Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Sunken trees in the deep sea link terrestrial and marine biodiversity","authors":"Craig R. McClain,&nbsp;Corie M. Boolukos,&nbsp;S. River D. Bryant,&nbsp;Granger Hanks","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4168","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4168","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wood in the deep sea serves as a substantial food source in an otherwise barren environment, forming specialized, endemic, and diverse community assemblages. This biodiversity reliance on a terrestrial source creates a linkage by which anthropogenic impacts on land can alter the deep oceans. Knowledge of the alpha- or beta-diversity of entire wood-fall communities, and wooden drivers of each would elucidate the terrestrial and deep-sea linkage. We report on a multifactorial experiment in the deep ocean in which alpha- and beta-diversity of 43 wood falls and 11 tree species are quantified over time, wood density, and wood size. We tested multiple hypotheses seeking to link how biodiversity on land may impact the biodiversity in the deep oceans. A tremendous biodiversity occurred among these wood falls in the deep Gulf of Mexico; 114 invertebrate species from 10 phyla. Time, wood hardness, and wood size all impacted various components of community structure. In many cases, these effects were additive. Species occurring on softwoods versus hardwoods and small versus large wood falls were compositionally different. Although various processes can control community structure, this experiment suggests a strong influence of environmental filtering and host specificity of wood-fall invertebrates suggesting an intimate coupling to tree biodiversity and biomass on land.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"104 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10242258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximum stem diameter predicts liana population demography","authors":"Stefan A. Schnitzer,&nbsp;David M. DeFilippis,&nbsp;Antonio Aguilar,&nbsp;Boris Bernal,&nbsp;Salomé Peréz,&nbsp;Abelino Valdés,&nbsp;Seberino Valdés,&nbsp;Fidedigna Bernal,&nbsp;Adrián Mendoza,&nbsp;Biancolini Castro,&nbsp;Maria Garcia-Leon","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4163","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4163","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Determining population demographic rates is fundamental to understanding differences in species’ life-history strategies and their capacity to coexist. Calculating demographic rates, however, is challenging and requires long-term, large-scale censuses. Body size may serve as a simple predictor of demographic rate; can it act as a proxy for demographic rate when those data are unavailable? We tested the hypothesis that maximum body size predicts species' demographic rate using repeated censuses of the 77 most common liana species on the Barro Colorado Island, Panama (BCI) 50-ha plot. We found that maximum stem diameter does predict species' population turnover and demography. We also found that lianas on BCI can grow to the enormous diameter of 635 mm, indicating that they can store large amounts of carbon and compete intensely with tropical canopy trees. This study is the first to show that maximum stem diameter can predict plant species' demographic rates and that lianas can attain extremely large diameters. Understanding liana demography is particularly timely because lianas are increasing rapidly in many tropical forests, yet their species-level population dynamics remain chronically understudied. Determining per-species maximum liana diameters in additional forests will enable systematic comparative analyses of liana demography and potential influence across forest types.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"104 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10181905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resource co-limitation of community biomass but not structure of an alpine grassland","authors":"Juntao Zhu,&nbsp;Ning Zong,&nbsp;Peili Shi,&nbsp;Yunlong He,&nbsp;Xian Yang,&nbsp;Yangjian Zhang,&nbsp;Lin Jiang","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4167","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4167","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anthropogenic environmental changes are influencing the structure and function of many ecological communities, but their underlying mechanisms are often poorly understood. We conducted a 7-year field experiment to explore the ecological consequences of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) enrichment in a high-altitude Tibetan alpine grassland. We found that the enrichment of both N and P, but not either alone, increased plant above- and belowground biomass. In contrast, N, but not P, enrichment reduced species richness and altered plant phylogenetic diversity and structure. Whereas plant species loss and changes in phylogenetic structure were mainly driven by higher soil manganese levels under N addition, they were mainly driven by increased plant belowground biomass under the addition of both N and P. Our study highlights the resource co-limitation of community biomass but not the structure of the study grassland, while also identifying soil metal toxicity and belowground competition as important mechanisms driving community changes following nutrient amendment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"104 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10153543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungal pathogens increase community temporal stability through species asynchrony regardless of nutrient fertilization","authors":"Yimin Zhao,&nbsp;Xiang Liu,&nbsp;Jianbin Wang,&nbsp;Yu Nie,&nbsp;Mengjiao Huang,&nbsp;Li Zhang,&nbsp;Yao Xiao,&nbsp;Zhenhua Zhang,&nbsp;Shurong Zhou","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4166","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4166","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Natural enemies and their interaction with host nutrient availability influence plant population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem functions. However, the way in which these factors influence patterns of community stability, as well as the direct and indirect processes underlying that stability, remains unclear. Here, we investigated the separate and interactive roles of fungal/oomycete pathogens and nutrient fertilization on the temporal stability of community biomass and the potential mechanisms using a factorial experiment in an alpine meadow. We found that fungal pathogen exclusion reduced community temporal stability mainly through decreasing species asynchrony, while fertilization tended to reduce community temporal stability by decreasing species stability. However, there was no interaction between pathogen exclusion and nutrient fertilization. These effects were largely due to the direct effects of the treatments on plant biomass and not due to indirect effects mediated through plant diversity. Our findings highlight the need for a multitrophic perspective in field studies examining ecosystem stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"104 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10159774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shifts