Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Shifts in avian migration phenologies do not compensate for changes to conditions en route in spring and fall","authors":"Carrie Ann Adams,&nbsp;Monika A. Tomaszewska,&nbsp;Geoffrey M. Henebry,&nbsp;Kyle G. Horton","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70110","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Several factors are known to affect bird migration timing, but no study has simultaneously compared the effects of temperature, land surface phenology, vegetation greenness, and relative humidity in both spring and fall. In addition, it is unclear whether long-term shifts in migration phenologies have kept pace with changing climates. For example, if migration shifts earlier in the spring, temperatures on migration dates may remain stable over time despite spring warming trends. If the phenologies of birds, plants, and insects shift asynchronously in response to changing climates, then birds may encounter reduced resource availability during migration. We estimated spring and fall 10%, 50%, and 90% cumulative migratory passage dates at 53 weather surveillance radar stations across the US Central Flyway. We determined which conditions (temperature, timing of green-up and dormancy, relative humidity, and enhanced vegetation index [EVI]) explained annual variation in migration phenologies. We also described decadal trends in environmental conditions and whether shifts in migration phenologies were sufficient to compensate for these changes. Annual changes to spring migration phenologies were best explained by anomalies in temperature, with earlier passage in warmer years. Fall migration occurred later on warmer, more humid years with higher EVI and later dormancy. Long-term adjustments in bird migration phenologies did not mitigate their exposure to changing environmental conditions. Although passage dates for all spring migration quantiles advanced significantly (~0.6 days/decade), temperatures on spring 10% passage dates increased, while 50% and 90% passage occurred closer to green-up. In the fall, temperatures increased on 50% and 90% passage dates. By contrast, the advancement of 10% passage (~1 day/decade) prevented early migrants from experiencing the cooling late-summer temperature trend. Warmer temperatures in mid to late fall may lead to earlier fruiting phenology and asynchronies with migratory passage, which occurred later in warmer years. Changes in temperature and land surface phenophases experienced by migrants suggest that resource availability during migration has changed and that adjustments to migration phenologies have not compensated for the effects of changing climates.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal timing of ecosystem linkage mediates life-history variation in a salmonid fish population","authors":"Rui Ueda,&nbsp;Minoru Kanaiwa,&nbsp;Akira Terui,&nbsp;Gaku Takimoto,&nbsp;Takuya Sato","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70114","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Life-history variation can contribute to the long-term persistence of populations; however, it remains unclear which environmental factors drive life-history variation within a population. Seasonally recurring resource subsidies are common in nature and may influence variations in recipient consumers' life-history traits. In this study, we experimentally demonstrated that terrestrial invertebrate subsidies occurring early in the growing season facilitated consumer individuals to adopt fast growth. In contrast, fewer consumer individuals adopted fast growth when subsidies occurred late in the growing season. Consumer individuals that adopted fast growth matured early at age 1, suggesting that the observed variation in life history emerged along with a fast–slow life-history continuum. The estimated survival probability was lower in consumer individuals from the faster growth cluster in the no-supply treatment (control), suggesting a growth–survival trade-off. However, the growth–survival trade-off became unclear in the early-supply treatment and even reversed in the late-supply treatment. As a result, the frequency of consumer individuals maturing at age 1 was higher in the early-supply treatment than in the late-supply treatment and no-supply treatment, implying a higher short-term population growth with the early subsidies. Our findings highlight that seasonal ecosystem linkages through resource subsidies help us understand how life-history variation can be maintained within a population at the landscape scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predator-induced injury of a neonatal pronghorn cues abandonment of current reproductive investment","authors":"Marlin M. Dart,&nbsp;Matthew T. Turnley,&nbsp;Celine M. J. Rickels,&nbsp;Evan P. Tanner,&nbsp;M. Colter Chitwood,&nbsp;Randy W. DeYoung,&nbsp;W. Sue Fairbanks,&nbsp;Derek P. Hahn,&nbsp;Levi J. Heffelfinger,&nbsp;Robert C. Lonsinger,&nbsp;H. George Wang,&nbsp;Michael