{"title":"Pioneering investigation of long-term emamectin benzoate exposure on Labeo rohita: Insight to haemato-immuno-antioxidant biomarkers, histopathological alteration, and amino acid-fatty acid profiling.","authors":"Vikas Kumar, Himanshu Sekhar Swain, Basanta Kumar Das, Sankhajit Roy, Aurobinda Upadhyay, Mitesh Hiradas Ramteke","doi":"10.1007/s10646-025-02877-w","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indiscriminate use of pesticides not only pollutes the environment but also produces detrimental impacts on non-target organisms. Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is an important pesticide used for pest control in both agriculture and veterinary medicine. However, aquatic animals are endangered by the continuous influx of EMB into water bodies. The present study examined the long-term impacts of EMB on the haemato-immuno-antioxidant biomarker pattern, histopathological alteration, and amino acid-fatty acid profiling of L. rohita exposed to EMB; 0 (control), 1.82 µg L<sup>-1</sup> (EMB1), and 9.1 µg L<sup>-1</sup> (EMB2) for 30 days. This is the first-ever study investigating amino acid and fatty acid profiles and histopathological alterations in L. rohita subjected to EMB. The results showed that EMB exposure significantly altered biomarker levels in a dose-dependent manner. The stress biomarkers levels (SOD, catalase, GST, AST, ALT, triglyceride, glucose, and cortisol) were increased, but the immune responses like serum albumin, globulin, IgM, C3, and C4 were reduced. Histopathological observation showed that EMB incited liver, gill and kidney damage. The reduction of most amino acids is probably due to the synthesis pathway inhibition of amino acids in EMB-exposed fish. The reduced ∑PUFA proportion in treated fish was due to the susceptibility of C20:5 and C22:6 to peroxidation by EMB. In the context of ecotoxicology risk assessment, the alteration in multiple biomarkers is an adaptive response of fish exposed to EMB and that could impose risks to the natural population subjected to food quality and safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":11497,"journal":{"name":"Ecotoxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Ecotoxicology","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02877-w","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ECOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Indiscriminate use of pesticides not only pollutes the environment but also produces detrimental impacts on non-target organisms. Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is an important pesticide used for pest control in both agriculture and veterinary medicine. However, aquatic animals are endangered by the continuous influx of EMB into water bodies. The present study examined the long-term impacts of EMB on the haemato-immuno-antioxidant biomarker pattern, histopathological alteration, and amino acid-fatty acid profiling of L. rohita exposed to EMB; 0 (control), 1.82 µg L-1 (EMB1), and 9.1 µg L-1 (EMB2) for 30 days. This is the first-ever study investigating amino acid and fatty acid profiles and histopathological alterations in L. rohita subjected to EMB. The results showed that EMB exposure significantly altered biomarker levels in a dose-dependent manner. The stress biomarkers levels (SOD, catalase, GST, AST, ALT, triglyceride, glucose, and cortisol) were increased, but the immune responses like serum albumin, globulin, IgM, C3, and C4 were reduced. Histopathological observation showed that EMB incited liver, gill and kidney damage. The reduction of most amino acids is probably due to the synthesis pathway inhibition of amino acids in EMB-exposed fish. The reduced ∑PUFA proportion in treated fish was due to the susceptibility of C20:5 and C22:6 to peroxidation by EMB. In the context of ecotoxicology risk assessment, the alteration in multiple biomarkers is an adaptive response of fish exposed to EMB and that could impose risks to the natural population subjected to food quality and safety.
期刊介绍:
Ecotoxicology is an international journal devoted to the publication of fundamental research on the effects of toxic chemicals on populations, communities and terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. It aims to elucidate mechanisms and processes whereby chemicals exert their effects on ecosystems and the impact caused at the population or community level. The journal is not biased with respect to taxon or biome, and papers that indicate possible new approaches to regulation and control of toxic chemicals and those aiding in formulating ways of conserving threatened species are particularly welcome. Studies on individuals should demonstrate linkage to population effects in clear and quantitative ways. Laboratory studies must show a clear linkage to specific field situations. The journal includes not only original research papers but technical notes and review articles, both invited and submitted. A strong, broadly based editorial board ensures as wide an international coverage as possible.