Ecotoxicology最新文献

{"title":"Ecotoxicological assessment of microplastics and florfenicol on Acanthopagrus latus: mucus, humoral immune responses and DNA damage.","authors":"Mehrnaz Shirmohammadi, Farahnaz Kianersi, Nima Shiry, Fatemeh Hekmatpour","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02901-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02901-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the adverse effects of florfenicol (FLO) (15 mg/kg diet) and microplastics (MPs) (100 and 500 mg/kg diet) on yellowfin seabream, Acanthopagrus latus, over a 10-day exposure period. Fish were exposed to these substances individually and in combination. Tissue, blood, and skin mucus samples were collected on days 1, 4, 7, and 14 post-exposure. Results indicated that both MPs alone and combined with FLO elevated cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, creatinine, and glucose levels. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatine kinase were also increased. Conversely, immunological markers such as complement 3, complement 4, immunoglobulin M, lysozyme activity, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst activity, and total protein concentrations decreased. Similar to blood results, the concentrations of alternative complement, total immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and total protein in the mucus were reduced, whereas ALP levels in the mucus increased. These biomarkers did not recover by day 14 in groups exposed to MPs alone or with the antibiotic. FLO concentration in muscle peaked on day 1 and declined by the end of the trial. The FLO alone affected creatinine, cholesterol, total protein, AST, ALT, ALP, and immunological markers, all of which returned to normal by the conclusion of the trial. FLO did not influence the total immunoglobulin in the mucus. MPs, individually and in combination, increased DNA damage in the liver, kidney, spleen, and intestinal tissues. The findings demonstrate that FLO and MPs detrimentally impact fish health, with a more pronounced effect when combined, indicating synergistic toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined effects of λ-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid formulated insecticides on the embryo-larval development of Danio rerio.","authors":"Tiago Tomiama Alvim, Caroline Santos, Claudia Bueno Dos Reis Martinez","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02902-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02902-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brazil is the world's largest consumer of pesticides, with intensive agricultural practices contributing to the widespread contamination of aquatic ecosystems. Insecticides are of particular concern due to their toxicity and persistence, entering water bodies through runoff, leaching, and atmospheric deposition, and posing risks to aquatic organisms, especially fish. Since these compounds often occur in mixtures, studying their combined effects is essential for understanding their ecological impact. The insecticides λ-cyhalothrin (LC) and imidacloprid (IMI) are widely used in agriculture alone and in mixtures. They have been detected in surface waters and sediments near agricultural areas, raising concerns about their effects on aquatic organisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sublethal concentrations (0.08% of LC_50-96h) of LC (0.15 μg L^-1) and IMI (100 μg L^-1), alone and in a binary mixture (LC+IMI), on the embryo-larval stage of Danio rerio, over 96 h of post-fertilization exposure (hpf). The results demonstrated that LC, IMI, and MIX caused an increase in embryonic mortality at 24 hpf. In addition, IMI increased DNA damage and decreased the larval hatching rate after 72 hpf. Furthermore, the mixture, in addition to causing a decrease in the larval hatching rate, increased lipid peroxidation and glutathione concentrations after 96 hpf. Thus, we conclude that these insecticides harm the early stages of D. rerio. Their toxicity is increased when they are mixed, since exposure to MIX was the one that most affected the embryonic phase. These effects, observed in a model species, indicate a relevant ecological risk, as they may compromise the survival of fish populations and, consequently, affect the structure and balance of aquatic ecosystems where these compounds are present.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144141672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The resistance of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells to the neonicotinoid сlothianidin.","authors":"Alena A Volgusheva, Yanlin He, Georgy V Maksimov, Eugene G Maksimov, Galina P Kukarskikh, Taras K Antal, Andrew B Rubin","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02899-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02899-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The capacity of algae to withstand the effects of toxic pollution provides a means of survival and subsequent regeneration of the phytoplankton, highlighting the importance of in-depth research of this area for aquatic ecosystems. This study investigated the effects of clothianidin (CL), a commonly used agricultural insecticide, on the freshwater alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The toxic effect of CL depended on both the number of cells and the concentration of the insecticide. Generally, an observed dose-dependent decrease was evident in cell growth, chlorophyll (Chl) content, and photosynthetic efficiency, while carotenoid levels increased. Particular attention has been paid to the ability of C. reinhardtii to survive exposure to lethal concentrations