J. Cherry","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70111","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All the light we cannot see: Climate manipulations leave short and long-term imprints in spectral reflectance of trees","authors":"Artur Stefanski,&nbsp;Ethan E. Butler,&nbsp;Laura J. Williams,&nbsp;Raimundo Bermudez,&nbsp;J. Antonio Guzmán Q.,&nbsp;Andrew Larson,&nbsp;Philip A. Townsend,&nbsp;Rebecca Montgomery,&nbsp;Jeannine Cavender-Bares,&nbsp;Peter B. Reich","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70048","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anthropogenic climate change, particularly changes in temperature and precipitation, affects plants in multiple ways. Because plants respond dynamically to stress and acclimate to changes in growing conditions, diagnosing quantitative plant-environment relationships is a major challenge. One approach to this problem is to quantify leaf responses using spectral reflectance, which provides rapid, inexpensive, and nondestructive measurements that capture a wealth of information about genotype as well as phenotypic responses to the environment. However, it is unclear how warming and drought affect spectra. To address this gap, we used an open-air field experiment that manipulates temperature and rainfall in 36 plots at two sites in the boreal-temperate ecotone of northern Minnesota, USA. We collected leaf spectral reflectance (400–2400 nm) at the peak of the growing season for three consecutive years on juveniles (two to six years old) of five tree species planted within the experiment. We hypothesized that these mid-season measurements of spectral reflectance capture a snapshot of the leaf phenotype encompassing a suite of physiological, structural, and biochemical responses to both long- and short-time scale environmental conditions. We show that the imprint of environmental conditions experienced by plants hours to weeks before spectral measurements is linked to regions in the spectrum associated with stress, namely the water absorption regions of the near-infrared and short-wave infrared. In contrast, the environmental conditions plants experience during leaf development leave lasting imprints on the spectral profiles of leaves, attributable to leaf structure and chemistry (e.g., pigment content and associated ratios). Our analyses show that after accounting for baseline species spectral differences, spectral responses to the environment do not differ among the species. This suggests that building a general framework for understanding forest responses to climate change through spectral metrics may be possible, likely having broader implications if the common responses among species detected here represent a widespread phenomenon. Consequently, these results demonstrate that examining the entire spectrum of leaf reflectance for environmental imprints in contrast to single features (e.g., indices and traits) improves inferences about plant-environment relationships, which is particularly important in times of unprecedented climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and seasonal trait selection in dung beetle assemblages along an aridity gradient in the Sahara","authors":"Indradatta de Castro-Arrazola,&nbsp;Francisco Sánchez-Piñero,&nbsp;Marco Moretti,&nbsp;Joaquín Hortal","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70106","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ecological communities under extreme environments are shaped by a balance of environmental filtering and coexistence mechanisms that result in a series of assembly rules. Although there is abundant evidence about the importance of these community assembly mechanisms in plants, their effects have been seldom compared for animals. We assess their relative importance for the temporal and spatial responses of dung beetle communities along a strong aridity gradient in the edge of the Sahara. Specifically, we study how phylogenetic and functional community structure varies with aridity in space and time and combine it with selected traits to assess the relative importance of mechanisms associated with known assembly rules along the gradient, including whether increasing aridity selects for specific trait values. We surveyed a 400-km gradient toward the Sahara in the dry and wet seasons of two consecutive years, gathering phylogenetic information and quantifying traits related to aridity from direct measurements and the literature. We calculated metrics of functional and phylogenetic diversity, the decoupled variation in functional diversity, functional and phylogenetic beta diversity, their standardized effect sizes based on null models, and community weighted means for all relevant traits. Then, we assessed the relationships between the spatial and temporal variations in these facets of diversity through linear models, independent principal components analyses, and multiple ANOVAs (MANOVAs). Increasing aridity filters dung beetle communities at the phylogenetic and functional levels, selecting particular trait