A critical review of hydrochar based photocatalysts by hydrothermal carbonization: synthesis, mechanisms, and applications

IF 13.1 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Biochar Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI:10.1007/s42773-024-00364-9

Zeliang Chen, Yanchuan Guo, Lei Luo, Zhengang Liu, Wei Miao, Yu Xia

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Abstract

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) stands out as an eco-friendly, cost-effective method for generating renewable carbon-based materials from biomass. The HTC process yields products such as hydrochars and carbon dots (CDs), possessed of notable photocatalytic capabilities due to their unique physicochemical features. Additionally, pairing traditional photocatalysts with hydrochar derivatives elevates their performance, rendering them more effective. Recent times have witnessed a surge in interest in these hydrochar based photocatalysts (HC-photocatalysts). Their appeal stems from multiple attributes: impeccable performance, adaptability to visible light, and adjustable physicochemical properties. This review delves deep into the evolving landscape of these HC-photocatalysts, segmenting them into three distinct categories: hydrochars, hydrochar-based CDs (HC-CDs), and hydrochar-based composites (HC-composites). For each category, we dissect their synthesis routes, unravel the photocatalytic mechanisms, and explore various enhancement strategies. We further traverse their versatile applications, spanning environmental treatment, disinfection, energy conversion, and organic synthesis. In the end, we spotlight the prevailing challenges and uncharted territories in the domain of HC-photocatalysts. In essence, this review serves as a guide, furnishing a theoretical foundation and steering directions for future explorations and tangible implementations of HC-photocatalysts.

Graphical Abstract

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水热碳化法水炭基光催化剂综述：合成、机理和应用

水热碳化（HTC）是从生物质中生成可再生碳基材料的一种生态友好、经济高效的方法。HTC 工艺产生的产品如水碳化物和碳点（CD），因其独特的物理化学特征而具有显著的光催化能力。此外，将传统光催化剂与氢碳衍生物配对使用可提高其性能，使其更加有效。近来，人们对这些基于水煤碳的光催化剂（HC-光催化剂）的兴趣大增。它们的吸引力源于多种特性：无可挑剔的性能、对可见光的适应性以及可调节的物理化学特性。本综述深入探讨了这些碳氢化合物光催化剂的发展状况，并将其分为三个不同的类别：水炭、水炭基 CD（HC-CD）和水炭基复合材料（HC-复合材料）。对于每一类催化剂，我们都会剖析其合成路线，揭示其光催化机制，并探索各种增强策略。我们还进一步探讨了它们在环境处理、消毒、能源转换和有机合成等方面的广泛应用。最后，我们重点介绍了碳氢化合物光催化剂领域的主要挑战和未知领域。从本质上讲，这篇综述就像一本指南，为碳氢化合物光催化剂的未来探索和实际应用提供了理论基础和指导方向。

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来源期刊

Biochar Multiple-

CiteScore

18.60

自引率

10.20%

发文量

期刊介绍： Biochar stands as a distinguished academic journal delving into multidisciplinary subjects such as agronomy, environmental science, and materials science. Its pages showcase innovative articles spanning the preparation and processing of biochar, exploring its diverse applications, including but not limited to bioenergy production, biochar-based materials for environmental use, soil enhancement, climate change mitigation, contaminated-environment remediation, water purification, new analytical techniques, life cycle assessment, and crucially, rural and regional development. Biochar publishes various article types, including reviews, original research, rapid reports, commentaries, and perspectives, with the overarching goal of reporting significant research achievements, critical reviews fostering a deeper mechanistic understanding of the science, and facilitating academic exchange to drive scientific and technological development.