Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Aquatic top predator prefers terrestrial prey in an intermittent stream","authors":"Amin M. al-Jamal, Albert Ruhi, Rose M. Mohammadi, Michael T. Bogan, Robert J. Fournier","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4518","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4518","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Trophic interactions often span traditional habitat boundaries or “edges” (Strayer et al., <span>2003</span>). This is particularly true in ecosystems with high perimeter to area (P/A) ratios such as oceanic small islands, which receive strong allochthonous resource flows from marine-derived nutrients, detritus, and organisms relative to their own autochthonous (local plant matter) production (Polis & Hurd, <span>1996</span>). Small waterbodies surrounded by terrestrial habitat share similar traits, with aquatic predators often seasonally relying on allochthonous terrestrial prey (Nakano & Murakami, <span>2001</span>). Intermittent streams and rivers that experience seasonal cycles of drying are highly prevalent across the globe (Messager et al., <span>2021</span>), but important questions around their food-web dynamics remain (McIntosh et al., <span>2017</span>). These systems often feature large arthropods, not fish or amphibians, as the top aquatic predators, and hydrologic variation largely controls their food-web structure (Ruhí et al., <span>2017</span>; Sabo et al., <span>2010</span>). Here, we investigated the propensity of a giant water bug, <i>Abedus</i>, to prey preferentially on terrestrial taxa in fishless, intermittent streams and discuss the significance of this preference in the context of ecosystems that have highly fluctuating P/A ratios.</p><p>Giant water bugs (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae) are predatory insects with a widespread distribution among fresh waters. Most species prefer slow-moving or lentic habitats and are often an abundant top predator (Swart & Taylor, <span>2004</span>). Giant water bugs capture prey using their sharp raptorial forelegs and feed by piercing the prey's body with a thick jointed stylet that injects a mixture of digestive and paralytic enzymes (Ohba, <span>2019</span>; Figure 1A). This grappling-piercing mechanism allows them to catch and consume relatively large prey, resulting in a high predation success rate (Figure 1B,C). While they are assumed to feed opportunistically, some studies have suggested that they may prefer less agile, defenseless prey (Velasco & Millan, <span>1998</span>).</p><p>Our observations arise from more than 20 field trips over the last decade to Pinnacles National Park (central California, USA), the ancestral homelands of the Amah Mutsun and Chalone peoples. The Park is characterized by a semiarid Mediterranean climate and a stream network that dries seasonally across approximately 98% of its length. This highly fluctuating hydrology has promoted drought-resistant and resilient animal communities (Fournier et al., <span>2023</span>). The belostomatid giant water bug <i>Abedus indentatus</i> is the dominant predator in fishless sections of the river network (i.e., the intermittent and ephemeral reaches), similar to the top predator role that its congener <i>Abedus herberti</i> plays in US Southwest desert streams (Smith, <span>1974</span>).</p><p>In the fiel","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11750761/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143018791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal role of a specialist predator in rodent cycles: Ermine–lemming interactions in the High Arctic","authors":"David Bolduc,&nbsp;Dominique Fauteux,&nbsp;Gilles Gauthier,&nbsp;Pierre Legagneux","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4512","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4512","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The exact mechanisms behind population cycles remain elusive. An ongoing debate centers on whether predation by small mustelids is necessary and sufficient to generate rodent cycles, as stipulated by the specialist predator hypothesis (SPH). Specifically, the SPH predicts that the predator should respond numerically to the abundance of its prey with a delay of approximately one year, leading to delayed density-dependence in the dynamics of the prey population. Here, we analyze the numerical response of a small mustelid, the seasonality of its interaction with rodents, and its impact on population cycles using long-term seasonal data on ermines and cyclic lemmings in the High Arctic. Our results show that the numerical response of ermines to lemming fluctuations was delayed by one year and could mediate delayed density-dependence in lemming growth rate. The impact of ermines on the growth rate of lemmings was small but mostly circumscribed to winter, a critical period when shifts in cycle phases occur and direct density-dependence seems relaxed. Our simulations of lemming population with and without ermines suggest that these small mustelids are neither necessary, nor sufficient to generate cycles per se. However, the presence of small mustelids may be necessary to prolong the low-abundance phase and delay the recovery of lemming populations, promoting the presence of a multiannual low phase typical of lemming cycles. Our study corroborates the idea that population declines of cyclic populations are best explained by direct density-dependence; however, the delayed response of specialized predators induces the multiannual low phase and leads to longer periodicities, which are typically of 3–5 years in rodents.