Ecotoxicology最新文献

{"title":"Realized heritability, mode of inheritance, and fitness costs of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistance to chlorantraniliprole.","authors":"El-Sayed M S Mokbel, Nourhan A El-Said, Eman A Fouad","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03142-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-026-03142-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an economically important pest in Egypt. This study examines the inheritance patterns, potential for resistance development, and fitness costs associated with chlorantraniliprole (CHL) resistance in S. littoralis. Laboratory selection over 15 generations resulted in a substantial resistance level, with a resistance ratio of 402.85-fold. Genetic analysis, including reciprocal crosses and backcrosses, revealed that CHL resistance is autosomal, polygenic, and exhibits incomplete dominance. The estimated realized heritability (h²) of resistance was 0.37, indicating a considerable potential for resistance development under selection pressure. Fitness assessments revealed no significant reproductive penalties associated with resistance; however, the resistant strain exhibited a significant developmental delay in the larval and pre-adult stages. These findings suggest that CHL resistance can rapidly evolve and persist in field populations, thereby complicating control efforts. The polygenic inheritance pattern underscores the complex genetic mechanisms underlying resistance, necessitating integrated management strategies. The reduced fitness costs further emphasize the importance of implementing proactive resistance management, such as rotating insecticides with different modes of action and integrating nonchemical control measures, to sustain the efficacy of CHL. Overall, this study provides critical insights into the genetic and biological dynamics of CHL resistance in S. littoralis, underscoring the urgency of vigilant resistance monitoring and strategic control practices to mitigate resistance and prolong the utility of CHL in pest management programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148879179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological responses of Chlorella vulgaris upon coexposure to β-lactam antibiotics and Ag NPs.","authors":"Xinyu Lu, Ze Zhang, Rong Huang, Yanhui Ge","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03150-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-026-03150-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study investigated the joint effects of β-lactam antibiotics and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris). The results show that when a single analyte was treated with amoxicillin (AM), aztreonam (AZ) and Ag NPs, the growth of C. vulgaris significantly decreased with increasing exposure concentration. The 96 h median effect concentration (EC₅₀) was determined, and the toxicity of the three substances decreased in the order of Ag NPs > AZ > AM. In the cotreatments, the joint effects of Ag NPs and antibiotics on C. vulgaris were synergistic. Similarly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images also revealed that compared with coexposure, single-analyte exposure caused less damage to C. vulgaris. Grey correlation analysis was employed to assess the impact of combined β-lactam antibiotics and Ag NPs on the aforementioned indicators. Our findings contribute greatly to a better understanding of the joint effects of β-lactam antibiotics and Ag NPs on aquatic organisms and can provide solid evidence for ecological risk assessment of the coexistence of β-lactam antibiotics and Ag NPs in aquatic environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative stress and immune signatures of carbamazepine in freshwater mussels.","authors":"Göktuğ Gül","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03158-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-026-03158-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The persistence of pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environments and their limited removal by conventional treatment processes necessitate evaluating organism-level effects of long-term exposure using biomarkers. To determine how carbamazepine (CBZ), commonly detected in environmental waters, modulates immune and oxidative stress responses in the freshwater mussel Unio delicatus, individuals (n = 160) were exposed to sublethal CBZ concentrations for 21 and 45 days under semi-static conditions. Exposure concentrations were set at 199 µg/L (D1), 995 µg/L (D2), and 1.99 mg/L (D3), corresponding to 1%, 5%, and 10% of the LC₅₀ (19.9 mg/L). The experimental environment was conducted under controlled physicochemical conditions, and the water was periodically replaced to maintain target concentrations. Total haemocyte counts (THCs) were determined from haemolymph tissue; malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were measured in gill and digestive gland tissues. In addition, GSH and MDA data were integrated, and the total stress load was assessed using the Integrated Biomarker Response v2 (IBRv2) index. CBZ exposure led to significant increases in THCs, particularly at low doses, and this response became more pronounced after 45 days of exposure. Oxidative stress markers showed a tissue- and time-dependent relationship: MDA tended to increase in the gills during the early period, while it generally decreased with long-term exposure; an increase was observed in the digestive gland at high doses during the early period. GSH levels decreased with short-term exposure, but increased after 45 days of exposure, especially in the digestive gland. IBRv2 revealed that the total stress load increased at high doses, reaching 4.19 and 4.80 at 21 and 45 days, respectively, in the D3 group. In conclusion, CBZ regulates the immune system and redox balance in U. delicatus in a tissue, dose, and time-dependent manner. However, the decrease in MDA and the increase in GSH observed in some tissues after prolonged exposure should be interpreted cautiously as possible compensatory redox responses rather than definitive evidence of adaptation, since the elevated IBRv2 values indicate that the overall stress burden persisted.