Ecotoxicology最新文献

{"title":"Stress biomarker response in Aporrectodea caliginosa earthworms exposed to single and combined pesticide treatments (Prosaro and Decis).","authors":"Djamila Hafsi, Ibtissem Sbartai, Hana Sbartai","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02811-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-024-02811-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to assess the impact of two pesticides commonly used in Algeria (Prosaro XRT and Decis 25 EC), as well as their combinations at recommended doses, on a non-target species bioindicator of soil pollution, the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa, using physiological (mortality and growth) and biochemical parameters (proteins, glutathione, catalase activity and glutathione S-transferase, acetylcholine esterase, lipoxygenase). The recommended dose and its double were tested individually and in combination for this. It should be noted that the protocol used and the initial concentrations selected are the same as those used in the field. After 7 and 14 days (7D/14D) of exposure, all dosages were administered. Our findings show that the pesticides tested had no effect on earthworm survival. However, a significant decrease in their growth rates depending on the different concentrations was observed for the different treatments over the entire exposure period of 7 or 14 D. The greatest reductions (31.62%, 35.04%) are reported after 14D for the high concentrations of Decis alone (D2) as well as for the combined treatment Prosaro/Decis (P2/D2). At the same time, an increase in total protein contents (more than 50% after 14D) as well as a decrease in acetylcholine esterase activity were reported for all treatments. We were also able to identify the induction of oxidative stress after xenobiotic exposure, which is more pronounced at the end of the treatment (14D), resulting in the stimulation of the antioxidant system (gluthione, glutathione S-transférase, catalase) as well as the induction of lipoxygenase, which is responsible for the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in the inflammatory phenomenon. Finally, it turns out that the species Aporrectodea caliginosa is sensitive to the different concentrations applied, even those used in the open field, and that Decis (deltamethrin) seems to be more toxic than Prosaro and that the combinaison P2/D2 is as toxic as Decis alone (D2).</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1180-1192"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142388927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arctic copepod copper sensitivity and comparison with Antarctic and temperate copepods.","authors":"Jan Heuschele, Khuong V Dinh, Torben Lode, Tjalling Jager, Katrine Borgå","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02796-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-024-02796-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ongoing global climate crisis increases temperatures in polar regions faster and with greater magnitude than elsewhere. The decline of Arctic sea ice opens up new passages, eventually leading to higher anthropogenic activities such as shipping, fishing, and mining. Climate change and anthropogenic activities will increase contaminant transport from temperate to Arctic regions. The shipping industry uses copper as an antifouling coating. Copper is an essential element but becomes toxic at excess concentrations, and its use may inadvertently affect non-target organisms such as copepods. Copper affects copepods by lowering reproductive output, prolonging developmental time, and causing increased mortality. As data on copper sensitivity of polar copepods at low temperatures are rare, we conducted onboard survival experiments with the Arctic region's most common copepod species (Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis, C. hyperboreus). Acute survival tests were done for up to 8 days on individuals in 70 ml bottles at 1 °C with nominal copper concentrations ranging from 3 to 480 μg L^-1. We used a reduced General Unified Threshold model for Survival (GUTS) to analyse the data, and placed our results in the context of the few published copper sensitivity data of the Antarctic and temperate copepod species at low temperatures. The sensitivity of Cu exposure was similar between the three Calanus species. However, a model comparison suggests that the tested C. glacialis population is less sensitive than the other two species in our experiments. Compared to published data, the three Arctic species appear slightly less sensitive to copper compared to their Antarctic counterparts but more compared to their temperate ones. Our literature search revealed only a few available studies on the copper sensitivity of polar copepods. In the future, this species group will be exposed to more pollutants, which warrants more studies to predict potential risks, especially given possible interactions with environmental factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1026-1038"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11480128/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142079666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrethroids and reproductive function: some endocrine disrupting perspectives from molecular simulations.","authors":"Ishfaq Ahmad Sheikh, Mohd Amin Beg, Muzafar A Macha","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02801-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-024-02801-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pyrethroids are widely used insecticides with huge applications for household as well as agricultural purposes and contribute to improved product quality and higher yields. In recent decades, the demand for pyrethroids has increased significantly due to advantages such as broad-spectrum efficacy, high insecticidal potential, and lower pest resistance. However, several studies have suggested that human exposure to pyrethroids leads to reproductive problems. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is an important hormone transport protein regulating the availability of steroids at their target site. The aim of our study was to investigate the structural interactions of commonly used pyrethroids, cypermethrin and deltamethrin, with ligand binding pocket of SHBG. Cypermethrin and deltamethrin were docked into the steroid binding pocket of SHBG using Schrodinger's induced fit docking (IFD) followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies. The resultant SHBG-pyrethroid complexes from IFD experiments were subjected to structural analysis including the molecular interactions followed by binding energy estimation. The analysis revealed that both the ligands were tightly bound in the SHBG pocket with high percentage of commonality among the SHBG residues between the indicated pyrethroid ligands and the SHBG native ligand, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The estimated binding energy values for cypermethrin were less but close to the values calculated for the SHBG native ligand, DHT. However, the estimated binding energy values for deltamethrin were higher compared to the values calculated for SHBG native ligand, DHT. Furthermore, the MD simulation results also revealed the higher stability of SHBG-deltamethrin than SHBG-cypermethrin complex. To sum up, the results suggested that deltamethrin has a greater capability than cypermethrin to prevent sex steroid hormone from binding to SHBG, even though both pyrethroids have this ability. Consequently, this might hamper the circulatory transport of sex steroid hormones and their availability at the target site, subsequently interfering with reproductive function.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1086-1095"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfate sensitivity of early life stages of freshwater mussels Unio crassus and Margaritifera margaritifera.","authors":"Xiaoxuan Hu, Mikko Mäkinen, Jouni Taskinen, Juha Karjalainen","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02794-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-024-02794-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sulfate is increasingly found in elevated concentrations in freshwater ecosystems due to anthropogenic activities. Chronic exposure to sulfate has been reported to cause sublethal effects on freshwater invertebrates. Previous sulfate toxicity tests have mostly been conducted in hard or moderately hard waters, and research on species inhabiting soft water is needed, given that freshwater organisms face heightened sensitivity to toxicants in water of lower hardness. In the present study, we examined sulfate sensitivity of two endangered freshwater mussel species, Unio crassus, and Margaritifera margaritifera. Glochidia and juveniles of both species were subjected to acute and/or chronic sulfate exposures in soft water to compare sulfate sensitivity across age groups, and effective concentrations (EC)/lethal concentrations (LC) values were estimated. Mussels were individually exposed to allow relatively larger numbers of replicates per treatment. Chronic sulfate exposure significantly reduced growth, foot movement, and relative water content (RWC) in juvenile mussels of M. margaritifera. Mussels at younger stages were not necessarily more sensitive to sulfate. In the acute tests, LC50 of glochidia of M. margaritifera and U. crassus was 1301 and 857 mg/L, respectively. Chronic LC10 was 843 mg/L for 3-week-old U. crassus juveniles, 1051 mg/L for 7-week-old M. margaritifera juveniles, and 683 mg/L for 2-year-old M. margaritifera juveniles. True chronic Lowest Effective Concentration for 7-week-old M. margaritifera may be within the 95% interval of EC10 based on RWC (EC10 = 446 mg/L, 95%CI = 265-626 mg/L). Our study contributed to the understanding of sulfate toxicity to endangered freshwater mussel species in soft water.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"996-1008"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11480151/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141901291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nectopsyche sp (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) sublethal effects caused by different concentrations of arsenic (As): a biochemical markers approach.","authors":"Christian Villamarín, Melanie Loachamin, Milton Sosa, Mishell Donoso, Genoveva Granda-Albuja, Pablo Castillejo, Blanca Ríos-Touma","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02799-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-024-02799-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental impacts related to arsenic (As) contamination are a persistent issue of particular interest in Latin American countries with increasing mining activities. In Ecuador, the redefinition of public policies to promote the increase in mining since 2008 has led to a significant rise in the presence of this heavy metal in rivers and effluents, sometimes exceeding the 0.1 mg L^-1, limit recommended by Ecuadorian Environmental Regulations. This study aimed to evaluate the sublethal effects through the detection of biochemical biomarker changes (Catalase, Antioxidant capacity by FRAP, and Glutathione S-transferase) generated in larvae of Nectopsyche sp following prolonged exposure to different concentrations of As (C1 = 0.05 mg L^-1, C2 = 0.1 mg L^-1, C3 = 0.8 mg L^-1) in a controlled environment, emulating the maximum limits