syndromes in both space and time, as communities change similarly toward the Sahara and between the wet and dry seasons. Contrary to expectations, phylogenetic and functional structure shows a continuous replacement with aridity rather than a nested loss of lineages and trait values, which is not accompanied by a reduction in trait volume along the gradient. Only the hyperarid conditions of the dry season show reductions in trait volume. This implies that responses to aridity lead to assemblages with a common adaptive strategy, dominated by saprophagous species with longer wings and endocoprid behavior, associated with the acquisition of ephemeral resources in the poor desert environment. In addition, animal communities can respond to rapid ecosystem breakdowns if their phenological amplitude includes extreme conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"#Vers2022: 50-year resurvey data of French earthworm assemblages obtained after resampling Bouché's historical sites","authors":"Sylvain Gérard,&nbsp;Thibaud Decaëns,&nbsp;Daniel F. Marchán,&nbsp;Marie Beauchesne,&nbsp;Laurent Berlioz,&nbsp;Yvan Capowiez,&nbsp;Julia Clause,&nbsp;Luis Decaëns,&nbsp;Raphaël Dellavedova,&nbsp;Clément-Blaise Duhaut,&nbsp;César Garnier-Fière,&nbsp;Arnaud Goulpeau,&nbsp;Juliette Goussopoulos,&nbsp;Maeva Iannelli,&nbsp;Claire Marsden,&nbsp;Aurélien Navarro,&nbsp;Solène Orrière,&nbsp;Camille Revertégat,&nbsp;Apollon Vannier,&nbsp;Cyril Versavel,&nbsp;Mickaël Hedde","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70109","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Earthworms are key organisms in terrestrial ecosystems. They are found globally and provide significant ecological functions and ecosystem services, so their conservation should be a priority. Yet little is known about the large-scale impacts of global change on earthworm diversity, species distribution, and assemblage structure. More importantly, there are no comprehensive data on changes over long periods of time. In the 1960s, Marcel Bouché conducted a study by sampling earthworm assemblages in 1399 locations in mainland France, including the island of Corsica. Through the #Vers2022 project, we achieved the resampling of 418 of these historical sites, creating the first dataset to assess the long-term changes in earthworm assemblages at a large scale. This dataset includes Bouché (1972) assemblage data, with original taxon's names, absence data, and site descriptions, published in 1972 in French, which were still not freely accessible in a standardized, computerized format. It consists of 36,079 individual earthworm records from 1399 sites, documenting 127 species and subspecies between 1961 and 1970. Additionally, it provides the results of the #Vers2022 resurvey, which includes 11,137 individual records (22,344 including unidentified) from 418 resampled sites, documenting 122 species and subspecies between 2019 and 2023. We followed the framework of quasi-permanent plots, ensuring that the environment was as similar as possible between the historical sampling and its current resampling. These sites were sampled using a standardized, reproducible, and quantitative protocol, unlike the historical sampling, which was qualitative. The dataset also includes information on the individual body mass of each specimen, the total earthworm biomass of each assemblage, and soil analysis data. Furthermore, this work presents the updated taxonomy of each taxon provided by Bouché, along with an assessment of each species name in view of current taxonomy, as well as proposed names for future studies utilizing these data. The #Vers2022 dataset represents a significant improvement in our understanding of French earthworm diversity and can be used to assess changes in diversity and assemblages over a span of more than 50 years, including patterns in individual body mass. The data are released under a CC-BY-NC-SA license.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pheidole megacephala: An invasive ant that raids colonies of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta","authors":"Airlan San Juan,&nbsp;Frédéric Azémar,&nbsp;Alain Dejean","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70113","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The establishment and spread of many imported ant species are facilitated by a high level of reproduction, the future queens mating without nuptial flight so that the colonies reproduce through budding. The colonies are polygynous (i.e., multiple queens) and form unicolonial societies that spread over large areas and reach high densities, often outcompeting native ants through ecological dominance (Suarez et al., &lt;span&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;; Wong et al., &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;These characteristics are present in the well-known invasive species &lt;i&gt;Pheidole megacephala&lt;/i&gt;, or the big-headed ant, native to tropical Africa. Like most &lt;i&gt;Pheidole&lt;/i&gt; species, its worker