Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Plant–soil feedbacks contribute to coexistence when considering multispecies assemblages over a soil depth gradient","authors":"Carlos Martorell,&nbsp;Alejandra Martínez-Blancas","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plant–soil feedbacks (PSFs) may determine plant–species coexistence. They may stabilize coexistence, but frequently destabilize it by increasing fitness differences between species. Most studies focus on pairwise models in greenhouses. Thus, whether PSFs favor or deter coexistence is still unclear, especially in multispecies field contexts. We analyzed pairwise and multispecies coexistence over a hydric gradient in a semiarid grassland. Using PSF strength estimates between 17 species, we measured stability and fitness differences between all species pairs, and built all possible multispecies communities to test computationally whether they were stabilized by PSFs. We analyzed whether coexistence probability diminishes with species richness, as previously hypothesized. Because PSFs change with environmental conditions, we investigated their contribution to overall diversity maintenance over the hydric gradient. Strong PSF increased fitness differences, hindering pairwise coexistence. As expected, the probability that an assemblage was stable diminished with its richness, with the largest stable community containing 12 of the 17 species. However, all species coexisted with others in at least one assemblage, highlighting the importance of multispecies analyses. Positive PSFs promoted coexistence in pairwise analyses, but were associated with species-poor communities. Contrastingly, negative PSFs predominated in species-rich associations, perhaps due to indirect positive interactions (an “enemy of my enemy is my friend” scenario) that are known to maintain diversity in this grassland. Changes in the density of different species over the hydric gradient predicted from PSF-stabilized communities matched observations in nature. This seems to promote species turnover and thus coexistence along the gradient. As such, the interplay between environmental conditions and PSFs may be an important driver of diversity. Our results emphasize the need to move beyond pairwise coexistence models. In multispecies systems, crucial indirect interactions may arise. The interplay between environment and PSF under field conditions may provide important insights into coexistence in nature.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why statistical innovations?","authors":"Elise F. Zipkin,&nbsp;Kathy Cottingham","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70056","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ecology&lt;/i&gt; is excited to introduce a new article type, “Statistical Innovations,” which replaces “Statistical Reports.” Statistical Innovations will extend &lt;i&gt;Ecology&lt;/i&gt;'s long tradition of publishing the most important developments in quantitative methods within the general field of ecology. For over a century, &lt;i&gt;Ecology&lt;/i&gt; has issued seminal work advancing the analysis of ecological data, including the development of key modeling frameworks that have been widely adopted in the analysis of individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems. The journal has played an important role in the uptake of new approaches to data collection and analysis by publishing “how-to” guides and highlighting both the strengths and limitations of various quantitative techniques. The collection “A century of statistical &lt;i&gt;Ecology&lt;/i&gt;,” collated in April 2024 and available at https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/toc/10.1002/(ISSN)1939-9170.century-stat-ecology, reviews the critical role that &lt;i&gt;Ecology&lt;/i&gt; has played in the development of the field of statistical ecology to date.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We want &lt;i&gt;Ecology&lt;/i&gt; to remain at the forefront of quantitative innovations as the need for complex quantitative methods continues to grow to handle the myriad types of modern ecological data. While many statistical ecology papers have become increasingly technical, with more targeted audiences, it is critical for the most significant methods developments to reach the broad ecological community. &lt;i&gt;Ecology&lt;/i&gt; is the ideal outlet for such papers given the journal's long history of impactful work in this area.