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11751380/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143018124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual dimorphic effects of a keystone predator on prey communities","authors":"Jon M. Davenport,&nbsp;Alan M. Babineau,&nbsp;Reese K. Sloan,&nbsp;Autumn Groesbeck,&nbsp;Ali J. Montazeri,&nbsp;Maxwell Ramey","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4530","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4530","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The importance of trait variation has long been recognized in ecological and evolutionary research. The divergence of sexually dimorphic traits (e.g., body size, morphology, behavior, etc.) is primarily attributed to sexual selection, and sexual dimorphism can have consequences for diets and habitat use. Recent evidence for one aquatic predator species (adult newts; <i>Notophthalmus viridescens</i>) suggests that trait differences and habitat partitioning between the sexes may be important in structuring zooplankton communities. However, newts are known to increase amphibian diversity within pond communities via keystone predation. Yet, no data are available on differentiating potentially sexually dimorphic effects of newts on larval amphibian communities. Thus, we conducted a series of mesocosm experiments to determine the effects of sexual dimorphism of adult newts on larval amphibian communities. Based on previous work with newts and zooplankton, we hypothesized that male and female newts would have differing effects on prey communities. We found that female newts consumed one prey species more than male newts did and no newt treatments. There were no differences between the sexes in prey consumption of another prey species. Size at metamorphosis was greater in the presence of newts (either male or female) for wood frogs and in the presence of female newts for spotted salamanders in comparison with no newt treatments. Our findings indicate that sexual dimorphism within a known keystone predator can have differential effects on prey. Indeed, our results indicate that while the effects of predators on one response (survival) can differ between sexes, the impacts on another response (prey fitness; measured as size at metamorphosis) were similar. Our research to understand the effects of sexual dimorphism is timely as sex ratios of predators may become skewed in nature due to anthropogenic change. If intraspecific differences exist via top-down effects, then downstream impacts on prey communities may go unnoticed.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4530","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food availability has direct and delayed effects on structural growth and body reserves in garter snakes","authors":"Carli R. Dinsmore,&nbsp;Anne Bronikowski,&nbsp;Amanda M. Sparkman,&nbsp;Courtney Davis,&nbsp;David Muñoz,&nbsp;Julian Avery,&nbsp;Stevan J. Arnold,&nbsp;David A. W. Miller","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4523","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4523","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phenotypic plasticity in body growth enables organisms to cope with unpredictable paucities in resource availability. Growth traits influence survival and reproductive success, and thereby, population persistence, and early-life resource availability may govern lifetime patterns in growth, reproductive success, and survival. The influence of early-life environment is decidedly consequential for indeterminately growing ectotherms, which rely on available resources and ambient temperatures to maximize fitness throughout life. Using 17 years of mark–recapture data, we evaluate the effects of resource availability on patterns in growth for populations of western terrestrial garter snakes (<i>Thamnophis elegans</i>), which differ along pace-of-life continuums into fast- and slow-living ecotypes. We use an adaptation of the von Bertalanffy estimator to fit structural growth models and linear predictors for body condition to analyze the consequences of annual and early-life prey availability. Snakes from resource-poor early-life environments are primed to exploit conditions in high-prey environments later in life. Slow pace-of-live animals exhibit a greater capacity for compensatory strategies in structural growth, while body condition was best explained by a complex interaction across males and non-gravid females between prey availability and ecotype. Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for context-dependent early-life environments as well as sex-specific reproductive demands when evaluating population traits.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4523","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the seasonality of foliar nutrient concentrations in woody plants","authors":"Yuehan Tian,&nbsp;Enzai Du,&nbsp;Yang Tang,&nbsp;Josep Peñuelas","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4509","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4509","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seasonal variations in foliar nutrient concentrations are an important strategy of plants to adapt to different climates and availabilities of soil nutrients. Gaps in our knowledge, however, remain in both the seasonality of the concentrations of multiple nutrients in plant leaves and their spatial pattern on a large scale. We compiled data on foliar concentrations of nine essential nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) in woody plants in China and evaluated the characteristics and latitudinal patterns of their seasonal variability (i.e., seasonality). Foliar concentrations of mobile nutrients (N, P, K, and Zn) in deciduous broadleaf woody plants decreased significantly during the growing season, but nonmobile nutrients (Ca and Mn) continued to accumulate. In contrast, the foliar nutrient concentrations in evergreen broadleaves and conifers generally showed no significant seasonal trend. The seasonality of foliar nutrient concentration was weaker for the nutrients with higher foliar concentrations, supporting the hypothesis of seasonal stability of high-demand nutrients. The seasonality of foliar