Journal of Environmental Management最新文献

{"title":"Deep learning-based optimal selection of construction and demolition waste crushing equipment.","authors":"Mingyuan Zhang, Xiaoli Liu, Lingjie Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The crushing equipment plays a crucial role in the recycling process of construction and demolition waste (CDW). Not only does it have a significant impact on the performance of recycled aggregates, but also influences the costs and environmental emissions associated with CDW recycling. To address the limitations of the traditional manual selection method, this study proposed an optimal selection method for CDW crushing equipment based on deep learning. Firstly, a rapid assessment method for the size and volume of CDW based on deep learning was proposed. Specifically, the Mask R-CNN model was employed to identify and segment the CDW at the demolition site. Thereafter, the size distribution and mass distribution of the CDW were calculated based on the segmentation results, using the Brute Force algorithm and the 3D volume reconstruction method, respectively. Secondly, the size distribution of the CDW was combined with the discharge size requirement for recycled aggregates to determine the optional crushing equipment that can meet the CDW production requirements. Finally, the environmental emissions of optional crushing equipment were calculated based on life cycle assessment (LCA) and converted to environmental costs based on the social willingness to pay (WTP). Subsequently the optimal crushing equipment for CDW was determined by combining running costs and environmental costs. The results demonstrated that the Mask R-CNN model employed in this study exhibited superior accuracy in comparison to other segmentation models. The overall error in the size distribution and mass distribution was maintained within 5 %. The method of this study can determine the optimal crushing equipment for CDW and provide auxiliary decision support for actual recycling projects. Furthermore, the crushing equipment selected by this research method can effectively control the environmental emissions during the CDW crushing stage, thereby facilitating the low-carbon recycling of CDW, which is conducive to the sustainable development of the construction industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"394 ","pages":"127466"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal recovery of phosphorus from organic solid waste: Mechanisms, transformation pathways, and product applications.","authors":"Jialin Xue, Ting Zhang, Yuchao Shao, Wenjing Lu, Yongdong Xu, Yushuang Li, Jianchao Wang, Jun Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127394","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the increasing scarcity of global phosphorus resources and the massive generation of organic solid waste (OSW), the efficient recovery and resource utilization of phosphorus (P) have become critical issues for sustainable development. Hydrothermal technology, due to its high efficiency and environmental friendliness, has been widely applied in the recovery of P from OSW and the preparation of P-enriched products. This review systematically analyzes the occurrence characteristics of P in OSW, the migration and transformation pathways of P during hydrothermal processes, and the application potential of P-enriched products (such as struvite, calcium phosphate salts, and P-enriched hydrochar). Comprehensive analysis results indicate that the P content in OSW varies significantly depending on its source, with inorganic phosphorus (IP) being the dominant form (maximum proportion can reach over 90 %) and organic phosphorus (OP) as the secondary form. The release and transformation of P, as well as its distribution in solid and liquid phases, are collaboratively influenced by factors such as feedstock characteristics, hydrothermal temperature, holding time, pH, and additives, with the conversion to IP being the ultimate trend. The primary application of P-enriched products is as slow-release P fertilizers, which have shown excellent fertilization effects in crop production. However, their P release behavior is significantly affected by preparation conditions and environmental factors. This review aims to provide theoretical guidance and suggestions for the development of efficient P recovery and resource utilization from OSW, promoting the deep integration of sustainable P resource utilization and green agricultural development, with significant environmental and economic implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"394 ","pages":"127394"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of soil organic matter stability cross-linked with aluminium drove the reallocation of ROSs for the directional oxidation of petroleum hydrocarbons.","authors":"Xiumin Li, Yonghua Zhao, Hongliang Du, Di Han, Na Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since soil organic matter (SOM) significantly competes with petroleum hydrocarbons to consume reactive oxygen species (ROSs), the efficient remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil by chemical oxidation is limited. In this study, an efficient treatment for the remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil comprising directional oxidation was constructed based on the enhancement of SOM stability. A mechanism was proposed whereby SOM pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide (HP) produced more binding sites, such as O-H, C=O, and C-O, thereby making SOM to be maximally stabilized by forming OM-Al-mineral complexes after adding aluminum salts (AS). The two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) of the FTIR spectra certified that C-O was more sensitive to HP pretreatment and Al cross-linking. Specifically, the enhancement of SOM stability improved the relative reactivity of ROSs to total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) (k_TPHs), driving approximately 30 % of the ROSs to be transferred for the directional oxidation of TPHs. Under such conditions, the directional oxidation amount of TPHs by activated persulfate was up to 13,083 mg/kg (53.55 %), equivalent to 2.67, 1.82, and 1.39 folds of the control CK, HP, and AS treatments, respectively. Subsequently, indigenous bacteria degraded 10,969 mg/kg (44.90 %) of TPHs during a 60-day incubation. Notably, the expressions of the functional genes related to the biodegradation of alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons were up-regulated. The final amount of TPHs removal, including directional oxidation and biodegradation, obviously increased to 24,052 mg/kg (98.45 %) in the sequential pretreatment with HP and AS. This study provides a new insight into the efficient remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil by enhancing SOM stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"394 ","pages":"127488"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the Gap: A comprehensive review and cross-check analysis for China's Non-CO₂ greenhouse gas emission estimates.","authors":"Liting Hu, Xuekun Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-CO₂ greenhouse gases (GHGs), mainly including CH₄, N₂O, SF₆, HFCs, PFCs, and NF₃, contribute significantly to climate change, yet their emission estimates exhibit substantial uncertainties. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of China's non-CO₂ GHG emission estimates by systematically analyzing over 100 research articles encompassing both bottom-up and top-down studies. Our analysis reveals that multi-year average uncertainties in non-CO₂ GHG estimates (±21-38 %) substantially exceed those calculated based on China's National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and are approximately 4-7 times greater than CO₂ emission uncertainties (±5.6-5.9 %). These wide estimation ranges have persisted despite substantial increases in research studies, indicating fundamental methodological challenges, which may hinder the mitigation policymaking. Through systematic cross-check between bottom-up and top-down approaches, we identify three primary sources of uncertainty: (1) inaccessible or inconsistent activity data, (2) incomplete emission source coverage, and (3) outdated emission factors in bottom-up studies; while top-down estimates are affected by limitations in inversion systems and scarce observational data. This work addresses critical knowledge gaps and provides specific pathways for improving the accuracy of China's non-CO₂ GHG emissions quantification, supporting more effective climate policy development and emission reduction strategies. The findings directly inform China's climate mitigation policies and contribute to global efforts in achieving the Paris Agreement targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"394 ","pages":"127362"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of waste tire-based sulfur doped porous carbon from pyrolysis with potassium salts.","authors":"Qiangqiang Ren, Zhaoyu Chen, Song Hu, Yanyu Zhang, Long Jiang, Hao Wu, Yi Wang, Sheng Su, Hongmin Yang, Jun Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Waste tires (WTs) are a major solid waste stream. Pyrolysis is a promising disposal method, generating ∼40 wt% char, which can be upgraded into sulfur doped porous carbon. This work systematically analyzes WT-based sulfur doped porous carbon from pyrolysis with potassium salts (KOH, K₂CO₃, and K₂FeO₄) activation for high specific capacitance. All three potassium salts effectively promote the formation of smaller pores, facilitate the transformation of aromatic rings and alkyl-aryl C-C bonds into ordered graphitic microcrystal. KOH and K₂CO₃ primarily promote the formation of sulfide bridge, whereas K₂FeO₄ significantly promotes sulfone bridge. K₂FeO₄ produces the largest specific capacitance (111.9 F/g at 1 A/g) with lowest activated char yield (16.6 wt%). K₂FeO₄ mainly increases the specific capacitance by significantly enhancing specific surface area by comparing with KOH and K₂CO₃. K atom and lattice oxygen facilitate the etching of char for mainly promoting mesopores and macropores, and Fe atom is conducive to micropores. K and Fe atoms both contribute to the transformation of disordered amorphous carbon into ordered graphitic microcrystal. Lattice oxygen destroys ordered graphitic microcrystals and promotes the conversion of sulfide bridges into sulfone bridges. While K and Fe atoms can react with lattice oxygen to inhibit this conversion pathway, they also react with sulfone bridges to form inorganic sulfur. The findings are beneficial for adjusting the structure of sulfur doped porous carbon from WTs.