Biochar最新文献

{"title":"Analyzing the trends and hotspots of biochar’s applications in agriculture, environment, and energy: a bibliometrics study for 2022 and 2023","authors":"Ping Wu, Yingdong Fu, Tony Vancov, Hailong Wang, Yujun Wang, Wenfu Chen","doi":"10.1007/s42773-024-00370-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-024-00370-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biochar, produced from the thermochemical conversion of biomass waste, has various applications owing to its broad utility and advantageous properties. This study employs a scientometric approach to comprehensively assess the advancements in biochar application from 2022 to 2023. Utilizing 13,357 bibliographic records sourced from the Web of Science Core Collection with the search term “biochar”, the analysis focuses on authorship, national contributions, and keyword trends. Findings demonstrate a continual rise in annual publications since 2009, albeit with a moderated growth rate in 2023. China leads in publication outputs, followed by USA and India, with Hailong Wang emerging as a prominent figure in biochar research. Keyword co-occurrence analyses identify key research themes such as biochar’s role in climate change mitigation, easing salinity and drought stress, immobilizing toxic metals, degrading organic pollutants, serving as additives in anaerobic digestion, and functioning as electrodes in microbial fuel cells. Among these, biochar’s application for global climate change mitigation gains significant attention, while its utilization as electrodes in microbial fuel cells emerges as a promising research frontier, indicating the growing need for sustainable energy sources. The study also outlines critical research gaps and future priorities for enhancing biochar application. Overall, it highlights the diverse applicability of biochar and offers valuable insight into research progression and forthcoming directions in biochar studies.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oyster shell facilitates the green production of nitrogen-doped porous biochar from macroalgae: a case study for removing atrazine from water","authors":"Liying Song, Hu Cheng, Cuiying Liu, Rongting Ji, Shi Yao, Huihui Cao, Yi Li, Yongrong Bian, Xin Jiang, Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka, Yang Song","doi":"10.1007/s42773-024-00372-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-024-00372-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Low-cost and green preparation of efficient sorbents is critical to the removal of organic contaminants during water treatment. In this study, the co-pyrolysis of macroalgae and oyster shell was designed to synthesize nitrogen-doped porous biochars for sorption removal of atrazine from water. Oyster shell played a significant role in opening pores in macroalgae-derived biochars, resulting in the surface area of the macroalgae (<i>Enteromorpha prolifera</i> and <i>Ulva lactuca</i>) and oyster shell co-pyrolyzed carbonaceous as high as 1501.80 m² g⁻¹ and 1067.18 m² g⁻¹, the pore volume reached 1.04 cm³ g⁻¹ and 0.93 cm³ g⁻¹, and O/C decreased to 0.09 and 0.08, respectively. The sorption capacity of atrazine to nitrogen-doped porous biochars (the <i>Enteromorpha prolifera, Ulva lactuca</i> and oyster shell co-pyrolyzed carbonaceous) reached 312.06 mg g⁻¹ and 340.52 mg g⁻¹. Pore-filling, hydrogen bonding, π-π or <i>p</i>-π stacking and electrostatic interaction dominated the multilayer sorption process. Moreover, the nitrogen-doped porous biochars showed great performance in cyclic reusability, and the <i>Enteromorpha prolifera</i>, <i>Ulva lactuca</i> and oyster shell co-pyrolyzed carbonaceous sorption capacity still reached 246.13 mg g⁻¹ and 255.97 mg g⁻¹, respectively. Thus, this study suggested that it is feasible and efficient to remove organic contaminants with the nitrogen-doped porous biochars co-pyrolyzed from macroalgae and oyster shell, providing a potential green resource utilization of aquatic wastes for environmental remediation.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel utilization exploration for the dephosphorization waste of Ca–modified biochar: enhanced removal of heavy metal ions from water","authors":"Weilin Fu, Mengmeng Li, Hongan Chen, Jianhua Qu, Lisheng Zhang, Shangkai Qiu, Menghan Feng, Mingyao Yuan, Changbin Guo, Jien Zhou, Zhaolin Du, Feng Wang","doi":"10.1007/s42773-024-00373-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-024-00373-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phosphorus-modified biochar has been proven to enhance the precipitation and complexation of heavy metal ions from wastewater. However, the current modification methods require large amounts of exogenous P and have high energy consumption. Hence, this study proposes and analyzes a strategy integrating biochar production, phosphorus wastewater treatment, dephosphorization waste recovery, and heavy metal removal. “BC-Ca-P” was derived from Ca-modified biochar after phosphorus wastewater treatment. The adsorption of Pb(II) by BC-Ca-P followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo–second–order kinetic models. The maximum adsorption capability of 361.20 mg·g⁻¹ at pH 5.0 for 2 h was markedly greater than that of external phosphorous-modified biochar. The adsorption mechanisms were dominated by chemical precipitation and complexation. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations indicated that oxygen-containing functional groups (P-O and C-O) contributed the most to the efficient adsorption of Pb(II) onto BC-Ca-P. To explore its practical feasibility, the adsorption performance of BC-Ca-P recovered from an actual environment was evaluated. The continuous-flow adsorption behavior was investigated and well-fitted utilizing the Thomas and Yoon–Nelson models. There was a negligible P leakage risk of BC-Ca-P during heavy metal treatment. This study describes a novel and sustainable method to utilize dephosphorization waste for heavy metal removal.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant performance and soil–plant carbon relationship response to different biochar types","authors":"Jia Xin Liao, Pui San So, Sanandam Bordoloi, De Nian Li, Hao Ran Yuan, Yong Chen, Li Qing Xin","doi":"10.1007/s42773-024-00355-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-024-00355-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biochar (BC) applications in soil has positive effects on plant performance, particularly for loose soil in agricultural context. However, how biochar types affect plant performance of non-crop species and soil–plant carbon relationships is not clear. We selected five different BC types and three plant species to investigate the responses of plant performance and the soil–plant carbon relationship to BC effects. The result demonstrated that peanut shell BC led to the death of both <i>R. tomentosa</i> and <i>C. edithiae</i>, due to a reduction in nutrient uptake caused by higher soil electricity conductivity (2001.7 and 976.3 µS cm⁻¹). However, the carbon content of <i>S. arboricola</i> increased by 57% in peanut shell BC-amended soil, suggesting that <i>S. arboricola</i> has a higher tolerance for soil salinity. Wood BC-amended soil led to better stomatal conductance (g_s) and leaf area index (LAI) of both <i>R. tomentosa</i> and <i>C. edithiae</i> due to the higher water retention in the soil (22.68% and 20.79%). This illustrated that a higher amount of water retention brought by wood BC with a great amount of pore volume might be the limited factor for plant growth. The relationship between g_s and LAI suggested that g_s would not increase when LAI reached beyond 3. Moreover, wood and peanut shell BC caused a negative relationship between soil organic carbon and plant carbon content, suggesting that plants consume more carbon from the soil to store it in the plant. Overall, wood BC is recommended for plant growth of <i>R. tomentosa</i> and <i>C. edithiae</i>, and peanut shell BC is suggested for <i>S. arboricola</i> carbon storage.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical review of hydrochar based photocatalysts by hydrothermal carbonization: synthesis, mechanisms, and applications","authors":"Zeliang Chen, Yanchuan Guo, Lei Luo, Zhengang Liu, Wei Miao, Yu Xia","doi":"10.1007/s42773-024-00364-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-024-00364-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) stands out as an eco-friendly, cost-effective method for generating renewable carbon-based materials from biomass. The HTC process yields products such as hydrochars and carbon dots (CDs), possessed of notable photocatalytic capabilities due to their unique physicochemical features. Additionally, pairing traditional photocatalysts with hydrochar derivatives elevates their performance, rendering them more effective. Recent times have witnessed a surge in interest in these hydrochar based photocatalysts (HC-photocatalysts). Their appeal stems from multiple attributes: impeccable performance, adaptability to visible light, and adjustable physicochemical properties. This review delves deep into the evolving landscape of these HC-photocatalysts, segmenting them into three distinct categories: hydrochars, hydrochar-based CDs (HC-CDs), and hydrochar-based composites (HC-composites). For each category, we dissect their synthesis routes, unravel the photocatalytic mechanisms, and explore various enhancement strategies. We further traverse their versatile applications, spanning environmental treatment, disinfection, energy conversion, and organic synthesis. In the end, we spotlight the prevailing challenges and uncharted territories in the domain of HC-photocatalysts. In essence, this review serves as a guide, furnishing a theoretical foundation and steering directions for future explorations and tangible implementations of HC-photocatalysts.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compost quality, earthworm activities and microbial communities in biochar-augmented vermicomposting of dewatered activated sludge: the role of biochar particle size","authors":"Wei Peng, Yue Wang, Guangyu Cui, Qiyong Xu, Hua Zhang, Pinjing He, Fan Lü","doi":"10.1007/s42773-024-00365-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-024-00365-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vermicomposting utilizes the synergistic effect of earthworms with microorganisms to accelerate the stabilization of organic matter in biowastes. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism behind the maturity of vermicompost and the growth of earthworms exposed to biochar of varying particle sizes remains unclear. This study presents an investigation of the effect of biochar particle size on earthworm (<i>Eisenia fetida</i>) survival, microbial diversity, and the quality of vermicompost products. To address these issues, pelletized dewatered sludge samples from a municipal sewage treatment plant were amended with pine-based biochar with particle sizes of 1–2 mm, 25–75 μm, 200 nm, and 60 nm as the substrate for vermicomposting. This study revealed that the addition of millimeter-scale biochar and micron-scale biochar significantly promoted the degradation of organic matter since the organic matter in the treatment with 1–2 mm biochar at the end of the vermicomposting experiment decreased by 12.6%, which was equivalent to a 1.9-fold increase compared with that of the control. Excessive nanopowdering of nanobiochar significantly affected the survival of earthworms and led to 24.4–33.3% cumulative mortality, while millimeter-scale (mm) biochar and micron-scale (μm) biochar achieved zero mortality. The findings of this study could be used for evaluating the potential impact of nanoscale biochar to earthworms and guiding biochar-augmented vermicomposting.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term microbial community dynamics induced by 13C-labeled maize root, its derived biochar and NPK in long-term amended soil","authors":"Zonglin Lu, Tong Lu, Junmei Shi, Kun Chen, Hangming Guo, Na Li, Xiaori Han","doi":"10.1007/s42773-024-00363-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-024-00363-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Crop residues and their derived biochar are frequently used for their potential to improve grain yield, soil fertility and carbon (C) sequestration. However, the effects of root are often overlooked, and the effects of chemical fertilizer (NPK) combined with root or its biochar on microbial community structure need further study. This study used ¹³C-labeled maize root, its biochar and soil with different fertilization for 8 years as materials and substrates. A 112-day incubation experiment was conducted to explore the effects of microbial community on the C processing. During incubation, the root-C (54.9%) mineralized significantly more than biochar-C (12.8%), while NPK addition significantly increased the root-C mineralization. Adding biochar alone did not significantly change the microbial community. Compared to the biochar treatment (BC), the root treatment (R) notably increased the contents of total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), ¹³C-PLFA and the proportion of fungi and Gram-negative bacteria, but reduced the proportion of actinomycetes. The root mineralization was significantly correlated with the relative content of ¹³C-Gram-positive bacteria and ¹³C-fungi, while biochar mineralization was significantly correlated with the relative content of ¹³C-Gram-positive bacteria and ¹³C-actinomycetes. Notably, NPK addition significantly increased the contribution of biochar-C to PLFA-C pool, while decreasing the contribution of root-C. In summary, due to microbial adaptation to the lack of bioavailable C in biochar-amended soil, biochar can act as a buffer against the significant disturbance caused by NPK to microbial communities and native soil organic carbon (SOC), which contributes to the steady enhancement in soil C storage.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141930704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-hydrothermal carbonization of waste biomass and phosphate rock: promoted carbon sequestration and enhanced phosphorus bioavailability","authors":"Dili daer, Lei Luo, Yewen Shang, Jiaxiao Wang, Chengzhen Wu, Zhengang Liu","doi":"10.1007/s42773-024-00356-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-024-00356-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC) of phosphorus rock (PR) and corn straw (CS) was investigated to prepare hydrochar-based materials as soil conditioners, focusing on the morphological transformation and solid–liquid migration of carbon and phosphorus. Various analytical methods, including elemental analysis, chemical quantification, FT-IR, XRD, 3D-EEM, TG, and XANES, were used to understand the synergistic interactions of PR and CS during co-HTC and determine the properties of the resultant products. The results indicated the acidic solution and humic acid-like substances produced by HTC of CS reduced the crystallinity of the PR and served as the activating agent for PR, allowing the PR to be easily dissolved and reconstituted, producing calcium carbonate and apatite-like materials, and the formation of C–O–PO₃, C–PO₃, C=O, and O=C–O chemical bonds. At 220 °C, adding 5% PR significantly promoted a 10.3% rise in the yield of CS hydrochar, a 4.3% rise in carbon recovery of CS, and a 4.8% rise in carbon sequestration potential of CS. The formation of Ca–P was notably promoted and the content of AP in co-HTC hydrochar was up to 89.9%, with 39% Hydro-P and 33% CaHPO₄. In the case of artificial humic acid (HAa), its content was also remarkably increased by 5.9% in the hydrochar by co-HTC. In addition, the hydrochar produced by co-HTC of CS and PR was composed of carbon with an increased aromatic degree, rich organic matter, and biologically effective mineral nutrient elements and exhibited high stability. The present study provided a promising approach for value-added utilization of waste biomass and low-grade PR towards soil application.