caste is dimorphic with small minors and big-headed majors or “soldiers,” both having small stingers that serve only to lay odor trails (Wilson, &lt;span&gt;2003&lt;/span&gt;). In its introduced range, this species forms large, unicolonial societies to the point that no intraspecific aggressiveness between workers was noted in different geographical areas of Australia over 3000 km (Fournier et al., &lt;span&gt;2009&lt;/span&gt;). Consequently, &lt;i&gt;P. megacephala&lt;/i&gt; outcompetes native ants through interference competition and especially by raiding their colonies (Figure 1), a characteristic inherited from its native range that even permits it to resist the assault of army ants (Dejean et al., &lt;span&gt;2008&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;; Dejean, Kenne, et al., &lt;span&gt;2007&lt;/span&gt;; Dejean, Moreau, et al., &lt;span&gt;2007&lt;/span&gt;; Sarnat et al., &lt;span&gt;2015&lt;/span&gt;; see Kamaru et al., &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt; for an indirect effect).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Unlike most other invasive ants, the red imported fire ant, &lt;i&gt;Solenopsis invicta&lt;/i&gt;, is monogynous. Native to South America, it was imported into the United States in the 1930s around Mobile, Alabama. However, polygynous populations were found in Mississippi in 1973 that differed by the “social chromosome” regulating the social form; the smaller queens of the polygynous form can reproduce and spread through budding. Although the monogynous form is dominant in the United States, both forms can participate in mating flights (Arsenault et al., &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;; Kjeldgaard et al., &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;; Tschinkel, &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;). Colonies are omnivorous like other invasive ants and consume sugary food, mostly the honeydew of hemipterans. They also scavenge rather than being predatory and displace other ants through competition. Finally, it is considered one of the most costly invasive species worldwide, impacting natural ecosystems, agriculture, man-made structures, and human health (Chen et al., &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;; Menchetti et al., &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;; Tschinkel, &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Florida, USA, the prevalence of both &lt;i&gt;P. megacephala&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;S. invicta&lt;/i&gt; populations in certain invaded habitats makes it likely that these two dominant and invasive species encounter each other regularly (see Booher et al., &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;), but the nature of their interactions has not been clarified. Knowl","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Escape from harmful soil biota at high elevations: Plant–soil feedbacks along stress gradients","authors":"Wenbo Luo,&nbsp;Huixuan Liao,&nbsp;Robert W. Pal,&nbsp;Ragan M. Callaway","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70112","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plant–soil feedbacks (PSFs) have strong effects on plant community diversity and composition, but we know less about how the abiotic environment alters PSFs. In the context of the stress-gradient hypothesis (SGH), we predicted less negative PSFs in alpine versus prairie systems and tested this with three alpine and four prairie species and soil from three elevational gradients in western Montana, USA. All species were smaller when grown in prairie soil than in alpine soil, and sterilization of soil increased the growth only of alpine species in prairie soil. Training prairie soil with conspecifics decreased the biomass of both alpine and prairie species, but training alpine soil had no effect. PSFs were three times more negative when plants were grown in low-elevation prairie soils than in alpine soils. Consistent with the original ideas for the SGH, the frequency of positive PSFs was higher in alpine soil than in prairie soil, and the frequency of negative PSFs was higher in prairie soil than in alpine soil. Our results suggest that alpine species may escape more intense negative PSFs at lower elevations and that PSFs will not limit the upward movement of plant species as temperatures warm.