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomonitoring of industrial heavy metal pollution via enzymatic and metabolic responses in desert ants (Cataglyphis savignyi) and beetles (Tentyrum sp) as bioindicators.","authors":"Yasser I Hamza, Ahmed S Bream, Mohammed A Mahmoud, Sanad H Ragab, Hanan H Altaief, Nesreen K Shareef, Emad M S Barakat, Mohamed A M El-Tabakh","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03137-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-026-03137-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current work seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of Cataglyphis saviginyi and Tentyrum sp as indicators of pollution in the city's main industrial regions by analyzing their enzymatic activity and primary metabolites. Soil samples were collected at each site under investigation to analyze soil characteristics and heavy metal content. C. saviginyi and Tentyrum sp were collected across four consecutive seasons (2023-2024) to investigate enzymatic (GPT, GOT, ALP, ACP, LDH) and metabolic (lipid, protein, carbohydrate) biomarkers. The physicochemical properties of the soil differed substantially between the industrial areas and the control site. Soil heavy metal buildup was highest at industrial sites (1 and 4) compared to the control site, with the order being Zn > Cr > Cd > Cu. Heavy metal pollution indices were determined. Increased industrial activity from metal industries, ceramics, and chemical painting companies defines this area, as seen by the high Cdeg, mCd, PI, and PLI values derived for industrial sites 1 and 4. While C. saviginyi and Tentyrum sp deconcentrated and released Cr, Cd, and Zn into the soil via the biological accumulation factor (BAF), Cu acted as a macro-concentrator. Compared with the control site, industrial environments were shown to increase levels of GPT, GOT, LDH, ACP, protein, and carbohydrates in C. saviginyi. However, lipid and ALP activity was suppressed. at industrial sites, Tentyrum sp carbohydrate content was higher than at control sites, but GPT, GOT, ALP, ACP, LDH, protein, and lipid activities were all suppressed. Consequently, enzymatic and metabolic biomarkers proved to be sensitive indicators for assessing industrial heavy metal pollution in desert ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactive effects of low-density polyethylene microplastics and benzo[a]pyrene on the growth of the freshwater microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata.","authors":"Yuuri Gabriel de Souza Santos, Rodrigo Brasil Choueri, Caio Rodrigues Nobre, Fábio Ruiz Simões, Paloma Kachel Gusso-Choueri","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03143-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-026-03143-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although microplastics (MPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread in aquatic environments, their combined effects in freshwater systems remain poorly understood. This gap is relevant because green algae, frequently exposed to MPs, play an important role in PAHs bioremediation. This study evaluated how MPs influence the toxicity of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in the green microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata. A full-factorial design was used to expose algal cells to three concentrations of low-density polyethylene MPs (5, 50, and 500 mg L⁻¹), tested alone or in combination with the BaP median effective concentration (EC50-72 h) determined for this species. Experiments lasted 72 ± 2 h under controlled temperature, agitation, and light. The isolated and combined effects of MPs and BaP were analyzed using Generalized Linear Models. The EC50 of BaP was 21 µg L⁻¹ (20-25 µg L⁻¹) and the range provided refers to 95% confidence interval (CI_95%). When tested separately, MPs at 5 and 50 mg L⁻¹ reduced algal density, likely due to additives associated with the particles. No inhibitory effect was observed at 500 mg L⁻¹, possibly because the particles served as a surface for biofilm formation, supporting growth. In combined exposures, the presence of MPs at 50 and 500 mg L⁻¹ reduced BaP toxicity, consistent with increased sorption of hydrophobic compounds to plastic surfaces and reduced BaP availability in the medium. In contrast, treatments combining BaP with 5 mg L⁻¹ MPs showed greater toxicity than BaP alone, suggesting that this MP concentration was insufficient to remove a meaningful fraction of BaP from the water, allowing interaction with cellular membranes and growth inhibition. These results indicate that the influence of MPs on BaP toxicity is concentration-dependent and nonlinear, suggesting that MPs can either enhance or mitigate BaP toxicity depending on contamination