Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Invasive shrubs differentially alter autumnal activity for three common small-mammal species","authors":"Brian Connolly,&nbsp;Chad R. Zirbel,&nbsp;Carson Keller,&nbsp;Mark Fuka,&nbsp;John L. Orrock","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4384","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4384","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seasonal variation in animal activity influences fitness and the intensity of ecological interactions (e.g., competition, predation), yet aspects of global change in the Anthropocene may catalyze shifts in seasonal activity. Invasive plants are components of global change and can modify animal daily activity, but their influence on animal seasonal activity is less understood. We examined how invasive woody shrubs (Autumn olive [<i>Elaeagnus umbellata</i>] and Amur honeysuckle [<i>Lonicera maackii</i>]) affect seasonal activity of three common small-mammal species by coupling experimental shrub removal with autumnal camera trapping for two consecutive years at six paired forest sites (total 12 plots). Eastern chipmunks (<i>Tamias striatus</i>) foraged more, and foraging was observed at least 20 days longer, in shrub-invaded forests. White-footed mice (<i>Peromyscus leucopus</i>) foraged more in invaded than cleared plots in one study year, but <i>P. leucopus</i> autumn activity timing did not differ between shrub-removal treatments. Fox squirrel (<i>Sciurus niger</i>) activity displayed year-specific responses to shrub removal suggesting intraannual cues (e.g., temperature) structure <i>S. niger</i> autumnal activity. Our work highlights how plant invasions can have species-specific effects on seasonal animal activity, may modify the timing of physiological processes (e.g., torpor), and could generate variation in animal-mediated interactions such as seed dispersal or granivory.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4384","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141750095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bimodal response strategy in Daphnia to ambush predation risk","authors":"Marcus Lee,&nbsp;Lars-Anders Hansson","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4364","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4364","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Predation's consequences can manifest through either consumptive or nonconsumptive effects, but the prey response may also vary depending on the predator hunting strategy. Considerable attention has been paid to coursing predators, whereas less information is available regarding responses to ambush predators. To remedy this paucity, we utilized a three-dimensional tracking platform to record groups of <i>Daphnia magna</i> under predation risk from the ambush invertebrate predator red-eyed damselfly, <i>Erythromma najas</i>. This design allowed us to test individual antipredator responses in multiple metrics of swimming behaviors. We demonstrate that predation risk was greatest for those that swam at 85% of the available depth and averaged 8.1 mm/s. Examining the swimming behavior of each individual separately showed that predation risk did not affect any of the prey response metrics. Interestingly, however, <i>Daphnia</i> did conform to one of two strategies while under predation risk: either swim fast high up in the water column or swim slowly close to the bottom. Hence, this dichotomous behavior is driven by strategies combining speed and depth in different constellations. In a broader context, our findings highlight the importance of considering both the spatial and temporal dimensions of predation events in order to correctly detect antipredator responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141736190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct and indirect effects of cougar predation on bighorn sheep fitness","authors":"Zachary Cloutier,&nbsp;Marco Festa-Bianchet,&nbsp;Fanie Pelletier","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4374","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4374","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Predation has direct effects on prey population dynamics through mortality, and it can induce indirect effects through fear. The indirect effects of predation have been documented experimentally, but few studies have quantified them in nature so that their role in prey population dynamics remains controversial. Given the expanding or reintroduced populations of large predators in many areas, the quantification of indirect effects of predation is crucial. We sought to evaluate the direct and indirect fitness effects of intense cougar (<i>Puma concolor</i>) predation using 48 years of data on marked bighorn sheep (<i>Ovis canadensis</i>) on Ram Mountain, Alberta, Canada. We compared years of intense cougar predation with years with no or occasional cougar predation. We first quantified the effects of predation on neonatal, weaning, and overwinter lamb survival, three metrics potentially affected by direct and indirect effects. We then investigated the possible indirect effects of intense cougar predation on lamb production, female summer mass gain, and lamb mass at weaning. We found strong effects of cougar predation on lamb survival, lamb production, and seasonal mass gain of lambs and adult females. In years with high