Ecotoxicology最新文献

{"title":"Diuron-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in Clarias gariepinus: Biochemical and histopathological assessment.","authors":"Andem Bassey Andem, Akaninyene Paul Joseph, Sylvanus Ekpe Ebari, George Eni, Edet Effiong Asanga","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02931-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02931-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increased usage of diuron in agriculture has non-target harmful impacts on aquatic life. Diuron toxicity causes endocrine disruption in the liver and kidney of Clarias gariepinus. Fish were exposed to sub-lethal diuron concentrations (0.00, 0.09, 0.17, 0.26, and 0.35 mg/L) for 28 days, and biochemical molecules (total protein, glucose, and cholesterol), biochemical enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase: AST and alanine aminotransferase: ALT), and histopathological sections of the kidney and liver were examined. The results demonstrated that increased diuron concentrations and exposure durations raised levels of total protein, glucose, cholesterol, AST, and ALT, indicating a dose-dependent toxicological impact on metabolic processes. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that cholesterol plays an important role in regulating the enzymatic response to diuron toxicity, although, to a lesser extent, glucose and protein also contributed to physiological adaptations and stress responses in C. gariepinus. Histological examination revealed severe alterations in the liver and kidneys, indicating cellular destruction and loss of structural integrity. This study highlights the importance of constant monitoring of aquatic ecosystems for diuron contamination and the potential ecological risks it poses to fish health.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144674177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological Indices as Markers of the Health of Cirrhinus mrigala under the Stress of Microplastics and Metal Nanoparticles.","authors":"Megha Andotra, Simran Sharma, Arvinder Kaur","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02940-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02940-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coexistence of microplastics and nanoparticles is an emerging concern for environmentalists. This study highlights the individual and combined toxicities of environmentally relevant concentrations of two particle sizes of low-density polyethylene microplastic [LDPE: 150-250 µm (M1) and < 150 µm (M2)] and Predicted No Effect Concentration [PNEC: 2.95 mg/L, 1/100 of 96 h LC₅₀ {295.319 (253.533-333.814) mg/L}] of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs: N) on the well-being of a food fish, Cirrhinus mrigala. Length-weight relationship, Fulton Condition Factor (FCF), Relative Condition Factor (RCF), Hepatosomatic Index (HSI), Gastrosomatic index (GaSI), along with behavioural and morphological alterations, were recorded monthly during an exposure and recovery period of 60 days each. The biological indices declined significantly over the control (p < 0.001) in treatments. FCF (1.65 ± 0.05) and RCF (0.83 ± 0.03) were minimum in M2N after 60 days of exposure, but in M1N after 60 days of recovery period (1.34 ± 0.045 and 0.678 ± 0.03, respectively). Exposure and recovery values of b, HSI and GaSI were lowest in M1N. Abnormal swimming, distressed hitting against the walls, copious mucus secretion, haemorrhage, darkening of skin, clogging of intestine and feed avoidance seem to have reduced energy allocation and well-being, causing allometric growth in treatments. Minimum changes in N, cataract and exophthalmia in M2 and tumour formation in M2N clearly indicate that MPs and NPs altered behaviour and bioavailability of each other. Their coexistence in natural waters might pose a direct threat to organisms and hint at developing regulatory strategies for the discharge of microplastics and nanoparticles.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential biochemical responses of Cyprinus carpio after dietary and waterborne exposure to microplastics from polyethylene-based biodegradable and conventional bags.","authors":"Tamiris Rosso Storck, Jaíne Ames, Gabriel Qualhato, Marlon de Castro Vasconcelos, Andreli Lopes Piccoli, Thiago Lopes Rocha, Andreia Neves Fernandes, Barbara Clasen","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02937-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02937-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics (MPs) can interact and generate toxic effects on exposed organisms, such as fish. However, little is known about the effects of exposing fish to biodegradable PE-MPs, and how the form of exposure is related to toxicity. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary and waterborne exposure to four types of polyethylene MPs (PE-MPs) from biodegradable and conventional bags on common carp Cyprinus carpio. The toxicity of PE-MPs from biodegradable (PE-BIO), transparent (HDPE-1), black (PE-OXO), and gray (HDPE-2) bags was analyzed after 7 days of exposure by multiple biochemical biomarkers assessment, such as neurotoxicity, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and oxidative damage. The toxicity of waterborne exposure of fish to PE-MPs followed the order: PE-OXO>HDPE-2>PE-BIO>HDPE-1, while the dietary exposure was: HDPE-2>PE-BIO>HDPE-1>PE-OXO. Furthermore, according to IBRv2, the HDPE-2 and PE-BIO treatments of dietary exposure showed greater changes in biomarkers compared to the control. Lipid peroxidation levels were altered only in dietary exposure treatments, while CAT and GST activity was generally inhibited in both exposure pathways. The PE-BIO treatments showed significant differences in relation to conventional plastics, mainly in the nitric oxide (NO) content of the fish liver, which increased or decreased depending on the route of exposure. Therefore, this pioneering study emphasizes that the composition of PE-MPs and the route of exposure can generate different effects on C. carpio biomarkers. Furthermore, these results may indicate the effects of environmental contamination by MPs in a freshwater fish species.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioaccumulation pattern of heavy metals in Avicennia marina at Visakhapatnam and Coringa Mangroves in India.","authors":"Anand Raju Kambala, Ramakrishna Chintala, Srinivas Reka","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02932-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02932-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores the impact of heavy metal accumulation on Avicennia marina's physiological and anatomical aspects, focusing on its capacity for metal uptake and tolerance. Conducted across the Visakhapatnam Entrance Channel (VEC) field, Control Coringa mangroves, and controlled ex-situ greenhouse environments, the study examines the accumulation patterns of chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd). The Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI) indicated that Cd posed a very high risk, with Cr and Pb also showing significant risks. The potential ecological risk coefficient Eir consistently placed Cd in the high-risk category, with other metals generally in low to moderate-risk categories. Physiological changes in plant tissues were analyzed using a fluorescence microscope, and higher metal concentrations were assessed with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and Translocation Factor (TF) were calculated to evaluate metal accumulation and translocation efficiency. In VEC, significant anatomical changes in Avicennia marina included moist leaves, expanded mesophyll areas, and thick cuticles with heavy metal deposits, especially in high metal concentrations. The region's pollution, driven by port activities and nearby industries, elevated heavy metal levels in sediments. Cd was identified as a very high-risk element at all stations. Comparative analysis with the Control Coringa mangroves indicated potential variations in metal accumulation strategies between the two regions within the same species. Anatomical changes in the VEC were more pronounced than fewer disruptions in Coringa mangroves. The findings highlight Avicennia marina's potential as a bioindicator species, reinforcing its ecological value in monitoring and managing pollution stress in coastal environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Involvement of esterases in increased resistance to pirimiphos-methyl and bifenthrin in Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus, 1763).","authors":"L C Cabral, V Wakida, D R Moreira, A A S Gigliolli, A S Lapenta, C G M Souza","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02933-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02933-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sitophilus oryzae (L.) is a cosmopolitan pest of stored grains, frequently controlled using organophosphates and pyrethroids. However, the continuous use of these insecticides may lead to resistance development. Thus, this study evaluated the evolution of S. oryzae resistance after three generations (F3) of artificial selection with pirimiphos-methyl and bifenthrin, and the persistence of acquired resistance after three additional generations without exposure (F6) to insecticides. Two experiments were conducted: the Continuous Exposure Bioassay (CEB), with exposure to sublethal doses, and the Generation Selection Bioassay (GSB), with more intense selective pressure. Esterase activity was analyzed by electrophoresis to investigate the involvement of these enzymes in resistance mechanisms. Samples were subjected to native PAGE, and esterase bands were visualized using α- and β-naphthyl acetate as substrates. The results showed a significant increase in resistance in both approaches, with evidence of cross-resistance between the insecticides. Isoenzymatic analysis revealed the involvement of esterases, particularly cholinesterase Est-1, whose relative activity was higher in the selected generations, suggesting its role in compound detoxification. Additionally, there was a slight reduction in the resistance ratio after three additional generations without exposure, although not statistically significant. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring enzymatic resistance mechanisms for more effective insecticide management and mitigating the impacts of resistance on pest control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144642081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of multi-generational exposure to Fluorine-Free Foam (F3) alternatives on Daphnia magna tolerance.","authors":"Jack D Morehouse, Devin K Jones, Jason T Hoverman","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02938-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02938-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have historically been a key component in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) used in fire suppression. With the increasing emphasis on phasing out PFAS use due to health and environmental concerns, several new chemical technologies have been used to create fluorine-free foam (F3) alternatives. Recent research has demonstrated that these replacement formulations are more acutely toxic to aquatic species than the traditional PFAS-containing AFFF. Given their relatively high acute toxicity, prolonged exposure to the formulations could lead to adaptive responses (i.e., evolved tolerance) in exposed populations. In this study, we examined the effects of chronic exposure to six F3 alternatives and one PFAS-containing AFFF on tolerance to the formulations in the water flea Daphnia magna. Following an 84-day exposure to different concentrations of each formulation, we used a series of laboratory lethal concentration (LC₅₀) tests on a subset of populations to examine the potential change in tolerance. We found that chronic exposure to three formulations led to a change in tolerance in exposed populations as compared to those with no prior exposure; two populations displayed increased tolerance while one showed decreased tolerance. This work is the first to examine evolved responses to F3 alternatives. Our results highlight the frequently overlooked evolutionary effects of contaminant exposure and the broader need to understand the effects of F3 alternatives on the environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144648847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth regulator herbicides and adjuvants effects on soil microbial activity.","authors":"Raphael Mereb Negrisoli, Diego Munhoz Gomes, Mayara Bolognesi, Renato Nunes Costa, Alysson Dias Dalmas, Robinson Antonio Pitelli, Caio Antonio Carbonari, Edivaldo Domingues Velini","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02936-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02936-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil microorganisms are vital for maintaining ecosystem functioning and play a central role in the degradation of herbicides. However, the specific effects of herbicides and their formulations on soil microbial activity remain insufficiently characterized, particularly in non-agricultural environments. This study evaluated the impact of five herbicides-Arsenal® (imazapyr), Dominum® (aminopyralid, and fluroxypyr), Pluris® (triclopyr, picloram, and aminopyralid), Garlon® (tricloplyr), and Glyphosate® (glyphosate)-and five adjuvants-Agral, Assist, Aureo, Silwet, and VegetOil-on microbial activity, using global heterotrophic soil respiration as a functional indicator. Soil samples from a non-agricultural area were incubated under controlled laboratory conditions for 28 days. Herbicides were applied at three dosages, while adjuvants were tested at label-recommended concentrations. Additionally, herbicide degradation was quantified using liquid chromatography. Results showed no significant differences in microbial respiration between treatments and untreated control, regardless of application rate. However, a modest increase in respiration was observed in soils treated with certain herbicides, notably Pluris® (19%) and Dominum® (23%), suggesting potential microbial stimulation. Adjuvants also exhibited no inhibitory effects, with Assist and VegetOil slightly enhancing respiration. Chromatographic analysis confirmed rapid degradation of all active ingredients, exceeding 80% within 28 days, with fluroxypyr degrading most extensively (97%). These findings indicate that, under the tested conditions, neither herbicides nor adjuvants adversely affect soil microbial respiration. Nevertheless, the observed variability highlights the need for field-based and long-term studies, particularly in integrated vegetation management scenarios, to better understand potential ecological implications and guide sustainable herbicide use in sensitive environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144642080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated biomarker response in common carp fingerlings exposed to neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid.","authors":"Hemanta Pokhrel, Raktim Sarmah, Darshana Sharma, Lucy Ingtipi, Naznin Ahmed, Sarada Kanta Bhagabati, Rajdeep Dutta, Arnab Narayan Patowary, Simanku Borah, Utpal Kumar Das, Debojit Dekari, Biswajyoti Bordoloi","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02935-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02935-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Imidacloprid (IMI) is a systemic insecticide classified as a neonicotinoid, which targets the central nervous system of insects. This insecticide is commonly used to protect crops from sucking pests like ticks, whiteflies, plant hoppers, and leafhoppers. There are reports of IMI having highly toxic consequences on non-targeted organisms like bees, humans, and aquatic animals. However, information regarding adverse effects of long-term exposure of different commercial products containing IMI as an active compound on non-targeted animals is very scanty. Therefore, current research effort aims to determine toxicity effects of commercial-grade Premise, 30.50%, Suspension Concentrate (SC) containing IMI as an active compound on freshwater experimental fish Cyprinus carpio using an integrated biomarker