in competitive structures can drive variation in species' phenology","authors":"Patricia Kaye T. Dumandan,&nbsp;Glenda M. Yenni,&nbsp;S. K. Morgan Ernest","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4160","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4160","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For many species, a well documented response to anthropogenic climate change is a shift in various aspects of its life history, including its timing or phenology. Often, these phenological shifts are associated with changes in abiotic factors used as proxies for resource availability or other suitable conditions. Resource availability, however, can also be impacted by competition, but the impact of competition on phenology is less studied than abiotic drivers. We fit generalized additive models (GAMs) to a long-term experimental dataset on small mammals monitored in the southwestern United States and show that altered competitive landscapes can drive shifts in breeding timing and prevalence, and that, relative to a dominant competitor, other species exhibit less specific responses to environmental factors. These results suggest that plasticity of phenological responses, which is often described in the context of annual variation in abiotic factors, can occur in response to biotic context as well. Variation in phenological responses under different biotic conditions shown here further demonstrates that a more nuanced understanding of shifting biotic interactions is useful to better understand and predict biodiversity patterns in a changing world.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"104 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10218362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swirling flight of a seabird caught in a huge typhoon high over mainland Japan","authors":"Kozue Shiomi","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4161","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4161","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Catastrophic weather events influence the movement of wild animals. In particular, airborne animals such as birds and insects are expected to occasionally face challenging flights because of unfavorable atmospheric currents such as hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons. The frequency of intense storms has increased and is predicted to further increase due to climate change (e.g., Mei &amp; Xie, &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;). Consequently, it is essential to understand how volant animals survive and navigate under such unusual conditions and evaluate how the increasing frequency of severe storms affects wildlife. However, information on the behavioral reactions of animals to extreme weather is still limited given the unpredictability of its occurrence. Bio-logging studies on seabirds have provided some insights: adult red-footed boobies and great frigatebirds avoid cyclones by staying in the breeding colony or circumventing the moving cyclones while climbing to higher altitudes (Weimerskirch &amp; Prudor, &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;), and Eastern brown pelicans tend to be inactive during the passage of a cyclone (Wilkinson et al., &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;). Additionally, some seabird species move toward and stay within the eye of the storms rather than circumventing them probably to avoid being blown by strong winds (Lempidakis et al., &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;; Nourani et al., &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). Here, I report on a rare case that implies the upper limit of the seabird capacity to tolerate a storm. A GPS-equipped streaked shearwater (&lt;i&gt;Calonectris leucomelas&lt;/i&gt;) was apparently caught in a huge typhoon (Figure 1), showing swirling flight high over the mainland of Japan. It finally came through without landfalls when the typhoon returned to the sea.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In summer, especially from August to September, typhoons frequently occur in the Pacific Ocean and pass through Japan. Breeding activities and foraging movements of seabirds around Japan are expected to be physically influenced by the occurrence of typhoons, which may exert selective pressure. In the present study, adult streaked shearwaters (&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt; = 14 birds) were captured on a breeding island in Japan (Mikurajima; 33°52′ N, 139°38′ E) from 25 August to 29 August 2019. GPS loggers (13–14 g, 2%–3% of body mass; PinPoint VHF-GPS, LOTEK) were attached to the back feathers using waterproof tape (Tesa). The loggers were set to record the geographic position every 15 min and send data via radio communication to the receiver placed within the breeding colony when birds returned from the sea. The tracking duration of the birds ranged from 8.9 to 34.2 days (mean ± SD: 24.8 ± 6.8 days).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A typhoon formed in the western Pacific (19°36′ N, 155°24′ E) on 5 September 2019 (JST), which was named “FAXAI.” It originated from a tropical depression occurring on 30 August. The typhoon moved northward, passing about 60 km west of Mikurajima between 18:00 and 21:00 on 8 September, and reached mainland Japan around 03:00 on 9 September (Figure ","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"104 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10163334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Female treefrog preference for breeding sites matches offspring performance in the presence of two anuran competitors","authors":"David A. Dimitrie,&nbsp;Michael F. Benard","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4164","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4164","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Preference-performance theory predicts that females should select breeding sites that maximize offspring performance. Amphibians have been a model system for investigating habitat selection, yet most studies have focused on habitat selection in response to predators and conspecifics. We investigated female oviposition site selection and larval performance in eastern gray treefrogs (<i>Hyla versicolor</i>) among pools with and without one of two ecologically distinct heterospecific larvae, the green frog (<i>Rana clamitans</i>) and the American bullfrog (<i>Rana catesbeiana</i>). Pools without heterospecifics were used on more nights and had more eggs deposited compared to pools with heterospecifics. In a competition experiment, treefrog larval performance matched this female preference: tadpoles developed faster and grew larger in the absence of either heterospecific. Although we hypothesized that bullfrogs would more strongly affect female treefrog preference and offspring performance because of previous work demonstrating that bullfrogs had stronger negative effects on other tadpoles, both heterospecifics elicited similar responses. The effects of heterospecifics on anuran breeding site selection are understudied and not well understood, and our results demonstrate that female selection of breeding sites is an adaptive behavior for offspring in the presence of heterospecific competitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"104 