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"394 ","pages":"127479"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the effects of economic complexity, climate change, and urbanisation on energy security: Evidence from high-risk countries.","authors":"Korkmaz Yildirim, Tunahan Haciimamoglu, Salih Turedi","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Energy security remains a critical issue in both scientific and political debates because of its wide-ranging economic, social, and environmental implications, as well as its influence on policy actions at the global, national, and local levels. However, comprehensive assessments of all key aspects of energy security remain incomplete, and no unified indicators adequately capture a country's level of energy security. To this aim, the study addresses the economic and sociopolitical factors influencing energy security using a novel analytical approach, focusing on countries identified as having the highest levels of energy security. In this regard, the research employs the Energy Security Risk Index (ESRI) developed by Global Energy Institute for the period 1995-2018 to analyses 18 countries with the highest energy security risks. The study employs the method of moments quantile regression (MMQR) to assess the effects of economic growth (EG), economic complexity (EC), CO₂ emissions, and urbanisation on energy security. The main findings of the study indicate that EG and urbanisation have a mitigating effect on energy security risks, whereas CO₂ emissions intensify these risks. Furthermore, the study reveals an inverted U-shaped nonlinear relationship between energy security risk and economic complexity. As key policy implications of the study, these findings suggest that particularly the government and scientific community promote sustainable development through innovative economic policies while prioritizing CO₂ reduction strategies and clean energy alternatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"394 ","pages":"127456"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing cumulative impacts of cascade dams on vegetation in the Reservoir-Hydropower impact zone.","authors":"Yuanyuan Wang, Xiaolong He, Yurong Wang, Kefeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127444","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vegetation, a key indicator of watershed health, is increasingly degraded due to the compounded effects of cascade dam construction, especially in mountainous regions. This study examines vegetation dynamics within the Reservoir-Hydropower Impact Zone (RHIZ) of the lower Yalong River using a novel three-dimensional spatial framework defined by a 5 km horizontal buffer, longitudinal dam segments, and 2 km elevation zones. By integrating remote sensing with machine learning, we analyzed land use changes from 1986 to 2021, focusing on forests, grasslands, and farmland. GeoDetector and path analysis were used to disentangle the combined impacts of cascade dam development and climate change. Key findings include: (1) During dam expansion, forests, grasslands, and unused lands in RHIZ declined, while farmland, urban land, and water bodies expanded, particularly near riverbanks. (2) Cumulative impacts of cascade dams caused more substantial changes in RHIZ vegetation than single dams. Following the first dam's construction, dynamic rates for water bodies, urban areas, and farmland rose to 7 %, 10 %, and 14 %, respectively, while forests and grasslands remained stable. The fourth dam triggered the highest land use dynamic rates, with water bodies, grasslands, and forests reaching 40 %, -17 %, and -8 %, respectively. After all dams became operational, grassland degradation continued, while other land types gradually stabilized. (3) Cascade hydropower had stronger effects than climate, both through direct land cover change and indirect microclimate shifts. This study introduces an integrated spatial-analytical approach for RHIZ vegetation assessment and highlights the need to account for cumulative dam impacts in ecosystem management and sustainable hydropower planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"394 ","pages":"127444"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest restoration regulates the ecosystem service supply-demand relationship in a mountainous small watershed.","authors":"Ting Yang, Xiaowei Nie, Jiaoyang Xu, Bing Wang, Mingjun Teng, Pengcheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clarifying the ecosystem service supply-demand relationship (ESSD) in response to environmental change forms the scientific foundation for ecological restoration strategies. Although ecological restoration effectively enhances ecosystem stability and promotes the sustainable provision, its impacts on ESSD remain unclear under coupled complex topography and diverse human activities. Focusing on the Jiuwanxi small watershed (JSW) in China's Three Gorges Reservoir Area, we quantified the spatiotemporal dynamics of five key ESSDs: grain production (GP), water yield (WY), soil retention (SR), water purification (WP), and carbon sequestration (CS), from 2001 to 2021. We integrated resident surveys with multi-source remote sensing data (Landsat 7 and Sentinel-2), and applied XGBoost-SHAP models to characterize the impacts of forest restoration and other variables on ESSD in a mountainous watershed. The results indicate that the forest area in the JSW increased by 24.82 % during 2001-2021. The supply of most ecosystem services improved across the watershed, with SR and WY exhibiting the most significant enhancement. In contrast, both GP supply and the demand for all ecosystem services declined substantially. The ESSD trends exhibited