allowed by current Ecuadorian legislation. While As concentration levels in water increased, so did levels in the tissue of Nectopsyche sp specimens. On the other hand, behavioral parameters (mortality and mobility) did not show differences in either time or As concentrations. However, both Catalase and Antioxidant capacity by FRAP levels tended to decrease with increasing As concentration, and in both cases, the differences were significant. Additionally, Glutathione S-transferase activity did not increase significantly. These results preliminarily demonstrate that biochemical responses change with varying As concentrations in Nectopsyche sp and are affected at behavioral and biochemical levels produced by the As at chronic levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1062-1073"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic effects of metal releases from historical mining on threatened crayfish in Madison County Missouri, USA.","authors":"A L Allert, D Cleveland, R J DiStefano, M L Wildhaber, L K Lueckenhoff","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02773-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-024-02773-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Little St. Francis River and its tributaries drain metals-contaminated areas of the Madison County Mines National Priority List Superfund site (MCM) which was designated in 2003 to facilitate remediation of metals contamination within the MCM. One concern for natural resource trustees in the MCM is the potential effects of elevated metals concentrations on the federally threatened St. Francis River crayfish, Faxonius quadruncus, which has a geographic range that is limited to the St. Francis River watershed. A survey of riffle-dwelling crayfish, in-situ cage study, and laboratory toxicity tests were conducted to assess the effects of mining-derived metals on F. quadruncus and other crayfish species in the MCM. Crayfish densities were significantly greater at sites upstream of metals releases from historical mining (henceforth mining releases) compared to densities at sites downstream of mining releases, and metals concentrations in whole-body crayfish, surface water, sediments, macroinvertebrates, fish, and plant material were greater at sites downstream of mining releases compared to sites upstream of mining releases. Crayfish densities were also negatively correlated with consensus-based adverse effects indices, expressed as surface-water toxic units and sediment probable effects quotients. Decreased growth and increased mortality during cage and laboratory studies were likely due to exposure to, and subsequently uptake of, elevated concentrations of metals. Crayfish in all studies were found to bioaccumulate metals, which supports their utility as bioindicators of metals contamination. Study results show that elevated metals concentrations associated with mining releases in the MCM continue to adversely affect biota, including the federally threatened F. quadruncus.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1096-1121"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142132157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity of isolated and mixed metals to a native Amazonian ostracod and ecological risk assessment.","authors":"Diego Ferreira Gomes, Hevelyn Plácido Brito, Julia Gomes do Vale, Thandy Júnior da Silva Pinto, Raquel Aparecida Moreira, Odete Rocha","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02800-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-024-02800-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent decades the Amazonian ecosystem has received large amounts of domestic and industrial effluents, as well as mining-related waste contributing significant quantities of metal to water bodies. Thus, the main objective of the study was to verify the sensitivity of a native Amazonian ostracod (Strandesia rondoniensis) species to isolated and mixed metal salts (CuSO₄; ZnCl₂; CdCl₂ and HgCl₂). The sensitivity will be compared to other species using species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) for an ecological risk assessment (ERA). The experiment consisted of simultaneously exposing each metal alone and in mixture, through a factorial design for toxicity with 25 different combinations for 48 h. For the ERA, metal concentrations measured in the water of various aquatic environments in the Amazon basin were considered based on the risk quotient values. The results showed that the metal toxicity gradient was Cd>Hg>Cu>Zn, respectively. The toxicity in the mixture showed that the combination of Cu-Cd and Cu-Zn better fit the model (CA), indicating mainly synergism when copper predominated in the mixture. Meanwhile, the Cu-Hg interaction fit the model better (IA), again indicating synergism when copper was at a higher concentration. The ERA showed a high risk (RQ > 1) for the Cd, Cu, and Hg metals.