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10160281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance and resilience to invasion is stronger in synchronous than compensatory communities","authors":"Janette L. Davidson,&nbsp;Lauren G. Shoemaker","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4162","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4162","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While community synchrony is a key framework for predicting ecological constancy, the interplay between community synchrony and ecological invasions remains unclear. Yet the degree of synchrony in a resident community may influence its resistance and resilience to the introduction of an invasive species. Here we used a generalizable mathematical framework, constructed with a modified Lotka–Volterra competition model, to first simulate resident communities across a range of competitive strengths and species' responses to environmental fluctuations, which yielded communities that ranged from strongly synchronous to compensatory. We then invaded these communities at different timesteps with invaders of varying demographic traits, after which we quantified the resident community's susceptibility to initial invasion attempts (resistance) and the degree to which community synchrony was altered after invasion (resiliency of synchrony). We found that synchronous communities were not only more resistant but also more resilient to invasion than compensatory communities, likely due to stronger competition between resident species and thus lower cumulative abundances in compensatory communities, providing greater opportunities for invasion. The growth rate of the invader was most influenced by the resident and invader competition coefficients and the growth rate of the invader species. Our findings support prioritizing the conservation of compensatory and weakly synchronous communities which may be at increased risk of invasion.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"104 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10153561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fruit and seed traits and vertebrate–fruit interactions of tree species occurring in Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana","authors":"Rens W. Vaessen,&nbsp;Klaske van Wijngaarden,&nbsp;Laura Boeschoten,&nbsp;Ronja Knippers,&nbsp;Livia Durazzo,&nbsp;Loes Verkuil,&nbsp;Marijke van Kuijk","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4165","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4165","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seed dispersal is widely considered an important mechanism for the conservation of plant diversity. In tropical regions, over 80% of woody plant species are dispersed by vertebrates, often through the consumption of fruits. Our understanding of what drives interactions between vertebrates and fruits is limited. Through a systematic literature search, we compiled a database of fruit and seed traits and vertebrate–fruit interactions for tree and vertebrate species occurring in the Guianas, with the aim of facilitating research into seed dispersal and seed predation of tree species in the Guianas. The database was compiled by extracting data from 264 published sources. It consists of 21,082 records, of which 19,039 records contain information about 19 different fruit and seed traits belonging to 1622 different tree species. The other 2043 records contain information on vertebrate–fruit interactions between 161 vertebrate species and 464 tree species. Our analyses showed a taxonomic bias, particularly in the interaction data, toward large-bodied vertebrates, with most interactions recorded for the bearded saki (<i>Chiropotes chiropotes</i>), followed by the lowland tapir (<i>Tapirus terrestris</i>). For plants we found an overrepresentation of the Sapotaceae and Moraceae families and an underrepresentation of the Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, and Lauraceae families in the interactions. There are no copyright restrictions on the data set; please cite this publication when using these data.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"104 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10164948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of seasonal migration in spatial population synchrony","authors":"Ellen C. Martin,&nbsp;Brage Bremset Hansen,&nbsp;Ivar Herfindal,&nbsp;Aline Magdalena Lee","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4158","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4158","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spatially synchronized population dynamics are common in nature, and understanding their causes is key for predicting species persistence. A main driver of synchrony between populations of the same species is shared environmental conditions, which cause populations closer together in space to be more synchronized than populations further from one another. Most theoretical and empirical understanding of this driver considers resident species. For migratory species, however, the degree of spatial autocorrelation in the environment may change across seasons and vary by their geographic location along the migratory route or on a nonbreeding ground, complicating the synchronizing effect of the environment. Migratory species show a variety of different strategies in how they disperse to and aggregate on nonbreeding grounds, ranging from completely shared nonbreeding grounds to multiple different ones. Depending on the sensitivity to environmental conditions off the breeding grounds, we can expect that migration and overwintering strategies will impact the extent and spatial pattern of population synchrony on the breeding grounds. Here, we use spatial population-dynamic modeling and simulations to investigate the relationship between seasonal environmental autocorrelation and migration characteristics. Our model shows that the effects of environmental autocorrelation experienced off the breeding ground on population synchrony depend on the number and size of nonbreeding grounds, and how populations migrate in relation to neighboring populations. When populations migrated to multiple nonbreeding grounds, spatial population synchrony increased with increasing environmental autocorrelation between nonbreeding grounds. Populations that migrated to the same place as near neighbors had higher synchrony at short distances than populations that migrated randomly. However, synchrony declined less across increasing distances for the random migration strategy. The differences in synchrony between migration strategies were most pronounced when the environmental autocorrelation between nonbreeding grounds was low. These results show the importance of considering migration when studying spatial population synchrony and predicting patterns of synchrony and population viability under global environmental change. Climate change and habitat loss and fragmentation may cause range shifts and changes in migratory strategies, as well as changes in the mean and spatial autocorrelation of the environment, which can alter the scale and patterns observed in spatial population synchrony.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"104 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10072918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}