Ecology最新文献

{"title":"In a grain of sand: An overlooked over-summering habitat of macroalgae","authors":"Yusuke Horinouchi, Kosei Mochizuki, Kensuke Ichihara, Tatsuya Togashi","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4447","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4447","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142383043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sound production in wild Mediterranean blonde ray Raja brachyura","authors":"Adèle Barroil, Julie Deter, Florian Holon, Frédéric Bertucci","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4440","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4440","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sound production, or soniferous behavior, is linked to an active and intentional communication process between individuals of the same or different species, rather than being a by-product of activities like feeding or locomotion (i.e., incidental sounds). In ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), a clade comprising 34,200 species (Froese & Pauly, <span>2019</span>) from 488 families (Fricke et al., <span>2019</span>), sound production has independently evolved approximately 33 times, encompassing nearly 29,000 species (Rice et al., <span>2022</span>). More precisely, intentional sound production has been identified in 989 bony fish species, belonging to 133 families and 33 orders (Looby et al., <span>2022</span>; Rice et al., <span>2022</span>). Based on approximation, half of the fish families of coral reefs for example have at least one known sound producing species (Parmentier et al., <span>2021</span>). Sound production is therefore a key behavioral feature of bony fish, and the ever-increasing number of reports on sound production in various species and contexts continues to highlight this important aspect (Amorim, <span>2006</span>; Ladich & Schulz-Mirbach, <span>2016</span>).</p><p>In comparison, evidence for active sound production in elasmobranchs (cartilaginous fish), that is, sharks, rays, and skates, remains scarce (Looby et al., <span>2022</span>). The first case of active sound production was reported more than 50 years ago in captive cownose rays <i>Rhinoptera bonasus</i> which produced clicks as a result of human harassment (Fish & Mowbray, <span>1970</span>). Subsequently there have been no proven and confirmed examples of active sound production in any species of elasmobranchs. Although recently, Fetterplace, Esteban, et al. (<span>2022</span>) reported the first evidence of active sound production in two species of stingray, that is, the mangrove whipray <i>Urogymnus granulatus</i> (Macleay 1883) and the cowtail stingray <i>Pastinachus ater</i> (Macleay 1883), recorded in the wild in Indonesia and Australia. Both species produced a series of short broadband loud clicks in response to an observer's approach and ceased producing sound when the distance with the observer increased. This founding paper therefore paved the way and encouraged further research on sound production in elasmobranchs. Here we present the first evidence of active sound production in a new species, that is, the blonde ray <i>Raja brachyura</i> (Lafont 1873) opportunistically recorded off the coast of Corsica in the Mediterranean (Figure 1).</p><p>Sound was extracted from a video recording made on 30 March 2023 with a Hero 8 Black action camera (GoPro, Inc., USA) placed at the end of a rope and lowered at −40 m depth from a boat in the first instance in order to find <i>Spicara smaris</i> (L. 1758) spawning grounds off the eastern coast of Corsica (42°14.720′ N; 9°35.330′ E). <i>S. smaris</i> males build their nest on soft bottoms seabed. Spawnin","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4440","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142383046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High beta diversity of gaps contributes to plot-level tree diversity in a tropical forest","authors":"Fanhua Kong,&nbsp;Fangliang He,&nbsp;Ryan A. Chisholm","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4443","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4443","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Canopy gaps are widely recognized as being crucial for maintaining the diversity of forest tree communities. But empirical studies have found mixed results because the differences in diversity between individual gaps and non-gaps are often small and statistically undetectable. One overlooked factor, however, is how small individual gap versus non-gap differences may accumulate across sites and potentially have a large effect on forest diversity at the plot scale. Our study investigated sapling richness, density, and composition in 124 treefall gaps, and 200 non-gap sites in the 50-ha tropical forest plot at Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. Additionally, we analyzed species accumulation curves to understand how species richness increases with increasing stem numbers. We observed that sapling richness and density were only slightly higher in gaps 7 years after formation and statistically indistinguishable from non-gaps after 12 years. However, species accumulation curves across multiple gaps were substantially higher than those across non-gaps. Species composition showed