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1074-1085"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogeny predicts sensitivity in aquatic animals for only a minority of chemicals.","authors":"Alice L Coleman, Suzanne Edmands","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02791-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-024-02791-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are substantial gaps in our empirical knowledge of the effects of chemical exposure on aquatic life that are unlikely to be filled by traditional laboratory toxicity testing alone. One possible alternative of generating new toxicity data is cross-species extrapolation (CSE), a statistical approach in which existing data are used to predict the effect of a chemical on untested species. Some CSE models use relatedness as a predictor of chemical sensitivity, but relatively little is known about how strongly shared evolutionary history influences sensitivity across all chemicals. To address this question, we conducted a survey of phylogenetic signal in the toxicity data from aquatic animal species for a large set of chemicals using a phylogeny inferred from taxonomy. Strong phylogenetic signal was present in just nine of thirty-six toxicity datasets, and there were no clear shared properties among those datasets with strong signal. Strong signal was rare even among chemicals specifically developed to target insects, meaning that these chemicals may be equally lethal to non-target taxa, including chordates. When signal was strong, distinct patterns of sensitivity were evident in the data, which may be informative when assembling toxicity datasets for regulatory use. Although strong signal does not appear to manifest in aquatic toxicity data for most chemicals, we encourage additional phylogenetic evaluations of toxicity data in order to guide the selection of CSE tools and as a means to explore the patterns of chemical sensitivity across the broad diversity of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"921-936"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11399186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141733807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomarker responses in Danio rerio following an acute exposure (96 h) to e-waste leachate.","authors":"A Rielly, S Dahms-Verster, R Greenfield","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02784-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-024-02784-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electronic waste (e-waste) has been identified as an emerging pollutant and is the fastest growing waste stream at the present time. Significant technological development and modernization within the last decade has led to the rapid accumulation of outdated, broken and unwanted electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). Electronic products mainly consist of a range of metal containing components that, when disposed of improperly, could result in metal constituents leached into the environment and posing a health risk to humans and animals alike. Metal exposure can induce oxidative stress in organisms, which could lead to synergistic, antagonistic and additive effects. The metals found highest in abundance in the simulated e-waste leachate, were nickel (Ni), barium (Ba), zinc (Zn), lithium (Li), iron (Fe), aluminium (Al) and copper (Cu). An acute exposure study was conducted over a 96 h period to determine the potential toxicity of e-waste on the test organism Danio rerio. Biomarker analysis results to assess the biochemical and physiological effects induced by e-waste leachate, showed a statistically significant effect induced on acetylcholinesterase activity, superoxide dismutase, catalase activity, reduced glutathione content, glutathione s-transferase, malondialdehyde and glucose energy available. The Integrated Biomarker Response (IBRv2) analysis revealed a greater biomarker response induced as the exposure concentration of e-waste leachate increased.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"859-874"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11399175/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141589934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sublethal exposure to thiamethoxam and pyraclostrobin affects the midgut and Malpighian tubules of the stingless bee Frieseomelitta varia (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini).","authors":"Jaqueline Aparecida da Silva, Cliver Fernandes Farder-Gomes, Angel Roberto Barchuk, Osmar Malaspina, Roberta Cornélio Ferreira Nocelli","doi":"10.1007/s10646-024-02786-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10646-024-02786-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The stingless bee Frieseomelitta varia Lepeletier 1836 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) is an essential pollinator in natural and agricultural ecosystems in the Neotropical region. However, these bees may be exposed to pesticides during foraging, which can affect both individuals and their colonies. One example comes from the use of pyraclostrobin (a fungicide) and thiamethoxam (an insecticide) for pest control in pepper crops, which F. varia visits. This study aimed to evaluate the isolated and combined sublethal effects of thiamethoxam (TMX) (0.000543 ng a.i./µL) and pyraclostrobin (PYR) (1.5 ng i.a./µL) on the morphology of the midgut and Malpighian tubules of F. varia workers. Results showed that both pesticides, regardless of the exposure time (through feeding during 48 h or 96 h), disturbed the morphology of the analyzed organs. Specifically, F. varia exposed orally to sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam and pyraclostrobin, either alone or in combination, exhibited a higher rate of damage to the midgut (e.g., vacuolization, apocrine secretion, and cellular elimination) compared to the bees in the control groups, both after 48 h and 96 h of exposure. In Malpighian tubules, vacuolation is the only damage present. As the observed morphological alterations likely compromise the excretion and absorption functions, exposure to pyraclostrobin and thiamethoxam may lead to disturbances at both the individual and colony levels. These results highlight the urgent need for a future reassessment of the safety of fungicides and insecticides regarding their potential effects on bee populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":"875-883"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141603465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}