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating the risks and rewards of scavenging in multipredator, human-impacted landscapes","authors":"Calum X. Cunningham,&nbsp;Rebecca Windell,&nbsp;Lauren C. Satterfield,&nbsp;Aaron J. Wirsing,&nbsp;Thomas M. Newsome,&nbsp;Taylor R. Ganz,&nbsp;Laura R. Prugh","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70090","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large carnivores can influence smaller scavengers through both positive and negative interactions (e.g., carrion provisioning and intraguild killing) and ultimately shape scavenging efficiency. However, we know little about this trade-off in anthropogenic landscapes where humans kill carnivores and provide carrion subsidies. In the context of wolf (<i>Canis lupus</i>) recolonization of human-impacted landscapes in Washington, USA, we investigated how sources of ungulate mortality (wolves, cougars [<i>Puma concolor</i>], and vehicles) shape scavenging efficiency, community-wide carcass visitations, and the strategies used by scavengers to navigate risk–reward trade-offs. Cougar and wolf kills mostly occurred in areas with low-to-moderate human influence, whereas roadkill typically occurred in areas with high human impact. Wolves consumed their kills most rapidly (median &lt;4.7 days), providing fewer scavenging opportunities than cougar- and vehicle-killed ungulates, which persisted longer (median = 8.9 and 12 days, respectively). Roadkill primarily attracted avian scavengers, whereas mammalian scavengers used roadkill to a lesser degree and did so by shifting to more nocturnal foraging. The absence in winter of turkey vultures (<i>Cathartes aura</i>) and black bears (<i>Ursus americanus</i>), which are obligate and apex scavengers, respectively, coincided with a seasonal increase in scavenging by most other species. The two mammalian mesocarnivores exhibited divergent strategies: Coyotes (<i>Canis latrans</i>) frequently scavenged but usually for short durations and with heightened vigilance at predator kills, whereas bobcats (<i>Lynx rufus</i>) visited carcasses less frequently but fed for longer durations and displayed low vigilance while scavenging. These results suggest a hierarchical decision-making process whereby scavengers first choose whether to forage at a carcass before fine-tuning foraging duration, using temporal refugia, or increasing vigilance. Predator recovery in human-dominated landscapes therefore adds complexity to the spatiotemporal landscape of risks and rewards, and outcomes for scavengers will likely depend on their propensity to scavenge and vulnerability to humans and large predators.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flower power: Modeling floral resources of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) for bee pollinators based on 3D data","authors":"Zoe Schindler,&nbsp;Elena Larysch,&nbsp;Felix Fornoff,&nbsp;Katja Kröner,&nbsp;Nora Obladen,&nbsp;Alexandra-Maria Klein,&nbsp;Thomas Seifert,&nbsp;Christian Vonderach,&nbsp;Christopher Morhart","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70103","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pollinator declines pose a threat to ecosystems and food production. Agriculture contributes to, but also suffers from, the erosion of pollination services. Our study explores the potential of trees in agricultural landscapes to support pollinators by providing floral resources. Our overarching objective is the quantification of floral resources produced by wild cherry (<i>Prunus avium</i> L.) that can be used by flower-visiting and pollinating insects such as bees. Using an innovative approach, we combine pollen measurements with manual counts of flowers on branches and 3D data derived from terrestrial laser scanning. This approach allows us to scale up flower numbers from branches to entire trees. The derived models for estimating the probability of flower occurrence (<i>R</i>²_c = 0.52, <i>R</i>²_m = 0.50) and the number of flowers per branch (<i>R</i>²_c = 0.88, <i>R</i>²_m = 0.84), as well as the number of flowers per tree (<i>R</i>² = 0.83), show good model fits with only a small set of predictors. The model fits indicate that, at the branch level, predicting flowering probability is more challenging than predicting flower abundance. We found differences in the number of flowers per branch in different crown sections, suggesting that floral resources are heterogeneously distributed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the number of flowers per tree increases exponentially with tree dimension (stem diameter, crown volume). Therefore, large trees provide disproportionately more floral resources than small trees and are particularly worthy of conservation efforts. For example, our models estimate that a single tree with a stem diameter of 25 cm carries 195,535 flowers (95% CI: 159,991–237,318), thus providing about 57 cm³ (95% CI: 32–88 cm³) of pollen and producing 170 g (95% CI: 48–345 g) nectar sugar per 24 h. This amount of pollen is sufficient to rear, for example, 5202 larvae (95% CI: 2886–8022) of <i>Lasioglossum laticeps</i>, a common and generalist sweat bee of cherry trees. In contrast, a smaller tree with a stem diameter of 10 cm provides only 8% of these resources. In conclusion, we demonstrate how our results contribute to the broader single-large-or-several-small debate in nature conservation by highlighting the value of large trees. Additionally, we show how information gathered at the branch level may be nondestructively upscaled to entire trees.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143926104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}