (r = 0.79, P ≤ 0.05, n = 29) and polar lipids (r = 0.67, P ≤ 0.05, n = 29). In the fraction of neutral lipids, with an increase in the pollution level, the content of higher aliphatic alcohols increased by 2.6 times, hydrocarbons by 3.1 times, esters of sterols by 4.3 times, 1.3-diglycerides by10 times compared to background values. The content of sterols and wax, on the contrary, decreased by 1.6 times. In the polar lipid fraction at low, moderate, and high pollution levels the quantitative content of sphingolipids increased up to 7.3 times, glycolipids - up to 2.3 times, phospholipids - up to 1.9 times, at the critical level the content of all fractions decreased. The revealed changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of total lipids in needles indicate an increase in membrane microviscosity and a decrease in fluidity at low, moderate and high pollution levels, due to which the flow of pollutants inside cells is reduced. At critical pollution levels, these mechanisms are significantly weakened. The results obtained, revealing the specific mechanism of physiological and biochemical adaptation of L. sibirica to industrial pollution, have important applied value for developing highly sensitive bioindicator methods based on lipid biomarkers; integrated assessment of forest ecosystems sustainability under technogenic impact, and modeling of long-term consequences of anthropogenic load on boreal forests - a key component of the global carbon cycle and a major reservoir of biological diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of composite microplastics on soil properties and the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Chinese cabbage.","authors":"Xuanbo Wang, Shiying Feng, Ziqi Li, Jing Pan","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02916-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02916-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics (MPs), as a novel environmental pollutant, are widely distributed in the environment and negatively impact ecosystems and biodiversity, posing potential risks to human health through the food chain. However, there is limited knowledge about the adverse effects of composite MPs on soil-plant systems. To address this lack of data, a pot experiment was conducted using polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyolefin (PO) in various combinations: PP-PE-PVC, PP-PE-PO, PE-PVC-PO, PVC-PO-PP, and PP-PO-PE-PVC. The study investigated composite MPs effects on soil properties and physiological-biochemical indicators of Chinese cabbage (Brassica napus L.). The results indicated that 2% concentration of different types of composite MP pollution significantly increased soil pH while reducing soil water content, organic matter, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, sucrase activity, urease activity, and soil microbial numbers. Soil catalase (CAT) activity initially increased and then decreased. The effect of composite MP pollution on Chinese cabbage revealed that it significantly reduced water content, plant height, and chlorophyll content, while promoting root length growth. Additionally, it had a negative effect on the activities of CAT, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity in Chinese cabbage, with a significant declines. The study found that the degree of risk associated with composite MP pollution was related to the types of MP combinations. This study provides valuable insights into the environmental effects of MPs on the soil ecosystem and plants, while offering scientific support for formulating agricultural food safety control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144301375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral impairments in Africanized Apis mellifera exposed to lethal and sublethal doses of acetamiprid, fipronil, and thiamethoxam.","authors":"Geovanny Barroso, A M Pereira, Odair Correa Bueno, Roberta Cornélio Ferreira Nocelli, Osmar Malaspina","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02904-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02904-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The honeybee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae)) is a crucial contributor to the maintenance of biodiversity, ecosystem function, and food security. The widespread use of pesticides, particularly neurotoxic insecticides such as acetamiprid, fipronil, and thiamethoxam, is potentially harmful to honey bees. In this study, we aimed to determine the mean lethal dose (LD₅₀) and time-to-effect of the lethal dose of these three insecticides to assess their acute toxicity to honey bees. Furthermore, we assessed the effects of lethal and sublethal doses on two key behavioral parameters: proboscis extension reflex (PER) and locomotor activity. Briefly, bees were exposed to lethal and different sublethal doses of insecticides and their responses were evaluated at various time intervals. Acetamiprid temporarily affected honeybee foraging capacity and mobility, with signs of recovery observed after 24 h. Fipronil exhibited delayed toxicity, whereas thiamethoxam immediately affected the PER response. Overall, our study suggested acetamiprid as the safest option among the tested