nutrient concentration was stronger for deciduous than evergreen plants, while the effect of plant phylogeny was not statistically significant. The seasonality of foliar N and P concentrations increased with latitude in the deciduous broadleaf woody plants, but evergreen plants showed no significant latitudinal trend. The spatial patterns of seasonality for foliar N and P concentrations were significantly explained by climate and foliar habit. These findings improve our understanding of the seasonality of plant foliar concentrations of multiple nutrients as a strategy to adapt to varying climatic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A seasonal matrix population model for ixodid ticks with complex life histories and limited host availability","authors":"Yngvild Vindenes,&nbsp;Atle Mysterud","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4511","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4511","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many vector-borne diseases are sensitive to changes in land use and climate; hence, it is important to understand the factors that govern the vector populations. Ixodid ticks, which serve as vectors for multiple diseases, have a slow life cycle compared with many of their hosts. The observable questing population represents only a fraction of the total tick population and may include overlapping cohorts in each stage. The duration of each life stage (larvae, nymph, and adult) is variable and depends on factors such as the seasonal timing of questing, development, and host availability. Mathematical models are therefore essential to mediate how complex life cycle transitions and host interactions underpin the seasonal dynamics of the questing tick population. In this study, we develop a seasonal matrix population model for ixodid ticks feeding on a small and large host. The model has 17 stages representing the main life history stages (eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults) combined with status of feeding, seasonal timing of feeding, and overwintering. The probability of finding a host depends on tick instar and host type, and density regulation is incorporated through limited host capacity. Using a life history representing <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> in Northern Europe as a baseline, we extract seasonal numbers of different parts of the tick population and calculate life history outcomes such as generation time and mean and variance of lifespan and of lifetime reproductive output. These results are compared with an alternative scenario of a southern life history. Secondly, we investigate (1) effects of seasonality in the small host availability on the seasonal numbers of tick stages and (2) effects of varying host availability and utilization of small versus large hosts by larvae and nymphs, on the seasonal numbers of questing ticks. Our results suggest that the small host availability is an important regulating factor through the feeding of larvae. Our model incorporates complex mechanisms underlying the seasonal composition of the tick population. It can be applied to different ixodid tick species and provides a framework for future investigations into intra- and interspecific variation in life history and population dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142986349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological and anthropogenic drivers of local extinction and colonization of giant pandas over the past 30 years","authors":"Junfeng Tang,&nbsp;Ronald R. Swaisgood,&nbsp;Megan A. Owen,&nbsp;Xuzhe Zhao,&nbsp;Wei Wei,&nbsp;Mingsheng Hong,&nbsp;Hong Zhou,&nbsp;Jindong Zhang,&nbsp;Zejun Zhang","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4507","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4507","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the patterns and drivers of species range shifts is essential to disentangle mechanisms driving species' responses to global change. Here, we quantified local extinction and colonization dynamics of giant pandas (<i>Ailuropoda melanoleuca</i>) using occurrence data collected by harnessing the labor of &gt;1000 workers and &gt;60,000 worker days for each of the three periods (TP1: 1985–1988, TP2: 1998–2002, and TP3: 2011–2014), and evaluated how these patterns were associated with (1) protected area, (2) local rarity/abundance, and (3) abiotic factors (i.e., climate, land-use, and topography). We documented a decreased rate (from 0.433 during TP1–TP2 to 0.317 during TP2–TP3) of local extinction and a relatively stable rate (from 0.060 during TP1–TP2 to 0.056 during TP2–TP3) of local colonization through time. Furthermore, the occupancy gains have exceeded losses by a ratio of approximately 1.5 to 1, illustrating an expansion of panda's range at a rate of 1408.3 km²/decade. We also found that pandas were more likely to become locally extinct outside of protected areas, when locally rare in surrounding areas, and when certain biotic conditions were not met (e.g., increased forest cover). Local colonization was less likely in areas with high local rarity, challenging biotic conditions and unprotected area status. As the network of panda reserves expanded and the forest matured, the relative importance of other factors such as climate, biotic factors, and land-use became more influential in determining patterns of local extinction and colonization. Our findings provide insights into the factors governing the expansion of panda's range and illustrate how the relative influence of biotic and abiotic factors can change over time, indicating that effective conservation intervention may be able to mitigate some of the negative impacts of climate change and habitat degradation. This insight extends beyond pandas and highlights the role of conservation interventions can play in building resilience under a changing climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142986275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Warming-induced