of the CL, which resulted in a 60% decrease in cell number and pronounced Chl bleaching. After the photosynthetic activity had been reduced to almost zero, some cells showed the ability to restore the function of photosynthetic electron transport in a medium containing CL. The algae's resilience is linked to their bioremediation capacity, as evidenced by a 50% reduction in CL concentration (from 0.8 to 0.4 mg/L) within 10 days of exposure. Repeated CL treatments induced resistance in algae, yet this was only observed when the Chl concentration per cell recovered to the control level (2.7 pg Chl/cell). The addition of CL when the Chl/cell was 30% lower than that of the control sample resulted in no observable resistance. Cell aggregation was found to be important in the protective process, while the initial density of cells significantly influenced this effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144136092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicological, Hematological, and Pathological Effects of Acute Copper and Lead Intoxication in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).","authors":"Marcela Brüggemann de Souza Teixeira, Indianara Fernanda Barcarolli, Mere Erika Saito, Sandra Davi Traverso, Maiara Araújo Branco, Raul Fávero Perrone, Aury Nunes de Moraes","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02900-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02900-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental contamination by heavy metals, particularly fish poisoning, is a growing concern due to its impact on aquatic ecosystems. Fish serve as bioindicators and play a crucial role in the food chain. This study evaluated the toxic effects of acute copper and lead exposure in Ctenopharyngodon idella, analyzing hematological, biochemical, and pathological alterations. Fifty-six grass carp were exposed for 96 h to copper and lead (2, 3, and 4 mg/L). Blood samples were analyzed for hematological and oxidative stress parameters, while brain, gills, liver, and kidneys were assessed for enzymatic activity (acetylcholinesterase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase) and histopathology. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Significant increases in gill glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity (Cu2 and Cu3, p < 0.05) and catalase activity (Pb3 e Pb4, p < 0.05) indicated oxidative stress. Lead exposure caused a significant reduction in erythrocyte count (Pb2, p < 0.05). Although not statistically significant, erythrocyte osmotic fragility increased at higher metal concentrations. Histopathology revealed epithelial hyperplasia, inflammatory infiltrates, and edema in gills, hepatocellular degeneration, and subcapsular/interstitial renal hemorrhages in all exposed groups. These renal lesions diverge from typical heavy metal nephrotoxicity, usually characterized by tubular degeneration. These findings highlight the systemic effects of copper and lead, particularly their oxidative impact and unexpected renal damage. These findings underscore the complex toxicopathological effects of copper and lead in fish, particularly their impact on oxidative stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144119215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing nanoencapsulated geraniol as a safer pesticide alternative: insights from biomarker responses in a neotropical fish species.","authors":"Milena Aparecida Dos Santos Silva, Tiago Tomiama Alvim, Jhones Luís de Oliveira, Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto, Claudia Bueno Dos Reis Martinez","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02898-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02898-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Geraniol, a monoterpene essential oils, has been investigated as a sustainable alternative to conventional pesticides. Its action may benefit from using the nanoencapsulation technique, which could enhance its properties. In this study, we assessed the effects of acute exposures to geraniol and nanoencapsulated geraniol on biomarkers of the Neotropical teleost Prochilodus lineatus. For this, juveniles of P. lineatus were exposed to a control group containing water and the solvent (CTR - Pluronic F-68®), zein nanocapsules (NANO), nanoencapsulated geraniol (nGER), or geraniol in its conventional form (GER), all at a concentration of 5 mg L^-1. After exposures (24 and 96 h), biochemical, genotoxic, physiological, and histological biomarkers were analyzed in blood, brain, muscle, liver, and gills. When compared to respective controls, our results showed a significant increase in DNA damage in the erythrocytes of fish exposed to GER and increased acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain of animals exposed to nGER and GER, as well as a significant decrease in glutathione content in the gills of animals exposed to nGER. However, empty zein nanocapsules were toxic to the animals, given the total mortality of the NANO group after 24 h exposure. Thus, compared to NANO, nGER was less harmful, suggesting that the interaction of geraniol with the nanocapsules attenuated the effects induced by the empty NANOs. Overall, nanoencapsulated geraniol caused fewer effects in P. lineatus than geraniol. However, further studies should be carried out before its use as an alternative to more sustainable agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellular and individual toxicity of diflubenzuron for the chronic exposure in Daphnia magna: focus on oxidative stress, chitin content, and reproductive outcomes.","authors":"Gunay Karimova, Joorim Na, Gersan An, Hanseong Kim, Rovshan