insecticides, considering its acute topical toxicity. Future studies should investigate the potential long-term effects of other factors on honeybee behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144293531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Honey bees are resilient to the long-term presence of alcohol in their diet.","authors":"Monika Ostap-Chec, Daniel Bajorek, Weronika Antoł, Daniel Stec, Krzysztof Miler","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02903-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02903-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies on various organisms have suggested that low doses of ethanol can have stimulatory effects, while higher doses may lead to toxicity, a response known as hormesis. Low ethanol concentrations occur naturally in the environment, particularly in fermenting fruits and flower nectar, where pollinators such as honey bees may encounter it. This study aimed to investigate the potential hormetic effects of low-level ethanol consumption on honey bees. Bees were divided into three groups: one provided with only sucrose solution, one both with sucrose and 0.5% ethanol in sucrose, and one with only 1% ethanol in sucrose. The bees were exposed to these diets for 14 days, and their performance was assessed through survivorship, flight endurance, body mass, lipid content, and trehalose and ethanol levels in the haemolymph. The results showed no significant differences in most parameters between the groups. However, bees constantly exposed to 1% ethanol had slightly higher trehalose levels compared to the control group, suggesting a possible adaptive response to ethanol exposure. Ethanol levels in the haemolymph differed significantly between groups, with bees exposed to ethanol showing detectable levels in their system. While no clear hormetic effects were observed in terms of improved performance, the elevated trehalose levels in bees constantly exposed to 1% ethanol may indicate adaptations protecting bees from ethanol-induced damage. The study provides insights into how honey bees tolerate low-level ethanol exposure and highlights the need for further research on the ecological implications of ethanol consumption in pollinators.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144215277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-target toxicity of certain herbicides used in rice cultivation on mosquitoes.","authors":"Aysegul Cengiz, Huseyin Cetin","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02880-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02880-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to investigate the non-target toxicity (insecticidal activity) of various herbicides (bentazone+MCPA, bispyribac sodium, cyhalofop butyl, quinclorac, oxadiazon, and clomazone) used in rice cultivation on Aedes aegypti L. and Culex pipiens L. mosquitoes. Given the ecological significance of rice cultivation areas (paddy fields) and the public health importance of these mosquito species, the research sought to understand how exposure to varying herbicide doses affects mosquito survival. The research utilized a laboratory strain of Ae. aegypti and both laboratory and field strains of Cx. pipiens mosquitoes, exposing them to three distinct doses of herbicides: the recommended application rate, and doses that were two and four times higher. Toxicity tests were conducted following the World Health Organization guidelines. Adult emergence inhibition rates (%) were recorded after exposing larvae of different developmental stages; early (first-second instar) and late (third-fourth instar) to the tested herbicides. Oxadiazon consistently showed higher toxicity to mosquitoes compared to other herbicides across all tested doses, causing up to 91.67% inhibition of adult emergence. Quinclorac also demonstrated notable toxicity, but to a lesser extent and primarily in Ae. aegypti. The remaining herbicides exhibited low or no significant insecticidal effects. Notably, early-stage larvae were more susceptible across the experiments. These findings suggest that while some herbicides used in paddy fields have a minimal impact on mosquitoes, oxadiazon, in particular, poses a significant risk. Understanding these interactions can aid in developing integrated pest management strategies that consider both crop protection and mosquito control, emphasizing the need for judicious herbicide use in ecologically sensitive environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144207998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecotoxicological assessment of microplastics and florfenicol on Acanthopagrus latus: mucus, humoral immune responses and DNA damage.","authors":"Mehrnaz Shirmohammadi, Farahnaz Kianersi, Nima Shiry, Fatemeh Hekmatpour","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02901-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02901-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the adverse effects of florfenicol (FLO) (15 mg/kg diet) and microplastics (MPs) (100 and 500 mg/kg diet) on yellowfin seabream, Acanthopagrus latus, over a 10-day exposure period. Fish were exposed to these substances individually and in combination. Tissue, blood, and skin mucus samples were collected on days 1, 4, 7, and 14 post-exposure. Results indicated that both MPs alone and combined with FLO elevated cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, creatinine, and glucose levels. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatine kinase were also increased. Conversely, immunological markers such as complement 3, complement 4, immunoglobulin M, lysozyme activity, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst activity, and total protein concentrations decreased. Similar to blood results, the concentrations of alternative complement, total immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and total protein in the mucus were reduced, whereas ALP levels in the mucus increased. These biomarkers did not recover by day 14 in groups exposed to MPs alone or with the antibiotic. FLO concentration in muscle peaked on day 1 and declined by the end of the trial. The FLO alone affected creatinine, cholesterol, total protein, AST, ALT, ALP, and immunological markers, all of which returned to normal by the conclusion of the trial. FLO did not influence the total immunoglobulin in the mucus. MPs, individually and in combination, increased DNA damage in the liver, kidney, spleen, and intestinal tissues. The findings demonstrate that FLO and MPs detrimentally impact fish health, with a more pronounced effect when combined, indicating synergistic toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined effects of λ-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid formulated insecticides on the embryo-larval development of Danio rerio.","authors":"Tiago Tomiama Alvim, Caroline Santos, Claudia Bueno Dos Reis Martinez","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02902-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02902-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brazil is the world's largest consumer of pesticides, with intensive agricultural practices contributing to the widespread contamination of aquatic ecosystems. Insecticides are of particular concern due to their toxicity and persistence, entering water bodies through runoff, leaching, and atmospheric deposition, and posing risks to aquatic organisms, especially fish. Since these compounds often occur in mixtures, studying their combined effects is essential for understanding their ecological impact. The insecticides λ-cyhalothrin (LC) and imidacloprid (IMI) are widely used in agriculture alone and in mixtures. They have been detected in surface waters and sediments near agricultural areas, raising concerns about their effects on aquatic organisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sublethal concentrations (0.08% of LC_50-96h) of LC (0.15 μg L^-1) and IMI (100 μg L^-1), alone and in a binary mixture (LC+IMI), on the embryo-larval stage of Danio rerio, over 96 h of post-fertilization exposure (hpf). The results demonstrated that LC, IMI, and MIX caused an increase in embryonic mortality at 24 hpf. In addition, IMI increased DNA damage and decreased the larval hatching rate after 72 hpf. Furthermore, the mixture, in addition to causing a decrease in the larval hatching rate, increased lipid peroxidation and glutathione concentrations after 96 hpf. Thus, we conclude that these insecticides harm the early stages of D. rerio. Their toxicity is increased when they are mixed, since exposure to MIX was the one that most affected the embryonic phase. These effects, observed in a model species, indicate a relevant ecological risk, as they may compromise the survival of fish populations and, consequently, affect the structure and balance of aquatic ecosystems where these compounds are present.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144141672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The resistance of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells to the neonicotinoid сlothianidin.","authors":"Alena A Volgusheva, Yanlin He, Georgy V Maksimov, Eugene G Maksimov, Galina P Kukarskikh, Taras K Antal, Andrew B Rubin","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02899-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02899-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The capacity of algae to withstand the effects of toxic pollution provides a means of survival and subsequent regeneration of the phytoplankton, highlighting the importance of in-depth research of this area for aquatic ecosystems. This study investigated the effects of clothianidin (CL), a commonly used agricultural insecticide, on the freshwater alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The toxic effect of CL depended on both the number of cells and the concentration of the insecticide. Generally, an observed dose-dependent decrease was evident in cell growth, chlorophyll (Chl) content, and photosynthetic efficiency, while carotenoid levels increased. Particular attention has been paid to the ability of C. reinhardtii to survive exposure to lethal concentrations of the CL, which resulted in a 60% decrease in cell number and pronounced Chl bleaching. After the photosynthetic activity had been reduced to almost zero, some cells showed the ability to restore the function of