changes in seasonal priority effects drive shifts in community composition","authors":"Emma Dawson-Glass,&nbsp;Rory Schiafo,&nbsp;Sara E. Kuebbing,&nbsp;Katharine L. Stuble","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4504","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4504","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Shifting community assembly dynamics are an underappreciated mechanism by which warming will alter plant community composition. Germination timing (which can determine the order in which seedlings emerge within a community) will likely shift unevenly across species in response to warming. In seasonal environments where communities reassemble at the beginning of each growing season, changes in germination timing could lead to changes in seasonal priority effects, and ultimately community composition. We test this expectation by assembling mesocosms of 15 species in one of two orders—“ambient” assembly order or “warmed” assembly order—based on the order in which the constituent species germinated under ambient and warmed conditions. Community composition differed significantly between mesocosms assembled in ambient versus warmed orders. The impact of assembly order on species mean biomass was largely explained by how much earlier (or later) a species arrived in the warmed-order treatment relative to the ambient-order treatment. Species whose germination phenology advanced more under warmed conditions relative to ambient conditions showed greater relative increases in biomass under the warmed assembly treatment. These findings demonstrate that warming can drive community assembly and shape community composition by reordering the relative timing of germination among species. These findings enhance our ability to predict which species are likely to benefit from warming and which may decline based on how warming may shift assembly order, ultimately informing how warming may alter plant communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4504","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142986277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical power and the detection of global change responses: The case of leaf production in old-growth forests","authors":"S. Joseph Wright,&nbsp;Osvaldo Calderón","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4526","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4526","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forests sequester a substantial portion of anthropogenic carbon emissions. Many open questions concern how. We address two of these questions. Has leaf and fine litter production changed? And what is the contribution of old-growth forests? We address these questions with long-term records (≥10 years) of total, reproductive, and especially foliar fine litter production from 32 old-growth forests. We expect increases in forest productivity associated with rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and, in cold climates, with rising temperatures. We evaluate the statistical power of our analysis using simulations of known temporal trends parameterized with sample sizes (in number of years) and levels of interannual variation observed for each record. Statistical power is inadequate to detect biologically plausible trends for records lasting less than 20 years. Modest interannual variation characterizes fine litter production, and more variable phenomena will require even longer records to evaluate global change responses with sufficient statistical power. Just four old-growth forests have records of fine litter production lasting longer than 20 years, and these four provide no evidence for increases. Three of the four forests are in central Panama, also have long-term records of wood production, and both components of aboveground production are unchanged over 21–38 years. The possibility that recent increases in forest productivity are limited for old-growth forests deserves more attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142986348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do wood-boring beetles influence the flammability of deadwood?","authors":"Shudong Zhang,&nbsp;Francina Dekker,&nbsp;Richard S. P. van Logtestijn,&nbsp;Johannes H. C. Cornelissen","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4508","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4508","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global warming increases the risk of wildfire and insect outbreaks, potentially reducing the carbon storage function of coarse woody debris (CWD). There is an increasing focus on the interactive effects of wildfire and insect infestation on forest carbon, but the impact of wood-boring beetle tunnels via their effect on the flammability of deadwood remains unexplored. We hypothesized that the presence of beetle holes, at natural densities, can affect its flammability positively through increased surface area and enhanced oxygen availability in the wood. To test this, wood-boring beetle holes were mimicked experimentally in decaying logs of two coniferous species, and flammability variables of these treated logs were compared. We found that wood-boring beetles partly increased the flammability of CWD of both species (via promoting deadwood smoldering combustion) when their holes were parallel with the airflow. Even when accounting for the influences of wood density and cracks, these radial holes continued to have a notable impact on deadwood flammability. While these holes did not make the wildfire more intense, they significantly increased carbon loss during combustion. This suggests that wood-boring beetles will enhance carbon release from deadwood into the atmosphere during wildfire.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4508","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142986274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}