small differences between individual gaps and non-gaps but differed significantly between collections of gaps and non-gaps. Specifically, 55 species specialized in 7-year-old gaps compared with 24 in non-gaps; of these, 23 gap-specialized species and zero non-gap species were pioneers. Our results indicate that tree species richness is higher in gaps because of both higher stem density and the presence of gap-specialized species. Our study has finally provided compelling evidence to support the idea that gaps enhance the overall diversity of tropical forest tree communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4443","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142383042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migrating shorebird killed by raptor at 3000 m above ground as revealed by high-resolution tracking","authors":"Michiel P. Boom,&nbsp;Hui Yu,&nbsp;Roeland A. Bom,&nbsp;Arne Hegemann,&nbsp;Åke Lindström,&nbsp;Bart A. Nolet,&nbsp;Thomas K. Lameris","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4437","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4437","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Recent tracking technology has revealed that some birds fly at extreme altitudes up to and above 7000 m above sea level (asl) during nonstop migration flights (Lindström et al., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;; Sjöberg et al., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). An untested hypothesis put forward is that birds migrate this high above the ground to avoid encountering predators. However, information about predation danger during the migratory flight is scant, and the altitudes where migrants are at risk are unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;While migration enables animals to exploit favorable habitat conditions in various locations throughout the year to optimize overall fitness (Lack, &lt;span&gt;1968&lt;/span&gt;), it can also be costly and is often associated with higher mortality rates (Klaassen et al., &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;). A significant factor contributing to these high mortality rates is the increased risk of predation during migration (Lindström, &lt;span&gt;1989&lt;/span&gt;; Sillett &amp; Holmes, &lt;span&gt;2002&lt;/span&gt;; Walter, &lt;span&gt;1979&lt;/span&gt;). Consequently, safety is considered an important evolutionary driver of avian migration strategies (Alerstam et al., &lt;span&gt;2003&lt;/span&gt;; Alerstam &amp; Lindström, &lt;span&gt;1990&lt;/span&gt;; Lank et al., &lt;span&gt;2003&lt;/span&gt;; Ydenberg et al., &lt;span&gt;2004&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In birds, predation has mostly been studied at migratory stopover sites (Dierschke, &lt;span&gt;2003&lt;/span&gt;; Lindström, &lt;span&gt;1989&lt;/span&gt;), but information about predation risk during the migratory flight is largely lacking, especially concerning at what altitudes migrants are at risk. It was recently revealed that during long nonstop flights, some migrants ascend at dawn to diurnal flight altitudes up to and above 7000 m asl (Lindström et al., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;; Sjöberg et al., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). These studies propose that the birds try to avoid being predated by flying very high above the ground. Eleonora's Falcons &lt;i&gt;Falco eleonorae,&lt;/i&gt; which specialize in hunting migratory passerines, have been recorded to make flights up to 3500 m (Xirouchakis &amp; Panuccio, &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;), but the knowledge on how high avian predators ascend to hunt is very limited.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using GPS trackers with on-board accelerometry, we tracked Arctic-breeding Grey Plovers &lt;i&gt;Pluvialis squatarola&lt;/i&gt; (Figure 1a,b) migrating across Northern Europe. In January 2023, we tagged eight adult Grey Plovers with Druid MINI 2G transmitters on the island of Griend (53°15′ N, 5°15′ E) in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Tags were attached using leg-loop harnesses constructed from flattened spectra ribbon (2.5 mm width) and aluminum crimps (combined mass of transmitter and harness &lt;8 g, equaling &lt;5% of body mass). The solar-powered transmitters record GPS positions (including altitude), and ODBA (overall dynamic body acceleration, a measure for activity (Wilson et al., &lt;span&gt;2006&lt;/span&gt;), hereafter “body acceleration” for short). Data were transferred via the 2G GSM network. Interval settings varied from 2 to 24 h for GPS positions and 1–30 min for body accelerat","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142385299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenology mediates direct and indirect interactions among co-occurring invasive plant species","authors":"Rachel A. Reeb,&nbsp;Sara E. Kuebbing","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4446","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4446","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Why nonnative invasive plant species commonly co-occur, despite their competitive superiority and propensity to displace native species, remains a paradox in invasion biology. Negative interactions among competitively