photosynthetic electron transport in a medium containing CL. The algae's resilience is linked to their bioremediation capacity, as evidenced by a 50% reduction in CL concentration (from 0.8 to 0.4 mg/L) within 10 days of exposure. Repeated CL treatments induced resistance in algae, yet this was only observed when the Chl concentration per cell recovered to the control level (2.7 pg Chl/cell). The addition of CL when the Chl/cell was 30% lower than that of the control sample resulted in no observable resistance. Cell aggregation was found to be important in the protective process, while the initial density of cells significantly influenced this effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144136092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicological, Hematological, and Pathological Effects of Acute Copper and Lead Intoxication in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).","authors":"Marcela Brüggemann de Souza Teixeira, Indianara Fernanda Barcarolli, Mere Erika Saito, Sandra Davi Traverso, Maiara Araújo Branco, Raul Fávero Perrone, Aury Nunes de Moraes","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02900-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02900-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental contamination by heavy metals, particularly fish poisoning, is a growing concern due to its impact on aquatic ecosystems. Fish serve as bioindicators and play a crucial role in the food chain. This study evaluated the toxic effects of acute copper and lead exposure in Ctenopharyngodon idella, analyzing hematological, biochemical, and pathological alterations. Fifty-six grass carp were exposed for 96 h to copper and lead (2, 3, and 4 mg/L). Blood samples were analyzed for hematological and oxidative stress parameters, while brain, gills, liver, and kidneys were assessed for enzymatic activity (acetylcholinesterase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase) and histopathology. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Significant increases in gill glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity (Cu2 and Cu3, p < 0.05) and catalase activity (Pb3 e Pb4, p < 0.05) indicated oxidative stress. Lead exposure caused a significant reduction in erythrocyte count (Pb2, p < 0.05). Although not statistically significant, erythrocyte osmotic fragility increased at higher metal concentrations. Histopathology revealed epithelial hyperplasia, inflammatory infiltrates, and edema in gills, hepatocellular degeneration, and subcapsular/interstitial renal hemorrhages in all exposed groups. These renal lesions diverge from typical heavy metal nephrotoxicity, usually characterized by tubular degeneration. These findings highlight the systemic effects of copper and lead, particularly their oxidative impact and unexpected renal damage. These findings underscore the complex toxicopathological effects of copper and lead in fish, particularly their impact on oxidative stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144119215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing nanoencapsulated geraniol as a safer pesticide alternative: insights from biomarker responses in a neotropical fish species.","authors":"Milena Aparecida Dos Santos Silva, Tiago Tomiama Alvim, Jhones Luís de Oliveira, Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto, Claudia Bueno Dos Reis Martinez","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02898-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02898-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Geraniol, a monoterpene essential oils, has been investigated as a sustainable alternative to conventional pesticides. Its action may benefit from using the nanoencapsulation technique, which could enhance its properties. In this study, we assessed the effects of acute exposures to geraniol and nanoencapsulated geraniol on biomarkers of the Neotropical teleost Prochilodus lineatus. For this, juveniles of P. lineatus were exposed to a control group containing water and the solvent (CTR - Pluronic F-68®), zein nanocapsules (NANO), nanoencapsulated geraniol (nGER), or geraniol in its conventional form (GER), all at a concentration of 5 mg L^-1. After exposures (24 and 96 h), biochemical, genotoxic, physiological, and histological biomarkers were analyzed in blood, brain, muscle, liver, and gills. When compared to respective controls, our results showed a significant increase in DNA damage in the erythrocytes of fish exposed to GER and increased acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain of animals exposed to nGER and GER, as well as a significant decrease in glutathione content in the gills of animals exposed to nGER. However, empty zein nanocapsules were toxic to the animals, given the total mortality of the NANO group after 24 h exposure. Thus, compared to NANO, nGER was less harmful, suggesting that the interaction of geraniol with the nanocapsules attenuated the effects induced by the empty NANOs. Overall, nanoencapsulated geraniol caused fewer effects in P. lineatus than geraniol. However, further studies should be carried out before its use as an alternative to more sustainable agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}