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141930705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activating Fenton-like reaction by hydrochars containing persistent free radicals derived from various pomelo peel components","authors":"Chaoyang Zhang, Zili Jiang, Wanxue Sun, Yuyuan Tang, Zhanying Zhang, Changrong Shi, Xiuxiu Ruan","doi":"10.1007/s42773-024-00362-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-024-00362-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To reveal the influence of the diversity of precursors on the formation of environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs), pomelo peel (PP) and its physically divided portion, pomelo cuticle (PC), and white fiber (WF) were used as precursors to prepare six hydrochars: PPH-Fe, PCH-Fe, WFH-Fe, PPH, PCH, and WFH with and without Fe(III) addition during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). PPH-Fe and WFH-Fe had higher EPFRs content (9.11 × 10¹⁸ and 8.25 × 10¹⁸ spins·g⁻¹) compared to PPH and WFH (3.33 × 10¹⁸ and 2.96 × 10¹⁸ spins·g⁻¹), indicating that iron-doping favored EPFRs formation. However, PCH-Fe had lower EPFRs content (2.78 × 10¹⁸ spins·g⁻¹) than PCH (7.95 × 10¹⁸ spins·g⁻¹), possibly due to excessive iron leading to the consumption of the generated EPFRs. For another reason, the required Fe(III) amount for EPFRs formation might vary among different precursors. PC has a lower concentration of phenolic compounds but 68–97% fatty acids, while WF and PP are rich in cellulose and lignin. In the Fenton-like reaction, oxygen-centered radicals of hydrochar played a significant role in activating H₂O₂ and efficiently degrading bisphenol A (BPA). Mechanisms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in hydrochar/H₂O₂ system were proposed. EPFRs on hydrochar activate H₂O₂ via electron transfer, creating ·OH and ¹O₂, leading to BPA degradation. More importantly, the embedded EPFRs on the hydrochar's inner surface contributed to the prolonged Fenton-like reactivity of PPH-Fe stored for 45 days. This study demonstrates that by optimizing precursor selection and iron doping, hydrochars can be engineered to maximize their EPFRs content and reactivity, providing a cost-effective solution for the degradation of hazardous pollutants.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141930706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnesium-doped biochars increase soil phosphorus availability by regulating phosphorus retention, microbial solubilization and mineralization","authors":"Muhammed Mustapha Ibrahim, Huiying Lin, Zhaofeng Chang, Zhimin Li, Asif Riaz, Enqing Hou","doi":"10.1007/s42773-024-00360-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-024-00360-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite fertilization efforts, phosphorus (P) availability in soils remains a major constraint to global plant productivity. Soil incorporation of biochar could promote soil P availability but its effects remain uncertain. To attain further improvements in soil P availability with biochar, we developed, characterized, and evaluated magnesium-oxide (MgO) and sepiolite (Mg₄Si₆O₁₅(OH)₂·6H₂O)-functionalized biochars with optimized P retention/release capacity. Field-based application of these biochars for improving P availability and their mechanisms during three growth stages of maize was investigated. We further leveraged next-generation sequencing to unravel their impacts on the plant growth-stage shifts in soil functional genes regulating P availability. Results showed insignificant variation in P availability between single super phosphate fertilization (F) and its combination with raw biochar (BF). However, the occurrence of Mg-bound minerals on the optimized biochars’ surface adjusted its surface charges and properties and improved the retention and slow release of inorganic P. Compared to BF, available P (AP) was 26.5% and 19.1% higher during the 12-leaf stage and blister stage, respectively, under MgO-optimized biochar + F treatment (MgOBF), and 15.5% higher under sepiolite-biochar + F (SBF) during maize physiological maturity. Cumulatively, AP was 15.6% and 13.2% higher in MgOBF and SBF relative to BF. Hence, plant biomass, grain yield, and P uptake were highest in MgOBF and SBF, respectively at harvest. Optimized-biochar amendment stimulated microbial 16SrRNA gene diversity and suppressed the expression of P starvation response and P uptake and transport-related genes while stimulating P solubilization and mineralization genes. Thus, the optimized biochars promoted P availability via the combined processes of slow-release of retained phosphates, while inducing the microbial solubilization and mineralization of inorganic and organic P, respectively. Our study advances strategies for reducing cropland P limitation and reveals the potential of optimized biochars for improving P availability on the field scale.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141737821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}