dominant invaders are potentially alleviated by two understudied mechanisms: seasonal priority effects, where phenological separation weakens the effect of competition on species with early phenology; and indirect facilitation, where competition between two species is mitigated by a third species. Although phenological separation has been speculated as a mechanism for explaining co-occurrence patterns of invasive plants, it has never been directly tested. In a greenhouse experiment, we tested the effect of phenological separation on direct and indirect interactions between three co-occurring invasive plant species found in the riparian forests of North America. These species have distinct natural phenological separation with reproduction in early spring (<i>Ficaria verna</i>), mid-spring (<i>Alliaria petiolata</i>), and late summer (<i>Microstegium vimineum</i>). When phenology was experimentally synchronized, direct pairwise interactions among invasive species were overwhelmingly negative, asymmetric, and unlikely to promote co-occurrence. However, increasing phenological separation generated seasonal priority effects, which weakened the effect of competition on species with early phenology. Furthermore, the addition of a third species generated indirect facilitative effects, which balanced competitive outcomes among the two weakest competitors. Based on these findings, we conclude that phenological separation modulates the strength of both seasonal priority effects and indirect facilitation within species interaction networks and may promote the co-occurrence of three common invasive species within this study system. We articulate how future studies can test the external validity of these findings in more complex environmental conditions and with a larger range of invasive plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142383045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"It's about (taking up) space: Discreteness of individuals and the strength of spatial coexistence mechanisms","authors":"Stephen P. Ellner,&nbsp;Robin E. Snyder,&nbsp;Peter B. Adler,&nbsp;Christina M. Hernández,&nbsp;Giles Hooker","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4404","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4404","url":null,"abstract":"<p>One strand of modern coexistence theory (MCT) partitions invader growth rates (IGR) to quantify how different mechanisms contribute to species coexistence, highlighting fluctuation-dependent mechanisms. A general conclusion from the classical analytic MCT theory is that coexistence mechanisms relying on temporal variation (such as the temporal storage effect) are generally less effective at promoting coexistence than mechanisms relying on spatial or spatiotemporal variation (primarily growth-density covariance). However, the analytic theory assumes continuous population density, and IGRs are calculated for infinitesimally rare invaders that have infinite time to find their preferred habitat and regrow, without ever experiencing intraspecific competition. Here we ask if the disparity between spatial and temporal mechanisms persists when individuals are, instead, discrete and occupy finite amounts of space. We present a simulation-based approach to quantifying IGRs in this situation, building on our previous approach for spatially non-varying habitats. As expected, we found that spatial mechanisms are weakened; unexpectedly, the contribution to IGR from growth-density covariance could even become negative, opposing coexistence. We also found shifts in which demographic parameters had the largest effect on the strength of spatial coexistence mechanisms. Our substantive conclusions are statements about one model, across parameter ranges that we subjectively considered realistic. Using the methods developed here, effects of individual discreteness should be explored theoretically across a broader range of conditions, and in models parameterized from empirical data on real communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142383044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant community responses to the individual and interactive effects of warming and herbivory across multiple years","authors":"Moriah L. Young,&nbsp;Kara C. Dobson,&nbsp;Mark D. Hammond,&nbsp;Phoebe L. Zarnetske","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4441","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4441","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anthropogenic climate warming affects plant communities by changing community structure and function. Studies on climate warming have primarily focused on individual effects of warming, but the interactive effects of warming with biotic factors could be at least as important in community responses to climate change. In addition, climate change experiments spanning multiple years are necessary to capture interannual variability and detect the influence of these effects within ecological communities. Our study explores the individual and interactive effects of warming and insect herbivory on plant traits and community responses within a 7-year warming and herbivory manipulation experiment in two early successional plant communities in Michigan, USA. We find stronger support for the individual effects of both warming and herbivory