Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Intraspecific variation in masting across climate gradients is inconsistent with the environmental stress hypothesis","authors":"Jessie J. Foest,&nbsp;Thomas Caignard,&nbsp;Ian S. Pearse,&nbsp;Michał Bogdziewicz,&nbsp;Andrew Hacket-Pain","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70076","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Year-to-year variation in seed crop size (i.e., masting) varies strongly among populations of the same species. Understanding what causes this variation is vital, as masting affects the ability of tree species to regenerate and determines the population dynamics of a wide variety of animals. It is commonly thought that environmental stress is a key driver of masting variability. The environmental stress hypothesis posits that more marginal conditions increase the strength of masting. Using 437 time series from 19 tree species, we find that this hypothesis fails to fully explain how masting varies across marginality gradients. We expected higher interannual variation and less frequent masting events at species margins but instead found that while mast years are indeed less frequent, the interannual variation was lower toward the margins. The observed patterns suggest that populations growing at the margins may invest more resources in low seed production years compared with their conspecifics, hedging their bets in these more challenging environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why does animal home range size decrease with population density?","authors":"Juliana Balluffi-Fry,&nbsp;Yasmine N. Majchrzak,&nbsp;Michael J. L. Peers,&nbsp;Emily K. Studd,&nbsp;Allyson K. Menzies,&nbsp;Liam G. Horne,&nbsp;Emily Monk,&nbsp;Nicole Humeniuk,&nbsp;Thomas S. Jung,&nbsp;Dennis L. Murray,&nbsp;Stan Boutin","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spatial confinement to a home range is theorized to be a more energetically efficient method of acquiring resources than random searching due to spatial memory. Intraspecific studies that have compared home range size at different population densities have found that home ranges shrink as population density increases. This negative trend could be due to increased conspecific competition via population density increase or due to correlations between resource density and population density. We use the 10-year population cycle of snowshoe hares (<i>Lepus americanus</i>) and individual-level food-add experiments as a case study to assess whether the mechanism of the relationship between home range size and population density is related to competition from increased conspecific density or confounds between population density and resource density. Over six winters (1 December–31 March) and a 50-fold change in population density, we estimated weekly home range sizes (<i>n</i> = 464; 90% minimum convex polygons) of 88 radio-collared hares, of which 26 were food-supplemented. We found a negative relationship between home range size and population density in controls; home ranges decreased by 2.5 ha as hare density increased from 0.24 to 1.2 hare/ha. Food-supplemented hares showed a more negative response to population density than controls (4.0 ± 0.56 ha decrease per 1 hare/ha increase). Our results suggest that the negative trend between home range size and population density is not due to confounds between population and resource density. Likely, there is a trade-off between resource acquisition and some other density-driven constraint when foraging at high densities, which we suggest is a reduction in resource sharing to minimize competition and maintain resource familiarity at high densities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habitat specialization and edge effects of soil microbial communities in a fragmented landscape","authors":"Claire C. Winfrey,&nbsp;Julian Resasco,&nbsp;Noah Fierer","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70072","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil microorganisms play outsized roles in nutrient cycling, plant health, and climate regulation. Despite their importance, we have a limited understanding of how soil microbes are affected by habitat fragmentation, including their responses to conditions at fragment edges, or “edge effects.” To understand the responses of soil communities to edge effects, we analyzed the distributions of soil bacteria, archaea, and fungi in an experimentally fragmented system of open patches embedded within a forest matrix. In addition, we identified taxa that consistently differed among patch, edge, or matrix habitats (“specialists”) and taxa that showed no habitat preference (“nonspecialists”). We hypothesized that microbial community turnover would be most pronounced at the edge between habitats. We also hypothesized that specialist fungi would be more likely to be mycorrhizal than nonspecialist fungi because mycorrhizae should be affected more by different plant hosts among habitats, whereas specialist prokaryotes would have smaller genomes (indicating reduced metabolic versatility) and be less likely to be able to sporulate than nonspecialist prokaryotes. Across all replicate sites, the matrix and patch soils harbored distinct microbial communities. However, sites where the contrasts in vegetation and pH between the patch and matrix were most pronounced exhibited larger differences between patch and matrix communities and tended to have edge communities that differed from those in the patch and forest. There were similar numbers of patch and matrix specialists, but very few edge specialist taxa. Acidobacteria and ectomycorrhizae were more likely to be forest specialists, while Chloroflexi, Ascomycota, and Glomeromycota (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhizae) were more likely to be patch specialists. Contrary to our hypotheses, nonspecialist bacteria were not more likely than specialist bacteria to have larger genomes or to be spore-formers. We found partial support for our mycorrhizal hypothesis: arbuscular mycorrhizae, but not ectomycorrhizae, were more likely to be specialists. Overall, our results indicate that soil microbial communities are sensitive to edges, but not all taxa are equally affected, with arbuscular mycorrhizae in particular showing a strong response to habitat edges. In the context of increasing habitat fragmentation worldwide, our results can help inform efforts to maintain the structure and functioning of the soil microbiome.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143762067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disentangling small-island multilayer networks: Underlying ecological and evolutionary patterns","authors":"Manuel Nogales,&nbsp;Anna Traveset,&nbsp;Heriberto López,&nbsp;Ruben Heleno,&nbsp;Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría,&nbsp;Rafael García,&nbsp;Sandra Hervías-Parejo","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study provides a pioneering analysis of the structural and topological characteristics of one of nature's simplest food webs, using the Montaña Clara islet (Canary Islands) as a case study. Applying a multilayer network approach, which assesses multiple interaction types, we examined plant–animal and plant-fungi interactions during two seasons (humid and dry), comparing this oceanic island food web to one from Na Redona, a small continental island in the Balearic Islands. Data were collected through field observations, flower visitation records, fecal analysis, and DNA metabarcoding of root-associated fungi. The study identified 63 animal species and 367 fungal amplicon sequence variants interacting with 13 plant species, five of which (38%) were structurally significant, as indicated by high multilayer versatility values (&gt;0.5). The network structure was modular, with 23 modules primarily representing single ecological functions, and most species were involved in only one interaction type. Notably, 73% of species shifted roles between interaction layers. Results reveal that Montaña Clara's food web is simpler but more modular and versatile than that of the continental island, aligning with island biogeography theory. The study suggests that the unique biodiversity composition of oceanic islands, particularly islets, influences their ecological network structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring climate-related gut microbiome variation in bumble bees: An experimental and observational perspective","authors":"Fabienne Maihoff,&nbsp;Lukas Bofinger,&nbsp;Kristof Brenzinger,&nbsp;Alexander Keller,&nbsp;Alice Classen","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rising temperatures negatively affect bumble bee fitness directly through physiological impacts and indirectly by disrupting mutualistic interactions between bees and other organisms, which are crucial in determining species-specific responses to climate change. Gut microbial symbionts, key regulators of host nutrition and health, may be the Achilles' heel of thermal responses in insects. They not only modulate biotic interactions with plants and pathogens but also exhibit varying thermal sensitivity themselves. Understanding how environmental changes disrupt microbiome communities is a crucial first step to determine potential consequences for host population responses. We analyzed gut bacterial communities of six bumble bee species inhabiting different climatic niches along an elevational gradient in the German Alps using 16S ribosomal DNA amplicon sequencing. We first investigated whether inter- and intraspecific differences in gut bacterial communities can be linked to species' elevational niches, which differ in temperature, flower resource composition, and likely pathogen pressure. A reciprocal translocation experiment between distinct climatic regions tested how the gut bacterial communities of <i>Bombus terrestris</i> and <i>Bombus lucorum</i> change short-term when exposed to new environments. Finally, we exposed these species to heat and cold wave scenarios within climate chambers to disentangle pure temperature-driven