predation, neonatal, weaning, and overwinter lamb survival declined by 18.4%, 19.7% and 20.8%, respectively. Indirect effects included a 14.2% decline in lamb production. Female summer mass gain decreased by 15.6% and lamb mass at weaning declined by 8.0% in years of intense cougar predation. Our findings bring key insights on the impacts of predation on prey fitness by reporting moderate to large effects on recruitment and illustrate the importance of indirect effects of predation on population dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4374","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141730511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ants may buffer the Janzen–Connell effect in a tropical forest in Southwest China","authors":"Gang Zhou,&nbsp;Jing-Xin Liu,&nbsp;Jikun Liu,&nbsp;Jie Yang,&nbsp;Xiujuan Qiao,&nbsp;Min Cao,&nbsp;Mingxi Jiang","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4380","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4380","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mutualistic symbioses between ants and plants are widespread in nature. Ants can deter unwanted pests and provide protection for plants in return for food or housing rewards. Using a long-term demographic dataset in a tropical seasonal rain forest in Southwest China, we found that associations with ants positively influenced seedling survival and adult growth, and also, species with extrafloral nectaries experienced weaker conspecific negative density dependence compared with species without extrafloral nectaries. Furthermore, we found strong evidence suggesting that species in our forest experienced conspecific density dependence, which we interpreted as heavy pest pressure that may drive the development of anti-pest symbioses such as the plant–ant relationship. Our findings suggest that ants and conspecific neighbors play important but inverse roles on plant survival and growth and that ants can buffer tree neighborhood interactions in this tropical forest.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4380","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141730506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A grazing crab drives saltmarsh carbon storage and recovery","authors":"Serina S. Wittyngham,&nbsp;David Samuel Johnson,&nbsp;Yaping Chen,&nbsp;Matthew L. Kirwan","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4385","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4385","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Consumers can directly (e.g., consumption) and indirectly (e.g., trophic cascades) influence carbon cycling in blue carbon ecosystems. Previous work found that large grazers have nuanced effects on carbon stocks, yet, small, bioturbating-grazers, which remove plant biomass and alter sediment properties, remain an understudied driver of carbon cycling. We used field-derived and remote sensing data to quantify how the purple marsh crab, <i>Sesarma reticulatum</i>, influenced carbon stocks, flux, and recovery in salt marshes. <i>Sesarma</i> caused a 40%–70% loss in carbon stocks as fronts propagated inland (i.e., ungrazed to recovered transition), with front migration rates accelerating over time. Despite latitudinal differences, front migration rate had no effect on carbon stocks, flux, or time to replacement. When we included <i>Sesarma</i> disturbance in carbon flux calculations, we found it may take 5–100 years for marshes to replace lost carbon, if at all. Combined, we show that small grazers cause a net loss in carbon stocks as they move through the landscape, and irrespective of migration rate, these grazer-driven impacts persist for decades. This work showcases the significant role of consumers in carbon storage and flux, challenging the classic paradigm of plant–sediment feedbacks as the primary ecogeomorphic driver of carbon cycling in blue carbon ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4385","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141730508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing and fluctuating resource availability enhances invasional meltdown","authors":"Yan Sun,&nbsp;Zhi-Kun Ren,&nbsp;Heinz Müller-Schärer,&nbsp;Ragan M. Callaway,&nbsp;Mark van Kleunen,&nbsp;Wei Huang","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4387","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4387","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Exotic plant invaders can promote others via direct or indirect facilitation, known as “invasional meltdown.” Increased soil nutrients can also promote invaders by increasing their competitive impacts, but how this might affect meltdown is unknown. In a mesocosm experiment, we evaluated how eight exotic plant species and eight Eurasian native species responded individually to increasing densities of the invasive plant <i>Conyza canadensis</i>, while varying the supply and fluctuations of nutrients. We found that increasing density of <i>C. canadensis</i> intensified competitive suppression of natives but intensified facilitation of other exotics. Higher and fluctuating nutrients exacerbated the competitive effects on natives and facilitative effects on exotics. Overall, these results show a pronounced advantage of exotics over native target species with increased relative density of <i>C. canadensis</i> under high nutrient availability and fluctuation. We integrate these results with the observation that exotic species commonly drive increases in soil resources to suggest the Resource-driven Invasional Meltdown and Inhibition of Natives hypothesis in which biotic acceleration of resource availability promotes other exotic species over native species, leading to invasional meltdown.