approach. Fish were semi-statically exposed to 17.36, 20.38, and 26.04 mg/L of IMI, which corresponds to 1/12, 1/10, and 1/8 of 96 h Lethal Concentration (LC₅₀ i.e. 208.3 mg/L) for 28 days. Results showed significant changes in haemato-immunological, serum biochemicals, and antioxidant enzymes upon 28 days of exposure. IMI exposure induced ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) production, increased malonaldehyde (MDA) content in liver and gill tissues and subsequently reduced acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain tissue. Moreover, assessment through micronuclei (MNi) test was suggestive that the tested product is genotoxic, which was evident through the induction of significant numbers of micronuclei formation in erythrocyte cells of the test organisms. From the present study, it is obvious that the commercial formulation of IMI, Premise, can also act as a potential immunosuppressor and oxidative stress enhancer and can trigger probable neurotoxic and genotoxic effects that may result in physiological imbalances. Thus, it might become imperative to focus the toxicity studies not only on analytical grade but also on commercial products containing IMI as an active compound in non-targeted organisms. The study also underscores the importance of sustainable pest management practices to protect non-target species and maintain ecosystem balance, ultimately safeguarding public health and promoting environmental conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144648846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing alkaline battery waste toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): integrating physiological biomarker analysis with molecular docking insights.","authors":"Ahmad Waheed, Habiba Zafar, Hina Naz, Jabbir Ali Khan, Samra Shafqat, Muhammad Saleem Khan, Muhammad Wajid","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02939-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02939-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The widespread disposal of alkaline battery waste (ABW) poses significant environmental risks, particularly in aquatic ecosystems where heavy metals can accumulate and disrupt biological functions. This study evaluates the acute toxicity and sub-lethal effects of ABW exposure on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), a key species in aquaculture and freshwater food chains. The 96-h LC₅₀ of ABW for Nile tilapia was determined to be 25.64 mg/L. Experimental fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (10 and 40% LC₅₀) of ABW for 30 days, and multiple physiological and biochemical biomarkers were assessed. Growth performance parameters, including weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR), were significantly reduced in exposed groups. Elevated cortisol and blood glucose levels indicated heightened physiological stress, while liver function enzymes (alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) activity exhibited significant increases, reflecting hepatic impairment. Histopathological analyses of liver, gill, and muscle tissues revealed necrosis, hemorrhage, and myolysis, indicative of tissue damage due to ABW exposure. Molecular docking studies further demonstrated potential interactions of ZnO and MnO₂ with antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and catalase (CAT)), suggesting oxidative stress as a contributing factor to observed toxic effects. These findings highlight the potential environmental hazards of ABW and emphasize the urgent need for proper waste management strategies to mitigate aquatic ecosystem contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144642079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing histological and molecular responses in goldfish exposed to copper sulfate: insights for sustainable aquatic health management.","authors":"Walaa M Shaalan, Fatma Rehan, Nassr Allah Abdel-Hameid","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02919-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02919-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the impact of copper sulfate (CuSO₄) on goldfish (Carassius auratus), focusing on histological changes in gills, liver, and muscle tissues, as well as the expression patterns of key genes involved in muscle. Goldfish were exposed to three concentrations of CuSO₄ (1.998 mg/L, 3.995 mg/L, and 5.993 mg/L) for 96 h. Histological examination revealed dose-dependent pathological changes, including gill epithelial proliferation, hepatocyte degeneration, and muscle necrosis. Gene expression analyses indicated significant upregulation of IGF-1 in the liver at high CuSO₄ concentrations, while IGF-1 in muscle was consistently downregulated across all concentrations. MyoD gene expression was upregulated at the three tested concentrations, but it was the lowest at the highest concentration, whereas MURF2 was significantly upregulated in all experimental groups. These findings suggest that CuSO₄ exposure disrupts normal histological structure in goldfish, highlighting the need for stringent environmental regulations to mitigate copper pollution in aquatic ecosystems. This study provides critical insights into the molecular and histopathological mechanisms underlying CuSO₄ toxicity in fish, contributing to the development of evidence-based management strategies for aquatic conservation and aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}