on multiple plant morphological and phenological traits; only the timing of plant green-up and seed set demonstrated an interactive effect between warming and herbivory. With herbivory, warming advanced green-up, but with reduced herbivory, there was no significant effect of warming. In contrast, warming increased plant biomass, but the effect of warming on biomass did not depend upon the level of insect herbivores. We found that these treatments had stronger effects in some years than others, highlighting the need for multiyear experiments. This study demonstrates that warming and herbivory can have strong direct effects on plant communities, but that their interactive effects are limited in these early successional systems. Because the strength and direction of these effects can vary by ecological context, it is still advisable to include levels of biotic interactions, multiple traits and years, and community type when studying climate change effects on plants and their communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142373878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rainfall during multiyear La Niñas caused the decline of social wasps in Northeastern Amazonia","authors":"Alain Dejean,&nbsp;Vivien Rossi,&nbsp;Arthur Compin,&nbsp;Bruno Corbara,&nbsp;James M. Carpenter,&nbsp;Jérôme Orivel,&nbsp;Frédéric Petitclerc,&nbsp;Benoit Burban,&nbsp;Frédéric Azémar","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4433","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4433","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere have triggered climate change worldwide resulting in higher average temperatures and a greater frequency of warm El Niño and cold La Niña events known as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (Geng et al., &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;; for ENSO values see Null, &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;). In northeastern Amazonia, including French Guiana, weather data compiled over the past 30 years show that La Niña years are correlated with extreme episodes of rainfall, lower temperatures, and less solar radiation (Dejean et al., &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;; see also Gaucherel, &lt;span&gt;2004&lt;/span&gt;; Ponton, &lt;span&gt;2001&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The excessive rainfall of the exceptionally long and strong 1998–2001 La Niña event (34 months) caused a major decrease in Guianese wasp diversity with 70.5% of the species no longer recorded (Appendix S1: Figure S1; Table S1). Because we noted a similarity between the outcomes of all social wasps pooled and that of &lt;i&gt;Polybia bistriata&lt;/i&gt; (Polistinae), this species served as a biological indicator on global change in French Guiana when associated with &lt;i&gt;Clusia grandiflora&lt;/i&gt; (Clusiaceae) whose large and thick leaves protect the wasps' nests from inclement weather (Figure 1) (Corbara et al., &lt;span&gt;2009&lt;/span&gt;; Dejean et al., &lt;span&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here, we capitalized on a second very long La Niña episode (July 2020–February 2023; 32 months) (Null, &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;) to examine its impact on the &lt;i&gt;P. bistriata&lt;/i&gt; nests. &lt;i&gt;Via&lt;/i&gt; this biological indicator, we report the fate of social wasps in French Guiana over 27 years (1997–2023).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The area studied is situated along the road leading to the Petit-Saut dam (5°4′5″ N, 52°59′54″W–5°4′18″ N, 53°0′19″ W) where &lt;i&gt;Clusia&lt;/i&gt; is one of the few plants able to grow on soil scraped down to the laterite, and so remains small. Thus, depending on the year, we monitored 93–149 &lt;i&gt;Clusia&lt;/i&gt; for wasp nests each July between 1997 and 2023 to record individuals sheltering active &lt;i&gt;P. bistriata&lt;/i&gt; nests in order to obtain percentages to be compared with climatic data from the Enerco405 AK automatic weather station at Paracou situated in the same forest 23.5 km from the area studied.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The best GLM model obtained, according to the AIC, contained three significant climatic variables: (1) El Niño years, (2) PRS &gt; 2700, and (3) PDS &gt; 300 with significant effects (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 1.02e&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 9.07e&lt;sup&gt;−5&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 3.89e&lt;sup&gt;−4&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively, Wald test). PRS &gt; 2700 had a negative effect, while El Niño years and PDS &gt; 300 had a positive effect on the number of &lt;i&gt;P. bistriata&lt;/i&gt; nests (Figure 2b). The other climatic variables degraded the AIC and were not significant.