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4387","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141629597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiversity in changing environments: An external-driver internal-topology framework to guide intervention","authors":"Katharine N. Suding,&nbsp;Courtney G. Collins,&nbsp;Lauren M. Hallett,&nbsp;Loralee Larios,&nbsp;Laurel M. Brigham,&nbsp;Joan Dudney,&nbsp;Emily C. Farrer,&nbsp;Julie E. Larson,&nbsp;Nancy Shackelford,&nbsp;Marko J. Spasojevic","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4322","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4322","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accompanying the climate crisis is the more enigmatic biodiversity crisis. Rapid reorganization of biodiversity due to global environmental change has defied prediction and tested the basic tenets of conservation and restoration. Conceptual and practical innovation is needed to support decision making in the face of these unprecedented shifts. Critical questions include: How can we generalize biodiversity change at the community level? When are systems able to reorganize and maintain integrity, and when does abiotic change result in collapse or restructuring? How does this understanding provide a template to guide when and how to intervene in conservation and restoration? To this end, we frame changes in community organization as the modulation of external abiotic drivers on the internal topology of species interactions, using plant–plant interactions in terrestrial communities as a starting point. We then explore how this framing can help translate available data on species abundance and trait distributions to corresponding decisions in management. Given the expectation that community response and reorganization are highly complex, the external-driver internal-topology (EDIT) framework offers a way to capture general patterns of biodiversity that can help guide resilience and adaptation in changing environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4322","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141629596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Germination response to winter temperature changes with seed shape and length of temperature exposure","authors":"Laura M. Ladwig,&nbsp;Jonathan J. Henn,&nbsp;Karen A. Stahlheber,&nbsp;Scott J. Meiners","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4361","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4361","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In many regions, the climate is changing faster during winter than during the other seasons, and a loss of snow cover combined with increased temperature variability can expose overwintering organisms to harmful conditions. Understanding how species respond to these changes during critical developmental times, such as seed germination, helps us assess the ecological implications of winter climate change. To address this concern, we measured the breaking of seed dormancy and cold tolerance of temperate grassland species in the lab and field. In the lab, we ran germination trials testing the tolerance of 17 species to an extreme cold event. In the field, we deployed seeds of two species within a snow manipulation experiment at three locations and measured germination success biweekly from seeds subjected to ambient and reduced snow cover from winter into spring. From lab trials, cold tolerance varied among species, with seed germination decreasing &lt;10%–100% following extreme cold events. Cold tolerance was related to seed traits, specifically less round seeds, seeds that required cold stratification, and seeds that mature later in the season tended to be more impacted by extreme cold temperatures. This variation in seed cold tolerance may contribute to altered community composition with continued winter climate change. In the field, germination increased through late winter, coinciding with the accumulation of days where temperatures were favorable for cold stratification. Through spring, germination success decreased as warm temperatures accumulated. Collectively, species-specific seed cold tolerances and mortality rates may contribute to compositional changes in grasslands under continued winter climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141621964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wing-slapping: A defensive behavior by honey bees against ants","authors":"Yugo Seko,&nbsp;Kiyohito Morii,&nbsp;Yoshiko Sakamoto","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4372","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4372","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Eusocial organisms are group living, and their nests, which are inhabited by numerous eggs, larvae, and adults, are attractive feeding grounds for predators and parasites. To effectively defend the nest against such natural enemies, eusocial organisms have evolved specific defensive behaviors. For example, honey bees (&lt;i&gt;Apis&lt;/i&gt; spp.) counter attacks from hornets, an important predator, by the use of shimmering