effects on the microbiome from other environmental effects. Interspecific variation in microbiome composition exceeded intraspecific variation. Species exhibit varying levels of gut microbiome stability, where stability is defined as the within-group variance: lower stability, indicated by greater within-group variance, is predominantly observed in species inhabiting higher elevations. Transplanted species showed subtle short-term gut microbiome adjustments, marked by an increase in Lactobacillaceae upon exposure to warmer regions; however, the gut microbiomes of these bumble bees did not change under laboratory temperature scenarios. We conclude that marked differences in the gut microbiomes of bumble bees could lead to species-specific responses to environmental change. For example, less stable microbiomes in bumble bees inhabiting higher elevations might indicate an increased sensitivity to pathogens. Short-term microbiome changes following translocation indicate that species with relatively stable microbiomes, such as <i>B. lucorum</i> and <i>B. terrestris</i>, can rapidly integrate new bacteria, which could increase their capacity to cope with new environments under climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A seascape dichotomy in the role of small consumers for coral reef energy fluxes","authors":"Simon J. Brandl,&nbsp;Helen F. Yan,&nbsp;Jordan M. Casey,&nbsp;Nina M. D. Schiettekatte,&nbsp;Julianna J. Renzi,&nbsp;Alexandre Mercière,&nbsp;Fabien Morat,&nbsp;Isabelle M. Côté,&nbsp;Valeriano Parravicini","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biogeochemical fluxes through ecological communities underpin the functioning of ecosystems worldwide. These fluxes are often heavily influenced by small-bodied consumers, such as insects, worms, mollusks, or small vertebrates, which transfer energy and nutrients from autotrophic sources to larger animals. Although coral reefs are one of the most productive ecosystems in the world, we know relatively little about how small consumers make energy available to larger predators and how their roles may vary across reefs. Here, we use community-scale collections of small, bottom-dwelling (“cryptobenthic”) reef fishes along with size spectrum analyses, stable isotopes, and demographic modeling to examine their role in harnessing and transferring carbon in two distinct coral reef habitats. Using a comprehensive dataset from Mo'orea (French Polynesia), we demonstrate that, despite only being separated by a narrow reef crest, forereef and backreef habitats harbor distinct communities of cryptobenthic fishes that play vastly divergent roles in carbon transfer. Forereef communities in Mo'orea are depauperate, largely consisting of predatory and planktivorous species that have comparatively high standing biomass (both individually and collectively). In these communities, the combination of size spectra and isotope values suggests important contributions of pelagic subsidies, but the rate of biomass production and turnover (i.e., the rate at which biomass is replenished) is relatively low. In contrast, cryptobenthic fish communities in the backreef are characterized by high abundances of the smallest bodied species, forming a traditional bottom-heavy trophic pyramid that is fueled by benthic autotrophs. In these communities, benthic productivity fuels rapid production and turnover of fish biomass, while pelagic energy channels are notably less productive. Our integrative approach demonstrates the utility of combining multiple methods (e.g., isotopically informed demographic models) to trace energy fluxes through small consumer communities in complex ecosystems. Furthermore, our results highlight that coral reef productivity dynamics are highly habitat-dependent and the role of the smallest coral reef consumers may be most pronounced in shallow systems with limited connectivity to the open ocean.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term ammonium nitrate addition strengthens soil microbial cross-trophic interactions in a Tibetan alpine steppe","authors":"Yang Liu,&nbsp;Yuanhe Yang,&nbsp;Ye Deng,&nbsp;Yunfeng Peng","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global nitrogen (N) enrichment is modifying microbial interactions, which can be represented by network complexity. While a number of studies have explored how N addition influences the microbial intra-trophic network, its effects on the inter-trophic network have rarely been investigated. Here, we examined the effects of 8 years of multilevel N additions (i.e., 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 32 g N m⁻² year⁻¹) on inter-trophic interactions of soil microbial communities (i.e., protist–fungi, protist–prokaryote and fungi–prokaryote) in a Tibetan alpine steppe. Generally, there was a first increasing and then saturated trend of the complexity of inter-trophic networks along the N-addition gradient, which contrasts with the simplified or minimal response of intra-trophic network complexity reported previously. The intensified cross-trophic interactions were mainly explained by increased plant and litter biomass, which indicates that the N-induced increases in carbon supplies may have alleviated microbial energy limitations and thus resulted in more active metabolic processes, consequently stimulating various biotic interactions (e.g., predation, competition, and commensalism). Further, the enhanced inter-trophic network relationships were found to be associated with increased soil carbon and N mineralization processes. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of microbial cross-trophic interactions and indicate that they should be considered in predictions of ecosystem functioning under global N enrichment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Will a large complex model ecosystem be viable? The essential role of positive interactions","authors":"Rudolf P. Rohr,&nbsp;Louis-Félix Bersier,&nbsp;Roger Arditi","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ecologists have documented many characteristics of natural systems that foster ecosystem persistence, and it might be deduced that such strategies are essential for counteracting the negative effect of complexity on local stability that was suggested by R.M. May in his influential work of the 1970s. However, we show that the loss of local stability does not necessarily imply total ecosystem extinction. A more general criterion of ecosystem viability is the long-term persistence of any number of surviving species—not necessarily all of them. With this approach, we show that persistence increases with complexity, contrary to previous theoretical findings. In particular, positive interactions (mutualistic or prey-to-predator) play a crucial role in creating ecological niches, which sustain biodiversity with increasing complexity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bird diversity in historical paintings of the Song dynasty (960–1279)","authors":"Qianyu Chen,&nbsp;Shuihua Chen,&nbsp;Shilu Zheng,&nbsp;Rachakonda Sreekar,&nbsp;Zhijun Ma,&nbsp;Jiajia Liu","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70070","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree diversity shapes the spectral signature of light transmittance in developing forests","authors":"Laura J. Williams,&nbsp;Kyle R. Kovach,&nbsp;J. Antonio Guzmán Q.,&nbsp;Artur Stefanski,&nbsp;Raimundo Bermudez,&nbsp;Ethan E. Butler,&nbsp;Domitille Coq--Etchegaray,&nbsp;Catherine Glenn-Stone,&nbsp;Peter Hajek,&nbsp;Johanna Klama,&nbsp;Belinda E. Medlyn,&nbsp;Christian Messier,&nbsp;Aboubakr Moradi,&nbsp;Alain Paquette,&nbsp;Maria H. Park,&nbsp;Michael Scherer-Lorenzen,&nbsp;Philip A. Townsend,&nbsp;Peter B. Reich,&nbsp;Jeannine Cavender-Bares,&nbsp;Meredith C. Schuman","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Greater tree diversity often increases forest productivity by increasing the fraction of light captured and the effectiveness of light use at the community scale. However, light may shape forest function not only as a source of energy or a cause of stress but also as a context cue: Plant photoreceptors can detect specific wavelengths of light, and plants use this information to assess their neighborhoods and adjust their patterns of growth and allocation. These cues have been well documented in laboratory studies, but little studied in diverse forests. Here, we examined how the spectral profile of light (350–2200 nm) transmitted through canopies differs among tree communities within three diversity experiments on two continents (200 plots each planted with one to 12 tree species, amounting to roughly 10,000 trees in total), laying the groundwork for expectations about how diversity in forests may shape light quality with consequences for forest function. We hypothesized—and found—that the species composition and diversity of tree canopies influenced transmittance in predictable ways. Canopy transmittance—in total and in spectral regions with known biological importance—principally declined with increasing leaf area per ground area (LAI) and, in turn, LAI was influenced by the species composition and diversity of communities. For a given LAI, broadleaved angiosperm canopies tended to transmit less light with lower red-to-far-red ratios than canopies of needle-leaved gymnosperms or angiosperm-gymnosperm mixtures. Variation among communities in the transmittance of individual leaves had a minor effect on canopy transmittance in the visible portion of the spectrum but contributed beyond this range along with differences in foliage arrangement. Transmittance through mixed species canopies often deviated from expectations based on monocultures, and this was only partly explained by diversity effects on LAI, suggesting that diversity effects on transmittance also arose through shifts in the arrangement and optical properties of foliage. We posit that differences in the spectral profile of light transmitted through diverse canopies serve as a pathway by which tree diversity affects some forest ecosystem functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}