Abbasov, Jinho Jung","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02897-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02897-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diflubenzuron (DFB) is important to study due to its widespread use in agriculture and vector control. These harmful chemicals can persist at trace concentrations in aquatic systems for extended periods, potentially exerting adverse effects on aquatic life. This research investigated the toxic effects of DFB on the water flea (Daphnia magna) at environmental concentrations during a chronic exposure period of 21-days. D. magna is a key indicator species in freshwater ecosystems and plays a vital role in the aquatic food web. The EC₅₀ value was found to be 51.76 ng L^-1, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 45.65-58.70 ng L^-1. The survival rate of D. magna was 12.5% at a DFB concentration of 10 ng L^-1 during the chronic exposure period, which was significantly lower than that of the other groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the increased DFB concentration significantly reduced the fecundity of D. magna. In detail, the total of reproduction was significantly decreased according to increasing DFB concentration, while an increase in undeveloped embryos and male offspring was increased (p < 0.05). Ultimately, the number of normal offspring capable of reproduction decreased, and the growth of organisms showed a concentration-dependent decline. Exposure to DFB induced a notable increase in the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as lipid peroxidation in daphnids, suggesting an activation of the antioxidant system and cellular damage in organisms. Furthermore, chitin content increased in response to DFB exposure, suggesting a potential compensatory mechanism to strengthen the exoskeleton. These findings underscore the adverse effects of DFB on D. magna reproduction, growth, and overall physiological health, even at environmentally relevant concentrations. This research indicates the necessity of investigating the ecotoxicological risk of DFB contamination in aquatic ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of age-related dietary changes on mercury accumulation in European perch (Perca fluviatilis) in a large mesotrophic lake in the taiga zone (Northwestern Russia).","authors":"Elena S Ivanova, Yuri G Udodenko, Nikolay Yu Tropin, Mikhail Ya Borisov, Olga Yu Rumiantseva, Daria E Bazhenova, Victor T Komov","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02886-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02886-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The European perch (Perca fluviatilis) is a fish species that can be a planktivorous, benthivorous and carnivorous at different life stages. Using the example of the perch population from White Lake (Northwest Russia) the connection between ontogenetic change of diet and mercury accumulation in fish muscle tissue is shown. Analysis of the gut contents of 223 perch indicated that the main food item of perch aged 4-6+ years is the lake form of European smelt (80-100%). Also, the lowest THg concentrations were observed in perch aged 4-5+ and 6+ years - 160 ± 47 and 172 ± 51 ng/g (wet weight), respectively. Starting from age 6+ pikeperch and ruff appear in the diet of perch. In fish aged 9+ the proportion of lake smelt in the diet is 25-33%, and the mercury content in muscles is 447 ± 44 and 462 ± 109 ng/g (wet weight) in individuals aged 9+ and 10-12+ years, respectively. An increased proportion of pikeperch and ruff in the diet, whose average mercury content is 2.5 times higher than that of smelt, lead to increased mercury concentrations in perch muscle. There was also a statistically significant linear regression between mercury content and δ¹⁵N in perch older than 7+ years (p = 0.002; r² = 0.38) and no correlation between mercury content and δ¹³C in fish of different ages. Concentrations exceeding the U.S. EPA recommended values (330 ng/g ww) were found in perch aged 9+ years and older, with body length greater than 25 cm. Therefore, the local people should not consume perch with body length greater than 25 cm from White Lake. Further measurements are needed to determine the mercury concentration in perch in nearby lakes and their suitability for human consumption. It is recommended that a similar study be conducted in a number of reservoirs within the study region in order to determine the factors influencing the intensive accumulation of mercury in fish.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143989759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactive impacts of heat stress and microplastics contamination on the growth and biochemical response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays) plants.","authors":"Muhammad Sajjad, Saraj Bahadur, Muhammad Aamir Farooq, Ming-Xun Ren","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02892-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02892-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing global temperatures, driven largely by anthropogenic activities, pose a significant threat to crops worldwide, with heat stress (HS) emerging as one of the most severe challenges to agricultural productivity. Among the numerous human-induced pressures threatening terrestrial ecosystems globally, microplastics (MPs) represent one of the most persistent and urgent concerns. This study investigated the effects of heat stress (HS) at 35 °C and 40 °C (12 h exposure) on wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays) grown in soil contaminated with polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs; 