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A time series analysis noted an increase in the mean level of wasp nests by 0.15 in 2009 that coincides with a weak La Niña and the beginning of the 2009–2010 El Niño event, and confirmed three declines, each occurring ","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4433","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142373879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A global database of soil seed bank richness, density, and abundance","authors":"Alistair G. Auffret,&nbsp;Emma Ladouceur,&nbsp;Natalie S. Haussmann,&nbsp;Eirini Daouti,&nbsp;Tatiana G. Elumeeva,&nbsp;Ineta Kačergytė,&nbsp;Jonas Knape,&nbsp;Dorota Kotowska,&nbsp;Matthew Low,&nbsp;Vladimir G. Onipchenko,&nbsp;Matthieu Paquet,&nbsp;Diana Rubene,&nbsp;Jan Plue","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4438","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4438","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A soil seed bank is the collective name for viable seeds that are stored naturally in the soil. At the species or population level, the ability to form a seed bank represents a strategy for (re)colonization following a disturbance or other change in the local environmental conditions. At the community level, seed banks are thought to buffer local diversity during periods of environmental change and are often studied in relation to the potential for passive habitat restoration. The role that seed banks play in plant population and community dynamics, as well as their importance in the agricultural sector, means that they have been widely studied in ecological research. This database is the result of a comprehensive literature search, including all seed bank studies from the Web of Science from which data could be extracted, as well as an additional search of the Russian language literature. The database contains information on the species richness, seed density, and/or seed abundance in 3096 records from at least 1929 locations across the world's seven continents, extracted from 1442 studies published between 1940 and 2020. Records are grouped into five broad habitat categories (aquatic, arable, forest, grassland—including shrubland—and wetland), including information relating to habitat degradation from, or restoration to other habitats (total 14 combinations). Sampling protocols were also extracted for each record, and the database was extensively checked for errors. The location of each record was then used to extract summary climate data and biome classification from external published databases. The database has several potential uses. The large geographical spread relative to many other global biodiversity datasets is relevant for investigating patterns of diversity in biogeographical or macroecological contexts. Habitat type and status (intact, degraded, and restored) can be used to provide insights for biodiversity conservation, while the potential effects of sampling method and effort can be used to inform optimized data collection for future seed bank studies. This database is released under the CC-BY license.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slower but deeper community change: Intrinsic dynamics regulate anthropogenic impacts on species temporal turnover","authors":"J. Christopher D. Terry,&nbsp;Axel G. Rossberg","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4430","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4430","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the mechanisms behind biodiversity dynamics is central to assessing and forecasting anthropogenic impacts on ecological communities. However, the manner in which external environmental drivers act in concert with intrinsic ecological processes to influence local temporal turnover is currently largely unexplored. Here, we determine how human impacts affect multiple metrics of bird community turnover to establish the ecological mechanisms behind compositional change. We used US Breeding Bird Survey data to calculate transect-level rates of three measures of temporal species turnover: (1) “short-term” (initial rate of decline of Sørensen similarity), (2) “long-term” (asymptotic Sørensen similarity), and (3) “throughput” (overall species accumulation rate from species–time relationship exponents) over 2692 transects across 27 regional habitat types. We then hierarchically fit linear models to estimate the effect of anthropogenic impact on these turnover metrics, using the Human Modification Index proxy, while accounting for observed species richness, the size of the species pool, and annual environmental variability. We found broadly consistent impacts of increased anthropogenic pressures across diverse habitat types. The Human Modification Index was associated with greater turnover at long timescales, but marginally slower short-term turnover. The species “throughput” (accumulation rate) was not notably influenced. Examining anthropogenic impacts on different aspects of species turnover in combination allows greater ecological insight. Observed human impacts on short-term turnover were the opposite of existing expectations and suggest humans are disrupting the background turnover of these systems, rather than simply driving rapid directed turnover. The increased long-term turnover without concurrent increases in species accumulation implies human impacts lead to shifts in species occurrence frequency rather than simply greater arrival of “new” species. These results highlight the role of intrinsic dynamics and caution against simple interpretations of increased species turnover as reflections of environmental change.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142368010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}