waves (Tan et al., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;) and defensive balling (Ono et al., &lt;span&gt;1995&lt;/span&gt;); they also use grooming and other hygienic behaviors to suppress the spread of parasitic varroa mites (Harbo &amp; Harris, &lt;span&gt;2005&lt;/span&gt;). Ants are also important consumers of honey, broods, and worker bees in beehives (Kern, &lt;span&gt;2017&lt;/span&gt;), and it has been reported that some honey bee species inhibit the entry of ants into the hive through fan-blowing, a defensive behavior in which bees use wind pressure from fanning their wings to keep ants away from the hive entrance (Spangler &amp; Taer, &lt;span&gt;1970&lt;/span&gt;). Because this behavior inhibits ant ingress, while avoiding direct contact between ants and the bees, it is thought to reduce the risk of injury or death of the defending bees (Seeley et al., &lt;span&gt;1982&lt;/span&gt;). However, the Japanese honey bee (&lt;i&gt;Apis cerana japonica&lt;/i&gt;), the Japanese subspecies of the eastern honey bee (&lt;i&gt;A. cerana&lt;/i&gt;), repels ants by placing its wings directly in contact with intruding ants and flicking them away. Although this behavior has been briefly described in anecdotal accounts (Fujiwara et al., &lt;span&gt;2015&lt;/span&gt;; Yoshida, &lt;span&gt;1997&lt;/span&gt;), the detailed behavior sequence has remained unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We filmed Japanese honey bee colonies being invaded by the Japanese pavement ant (&lt;i&gt;Tetramorium tsushimae&lt;/i&gt;) with a high-speed camera (960 fps; DSC-RX10M4, Sony Group Corporation, Japan), and recorded honey bee defensive behaviors against the ants in detail. Our results show that the bees slap the ants through direct contact with their wings (Figure 1; Videos S1 and S2). Specifically, the worker bees executed the slap behavior by first tilting their bodies toward the ants, then flapping their wings while simultaneously turning their bodies. These observations demonstrate that the defensive behavior employed by Japanese honey bees against ants is clearly different from the noncontact fan-blowing behavior (Yang et al., &lt;span&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;) reported in other honey bees. We named this new defensive behavior “wing-slapping.”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In addition to the above observations, to identify whether wing-slapping behavior is only carried out against specific ant species and whether there are differences in effectiveness among ant species, we introduced ants to the vicinity of the hive entrance and determined the frequency of wing-slapping by Japanese honey bees. The observations were carried out in June and July 2023 on two colonies (A and B) of Japanese honey bees in Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prefecture (36°02′54.1″ N, 140°","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4372","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141560522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remotely sensed crown nutrient concentrations modulate forest reproduction across the contiguous United States","authors":"Tong Qiu,&nbsp;James S. Clark,&nbsp;Kyle R. Kovach,&nbsp;Philip A. Townsend,&nbsp;Jennifer J. Swenson","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4366","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4366","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global forests are increasingly lost to climate change, disturbance, and human management. Evaluating forests' capacities to regenerate and colonize new habitats has to start with the seed production of individual trees and how it depends on nutrient access. Studies on the linkage between reproduction and foliar nutrients are limited to a few locations and few species, due to the large investment needed for field measurements on both variables. We synthesized tree fecundity estimates from the Masting Inference and Forecasting (MASTIF) network with foliar nutrient concentrations from hyperspectral remote sensing at the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) across the contiguous United States. We evaluated the relationships between seed production and foliar nutrients for 56,544 tree-years from 26 species at individual and community scales. We found a prevalent association between high foliar phosphorous (P) concentration and low individual seed production (ISP) across the continent. Within-species coefficients to nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) are related to species differences in nutrient demand, with distinct biogeographic patterns. Community seed production (CSP) decreased four orders of magnitude from the lowest to the highest foliar P. This first continental-scale study sheds light on the relationship between seed production and foliar nutrients, highlighting the potential of using combined Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) and hyperspectral remote sensing to evaluate forest regeneration. The fact that both ISP and CSP decline in the presence of high foliar P levels has immediate application in improving forest demographic and regeneration models by providing more realistic nutrient effects at multiple scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4366","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141499977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}