variations between watershed and village scales: at the watershed scale, all ecosystem service supply-demand ratios (ESDR) increased, with SR increasing by up to 591.69 %; whereas at the village scale, ESDR declines occurred for GP and CS in 28 % and 16 % of villages, respectively. Precipitation and forest area proportion were primary ESDR drivers, but cross-sectional analysis overestimated meteorological factors and ignored forest restoration's time-lag effects. Dynamic analysis showed forest area proportion changes most strongly correlated with ESDR variations, demonstrating restoration's efficacy in ESSD regulation. Consequently, the time-lag effects and spatial heterogeneity of forest restoration on ESSD in mountain watersheds must be comprehensively considered. Differentiated restoration strategies should be implemented based on topographic and socioeconomic factors to optimize the\"high-altitude conservation, mid-altitude restoration, and low-altitude development\" vertical spatial pattern. These findings provide a reference for sustainable ecological restoration in similar mountainous regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"394 ","pages":"127446"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The dual role of organic carbon: Mitigation of nitrogen-induced soil acidification but amplification of greenhouse gas emissions.","authors":"Lin Zhao, Qinghua Li, Yufang Lu, Hongmei Chen, Ju Min, Ren Fang Shen, Xue Qiang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrogen (N) fertilization accelerates soil acidification and increases nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions in agricultural systems. Organic carbon (C) is a critical regulator of microbial-mediated N transformations, but the interactive effects of combined C and N inputs on soil acidification dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions remain poorly understood. Here, a 5-month field experiment was conducted to determine the temporal dynamics of soil pH, inorganic N pools, total C and N contents, microbial biomass C and N, and greenhouse gas (N₂O and CO₂) fluxes under four treatments: urea alone and urea combined with three different C sources (glucose, sucrose, starch). Application of N alone induced significant soil acidification (ΔpH = -0.72), whereas co-application of N with C sources mitigated acidification through increasing pH (by 0.28-0.39 units). Starch had the strongest buffering effect. Carbon supplementation substantially enhanced microbial biomass pools (140 %-212 % increase in microbial biomass C; 15 %-46 % increase in microbial biomass N) and stimulated microbial N assimilation, thereby suppressing nitrification processes. Despite these benefits, C addition paradoxically upregulated N₂O-related functional gene abundance and amplified greenhouse gas emissions, elevating N₂O fluxes by 88 %-163 % and CO₂ emissions by 559 %-992 % compared with N-only treatment. Temporal analyses revealed that labile C forms (glucose/sucrose) had rapid but transient effects, whereas starch induced delayed but sustained responses. These results demonstrate that organic C amendments exert dual regulation functions in N-fertilized soils: alleviating acidification through modified microbial N partitioning, but intensifying C and N biogeochemical cycling that drive greenhouse gas production.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"394 ","pages":"127485"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Derivation of preliminary ecological thresholds for lead to protect terrestrial organisms based on toxicity testing in artificially spiked soils.","authors":"Junyang Du, Li Sun, Ya Zhang, Xiaosong Lu, Xinghua Huang, Jinlin Jiang, Xuzhi Li, Guoqing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lead (Pb) is one of the most severe soil pollutants and poses a serious threat to terrestrial organisms by affecting the growth and reproduction of plants and soil fauna. However, Chinese soil quality standards primarily focus on food safety and human health, without addressing ecological risks, and research on ecological thresholds for Pb remains limited. In this study, toxicological data for both added Pb (EC₁₀) and DTPA-extractable Pb (EC_10-DTPA) were collected from bioassays using artificially spiked soils, supplemented by literature data. Normalization models with soil properties were established, and applied to normalize all data to representative soil scenarios. Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curves were subsequently constructed, from which scenario-specific thresholds protecting a certain proportion of terrestrial organisms within acceptable hazard levels were derived for added Pb (HC_x) and DTPA-extractable Pb (HC_x-DTPA). Continuous thresholds were developed using regression equations linking HC_x/HC_x-DTPA to soil properties. Finally, soil environmental criteria (SEC) were determined based on the proposed thresholds and soil background levels, and validated using field Pb-contaminated soils. It should be noted that the proposed thresholds are preliminary, and uncertainties remain due to limited data availability. Future research should focus on expanding toxicity datasets across diverse soil types and test organisms, and conducting long-term field validations to improve the reliability and applicability of the thresholds.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"394 ","pages":"127495"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}