levels. Such interactions may alter the environmental bioavailability of PAHs in freshwater ecosystems, highlighting the importance of considering MP concentrations in ecological risk assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13534156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolved pollution tolerance in Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) from the Corpus Christi Inner Harbor, Texas, USA.","authors":"Rachel B Walkup, Cadance Swearingen, London R Steele, Kendall E Greer, Jiwan Kim, Cole W Matson","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03144-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-026-03144-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Corpus Christi Inner Harbor in Texas is a major center of industrial activity and contains high levels of persistent pollutants, including dioxins, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, is an estuarine species inhabiting the Gulf of Mexico. F. grandis populations from the Houston Ship Channel (Galveston Bay, Texas) have been previously shown to be resistant to PCB-induced cardiac teratogenesis via a recalcitrant aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway. In this study, embryos from two F. grandis populations collected from the Corpus Christi Inner Harbor were exposed to varying doses of PCB-126 and evaluated for heart deformities at 144 h post fertilization. Both populations displayed significant resistance to PCB-induced cardiac teratogenesis compared to a reference population, representing the second documented cluster of adapted populations of F. grandis. Additionally, these populations exhibited lower basal cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity (as measured via EROD assay) and reduced inducibility, indicating that a recalcitrant AHR pathway is at least partially responsible for the observed PCB resistance. Finally, we found that PCB-induced cardiac teratogenesis and CYP1A induction were highly correlated at the population level; however, individual CYP1A activity did not predict cardiac deformity. We propose a theoretical model in which inter-individual variation in CYP1A response explains this discrepancy and offers a conceptual framework for understanding individual variation within adapted populations. Collectively, these findings provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying adaptive responses to persistent pollutants and further establish F. grandis as a valuable model for evolutionary toxicology.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13534186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multilevel ecotoxicological responses of Allium cepa to atrazine and glyphosate applied individually and in combination.","authors":"Karyne Marriel Moreira, Augusto César Santos Oliveira, Victor Ventura de Souza, Renata Alice Campos, José Marcello Salabert de Campos, Tatiana da Silva Souza","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03156-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-026-03156-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glyphosate and atrazine are among the most extensively applied herbicides worldwide and are often detected together in aquatic environments due to their concurrent agricultural use. This study investigated their individual and combined effects on Allium cepa at environmentally realistic concentrations: 62.5-1000 µg L⁻¹ for glyphosate and 0.25-4 µg L⁻¹ for atrazine. Five mixtures were also tested: M1 (62.5 + 0.25), M2 (125 + 0.5), M3 (250 + 1), M4 (500 + 2), and M5 (1000 + 4). Multiple endpoints were analyzed, including germination, root elongation, mitotic index, chromosomal and mitotic abnormalities, cell-cycle phase distribution, sub-G₁ fraction, fluorescence intensity, light-scattering parameters (FSC, SSC), membrane integrity (Evans Blue assay), and mitochondrial activity (TTC assay). Both herbicides and mixtures triggered cytotoxic and genotoxic responses, though most mixtures did not exceed the toxicity of the individual compounds, suggesting non-interactive or saturable mechanisms. Mixture M5, containing concentrations comparable to those reported in agricultural surface waters, produced stronger responses for some biomarkers. Flow-cytometric and mitochondrial endpoints were the most responsive following mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations. On the other hand, germination, root elongation, and membrane integrity showed limited sensitivity. Overall, the data indicate that even concentrations within current environmental guidelines can impair cellular function in A. cepa. This study provides a novel integrated assessment of glyphosate, atrazine, and their mixtures at environmentally relevant concentrations by combining classical A. cepa cytogenotoxicity assays with flow cytometry, membrane integrity, and mitochondrial activity biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13534172/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transfer learning for honey bee toxicity prediction: MolFormer versus classical QSAR representations.","authors":"Alan Victor de Souza Pinho, Edilson Beserra de Alencar Filho, Rosalvo Ferreira de Oliveira Neto","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03149-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-026-03149-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Honey bee (Apis mellifera) toxicity assessment is essential for environmental risk evaluation of agrochemicals, yet experimental data are