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1% w/w), assessing their physiological and biochemical responses. The results indicated a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in plant height, root length, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and biomass of the selected plants due to MPs application. HS alone and in co-exposure with MPs caused damage to plant tissues as shown by significant (p < 0.05) reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and lipid peroxidation. Under ROS induction, proline and antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, SOD) exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels in combined stress (HS + MPs) than in individual treatments. In conclusion, wheat exhibited higher levels of H2O2 and MDA stress markers indicating increased oxidative stress compared to maize. In contrast, maize showed elevated levels of proline, CAT, POD, and SOD, suggesting greater resistance to environmental stresses than wheat. Our results provide new understandings of sustainable agriculture practices and hold vast promise in addressing the challenges of HS and MP stresses in agricultural soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143987279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benchmarking the sub-lethal chronic aquatic toxicity of an emerging biosurfactant (Sophorolipid) to a traditional amine oxide surfactant in a freshwater fish-pathogen system.","authors":"N Masud, C Cosgrove, J Cable","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02887-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02887-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surfactants, a broad category of amphiphilic compounds, are one of the largest categories of emerging contaminants within freshwaters, many of which have known aquatic toxicity profiles. This, together with a global push towards a greener economy that prioritises less carbon intensive methods of chemical production, has led to a rise in biosurfactants entering the market. However, their toxicity requires further assessment and benchmarking against traditional synthetic surfactants. This study benchmarks the sub-lethal chronic (31-day exposure) aquatic toxicity of an emerging biosurfactant, sophorolipid, the by-product of yeast (Candida bombicola) metabolism against a traditional surfactant, an amine oxide, widely used in household and industrial cleaning products at low concentrations of 0.2 and 0.7 mg L^-1 found in environmental settings. Utilising an established freshwater fish host-pathogen system (Poecilia reticulata-Gyrodactylus turnbulli), we assessed how these two surfactants impact fish feeding behaviour, disease susceptibility and survival. Both surfactants caused some significant reduction in disease burdens, with the synthetic amine oxide having a greater anti-pathogen effect than the sophorolipid. However, no sub-lethal effects of either surfactant were observed on feeding behaviour or survival of the fish, and pathogen infection was a much greater stressor to the fish in inhibiting feeding and survival overall. This study therefore indicates that chronic exposure of synthetic amine oxide and biobased sophorolipids does not cause sub-lethal effects at low concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143977517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into biological, immunological, biochemical and ultra-histopathological perturbations as biomarkers to Fluroxypyr-1-methylheptyl ester pollution in freshwater snail, Biomphalaria alexandrina.","authors":"Amina M Ibrahim, Chuanyi Wang, Ebtesam Al-Olayan, Heba Abdel-Tawab","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02871-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02871-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biomphalaria alexandrina snails are good invertebrate models for evaluating the chemical toxicity in freshwater habitats. Fluroxypyr-1-methylheptylester (FPMH) is a broad-spectrum herbicide that can find its way to watercourses through effluent. The present work aims to use B. alexandrina as a bio-model to evaluate the toxic effects of FPMH. The present results showed that FPMH has LC₅₀ of 20.7 mg/L after 24 h of semi-static exposure against B. alexandrina snails. After exposure to the sublethal concentrations of FPMH (LC₁₀ and LC₂₅), there were significant (P ≤ 0.05) decreases in survival, reproductive rates and fecundity of adult B. alexandrina snails. Also, there were immunotoxic effects reflected in a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in the total hemocyte count, an increase in the phagocytic index, the percentage of phagocytic hemocytes by flow cytometry and some morphological alterations in the hemocytes. Where hyalinocytes showed abnormalities to in their outer membrane, other cells had degraded or shrunk nuclei according to nucleus/cytoplasm (N/C) ratio. Granulocytes formed pseudopodia and the number of granules increased. These concentrations resulted in significant decreases (P ≤ 0.05; 0.01) in SOD, CAT, Alkaline phosphatase, protein and GSH levels, while increasing GST levels, IL-2 and caspase-3 activity compared to the control group. Also, digestive gland ultrastructural damage occurred after exposure of B. alexandrina snail. Therefore, the study revealed significant adverse effects of FPMH on B. alexandrina snails, highlighted the potential ecological risks of FPMH pollution in freshwater habitats, and demonstrated the use of B. alexandrina as a bioindicator of FPMH pollution in the aquatic ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143968226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}