costly and often limited, constraining the development of robust predictive models. This study investigates whether transfer learning via pretrained chemical language models can provide competitive QSAR performance for bee toxicity classification. Using the ApisTox dataset (1,035 compounds; 296 toxic and 739 non-toxic for bees), molecular representations were derived from SMILES in three ways: (i) PaDEL molecular descriptors, (ii) RDKit Morgan fingerprints, and (iii) MolFormer embeddings extracted from a publicly available reduced-scale pretrained checkpoint (~ 100 M molecules; ~10% ZINC + ~ 10% PubChem), used as frozen features. Three classical classifiers: Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Multilayer Perceptron were trained and evaluated under 5-fold cross-validation. Fingerprints paired with RF achieved the best overall discrimination, as measured by the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC-AUC = 0.866). Importantly, MolFormer embeddings combined with SVM reached near-parity (ROC-AUC = 0.859) and consistently outperformed PaDEL descriptors for all classifiers (ΔROC-AUC = + 0.005 to + 0.021). These results demonstrate that transfer-learned chemical embeddings can rival established QSAR baselines while simplifying feature engineering, supporting their practical adoption for ecotoxicological screening under limited labeled data.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13534182/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond mortality: A fungicide mixture alters physiology and causes impaired behavior in zebrafish.","authors":"Aline Pompermaier, Flavia Bernardo Chagas, Wagner A Tamagno, Leandro Galon, Paulo A Hartmann, Marilia Hartmann","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03147-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-026-03147-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pesticides have been widely used to ensure high productivity in monoculture systems. However, due to pathogen resistance and the need to improve the safety and sustainability of these substances, new compounds have emerged on the market. One example is pesticide mixtures, which aim to provide a broader spectrum of functionality within a single product. The azoxystrobin- and tebuconazole-based fungicide (ATBF) is a commercial premix fungicide containing two active ingredients. Nevertheless, studies investigating the effects of such mixtures on non-target organisms remain a significant gap in literature. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to investigate the toxicological effects of this fungicide mixture on the physiology and behavior of zebrafish. Developmental exposure (3-120 h post-fertilization [hpf]) to environmentally relevant concentrations was evaluated through assessments of survival, hatching, spontaneous movement, heart rate, and behavior (shoaling and antipredator response). Exposure to ATBF impaired survival, reduced spontaneous movement, altered heart rate, and affected shoaling behavior in zebrafish larvae. These findings highlight the importance of research on pesticide mixtures, as these products may exert additive or synergistic effects on aquatic fauna.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13534150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of neurotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by environmentally persistent pharmaceutical pollutants.","authors":"Bharathi Kumar, Sudharsan Parthasarathy, Kandiban Nagaraj, Siva Vijayakumar Tharumasivam, Na'il Saleh, Achiraman Shanmugam","doi":"10.1007/s10646-026-03134-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-026-03134-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aimed to examine the possible impact of environmentally persistent pharmaceutical pollutants at environmentally relevant concentrations. Intriguingly, the Novel Tank Behavior Test did not reveal significant differences in anxiety-related behaviors. However, the Social Interaction Test unveiled a substantial reduction in social interaction, particularly notable in zebrafish treated with carbamazepine (CBZ). Furthermore, the Mirror Biting Behavior Test illustrated a complex picture, with CBZ inducing heightened aggression while Metformin (MET) treatment resulted in reduced aggression. The study also delved into light and dark zone preferences, revealing that CBZ-treated fish spent significantly more time in both zones, whereas MET-treated fish exhibited a preference for the dark zone. These behavioral findings were complemented by biochemical analyses, which unveiled gender-specific variations in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Males consistently exhibited increased AChE activity across all treatment groups, while females displayed unique responses, with TMP and MET-treated females showing increases and CBZ-treated females exhibiting a decrease. Additionally, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) activities exhibited intricate responses to pharmaceutical treatments, with variations based on gender and specific pharmaceutical agents used. While the 7-day exposure duration and environmentally relevant concentrations used in this study offer valuable insights into acute effects, future research with longer exposure durations may provide insights into chronic consequences in aquatic ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":"35 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148789670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}