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We introduce Statistical Innovations with the goal of publishing the very best statistical ecology papers that have wide appeal. We define statistical ecology broadly to include any research that studies ecological systems using mathematical equations, probability, and empirical data. Statistical Innovations articles take a data-first perspective by putting the analysis and interpretation of data at the forefront. We encourage submissions focused on any biological level from individuals to macrosystems and analyses of data across time and/or space. Submissions that focus on model validation, model selection, syntheses about statistical tools, and best practices that transcend subdisciplines are also welcomed and encouraged. In the future, we hope that Statistical Innovations will grow to encompass new developments in ecology related to machine learning, artificial intelligence, and as yet unexplored topics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To provide a smooth and efficient publishing process for authors, we plan to “Fast Track” Statistical Innovations submissions and introduce a new peer review process that instructs reviewers to focus on the big picture in shorter, more targeted reviews. Handling editors will take an active role in streamlining the process to minimize the number of revisions required for publication. Additionally, the only constraints on length are those fo","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"18-year plant reproductive phenology dataset from Lambir, Borneo, including four large general flowering events","authors":"Shoko Sakai,&nbsp;Teruyoshi Nagamitsu,&nbsp;Rhett D. Harrison,&nbsp;Tomoaki Ichie,&nbsp;Masahiro Nomura,&nbsp;Takakazu Yumoto,&nbsp;Hidetoshi Nagamasu,&nbsp;Runi anak Sylvester Pungga,&nbsp;Takao Itioka,&nbsp;Tohru Nakashizuka","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Flowering and fruiting phenology can have large impacts on a plant's reproductive success. In many plant species, these phenological events are controlled by seasonal climatic cues, resulting in one-year reproductive cycles. However, parts of SE Asian tropical forests have an aseasonal climate with irregular fluctuations. This database comprises phenology records collected from 1993 to 2011 at the community level in an aseasonal lowland dipterocarp forest of the Lambir Hills National Park in Borneo. Observations were made every two weeks at three sites: The Canopy Biology Plot (CBP) with tree towers and walkways, the Operation Raleigh Tower (ORT) area with a tree tower for tourist attraction, and the Crane Plot located between the CBP and ORT, where plants were monitored from terraces on a canopy crane installed in 2000. The dataset includes in total 172,521 records of 450, 118, and 51 plants in CBP, Crane Plot, and ORT, respectively, representing 303 species. The number of individuals per species ranges from 1 to 21, and 64.9% are represented by only one. The plants in the censuses were mostly trees but also included lianas and epiphytes. The data have been used to study the causes and consequences of synchronized flowering and fruiting at the community level, a phenomenon unique to the region. Previous studies have shown that this synchronization is synergistically driven by cool air temperature and drought. Irregular flowering and fruiting have significant impacts on flower visitors, frugivores, forest material cycling, and plant regeneration. The dataset can also be used for comparing the phenology of the same species or group among forests and regions and exploring its association with climates. One major concern regarding tropical forests in the area is the effects of climate change on this community-wide masting regime, which could disrupt forest regeneration and ecosystem processes. The dataset could be an important source of information for conservation efforts aimed at protecting these amazingly diverse forest ecosystems. This dataset can be freely used for non-commercial purposes. Users of these data should cite this data paper in any publications resulting from its use and acknowledge the Forest Department Sarawak and Sarawak Forestry Corporation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laubierinid snails are associates of crinoids and a modern analogue of Paleozoic platyceratids","authors":"Chong Chen,&nbsp;Ruiyan Zhang,&nbsp;Dongsheng Zhang,&nbsp;Jian-Wen Qiu,&nbsp;Yadong Zhou","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70061","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disease epidemics and species interactions: A manipulation of seasonal establishment of fungal diseases in an old field","authors":"Rita L. Grunberg,&nbsp;Fletcher W. Halliday,&nbsp;Kayleigh R. O'Keeffe,&nbsp;Brooklynn N. Joyner,&nbsp;Robert W. Heckman,&nbsp;Charles E. Mitchell","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70051","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many disease epidemics recur seasonally, and such seasonal epidemics can be shaped by species interactions among parasites, pathogens, or other microbes. Field experiments are a classic approach for understanding species interactions but are rarely used to study seasonal epidemics. Our research objective was to help fill this gap by manipulating the seasonal timing of the establishment of infectious diseases while tracking epidemics and other ecological responses. To do this, we conducted a multiyear field experiment in an old field in the Piedmont of North Carolina, USA, dominated by the grass species tall fescue (<i>Lolium arundinaceum</i> (Schreb). Darbysh). In the field, tall fescue experienced seasonal epidemics of multiple foliar fungal diseases: anthracnose in spring, brown patch in mid-summer, and crown rust in late summer to fall. In a fully randomized design, we applied four fungicide treatments to replicate plots of intact vegetation in specific seasons to manipulate the timing of disease epidemics. One treatment was designed to delay the establishment of anthracnose until mid-summer, and another to delay the establishment of both anthracnose and brown patch until fall. In a third treatment, fungicide was applied year-round, and, in a fourth treatment, fungicide was never applied. The experiment comprised 64 plots, each 2 m × 2 m, surveyed from May 2017 to February 2020. Here, we report a dataset documenting responses in the community structure of both plants and foliar fungi. To track disease prevalence in the host population across seasons and years, this dataset includes monthly leaf-level observations of the disease status of over 100,000 leaves. To quantify transmission and investigate within-host pathogen interactions, we longitudinally surveyed disease status in host individuals of known age at least weekly over two growing seasons. Finally, the dataset includes annual data on infection prevalence of the systemic fungal endophyte <i>Epichloë coenophiala</i>, community-level aboveground plant biomass, and plant community cover. These data can be used for meta-analyses, comparisons, and syntheses across systems as ecologists seek to predict and mechanistically understand seasonal disease epidemics. There are no copyrights on the dataset, and we request that users of this dataset cite this paper in all publications resulting from its use.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: R. Royauté, J. N. Pruitt, “Varying Predator Personalities Generates Contrasting Prey Communities In An Agroecosystem,” Ecology 96, no. 11 (2015): 2902–2911, https://doi.org/10.1890/14-2424.1","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The above article, published online on 01 November 2015 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement among the first author, Raphaël Royauté; the journal Editor-in-Chief, Kathryn L. Cottingham; Ecological Society of America; and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. The retraction has been agreed due to data fabrication and duplication. The author contributions were as follows: R.R conducted the analysis, performed conceptual writing and writing; J.N.P. collected the data and performed research. Specifically, there were abnormal numbers of duplicated rows found in two critical portions of the dataset: 1) the activity of the spiders placed into mesocosms of different treatments and 2) the prey abundance at the end of the experiment. Furthermore, the study design and methodology in this manuscript are insufficiently described. Accordingly, the principal conclusions cannot be supported. The first author was unaware of these issues. The authors have been informed of the decision to retract.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trait–environmental relationships reveal microbial strategies of environmental adaptation","authors":"Minglei Ren,&nbsp;Ang Hu,&nbsp;Zhonghua Zhao,&nbsp;Xiaolong Yao,&nbsp;Ismael Aaron Kimirei,&nbsp;Lu Zhang,&nbsp;Jianjun Wang","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microbial trait variation along environmental gradients is crucial to understanding their ecological adaptation mechanisms. With the increasing availability of microbial genomes, making full use of the genome-based traits to decipher their adaptation strategies becomes promising and urgent. Here, we examined microbial communities in water and sediments of 20 East African lakes with pH values ranging from 7.2 to 10.1 through taxonomic profiling and genome-centric metagenomics. We identified functional traits important for microbial adaptation to the stresses of alkalinity and salinity based on the significant trait–environment relationships (TERs), including those involved in cytoplasmic pH homeostasis, compatible solute accumulation, cell envelope modification, and energy requisition. By integrating these significant traits, we further developed an environmental adaptation index to quantify the species-level adaptive capacity for environmental stresses, such as high pH environments. The adaptation index of pH showed consistently significant positive relationships with species pH optima across regional and global genomic datasets from freshwater, marine, and soda lake ecosystems. The generality of the index for quantifying environmental adaptation was demonstrated by showing significant relationships with the species niche optima for the gradients of soil temperature and seawater salinity. These results highlight the importance of TERs in facilitating the inference of microbial genomic-based adaptation mechanisms and expand our understanding of ecological adaptive strategies along environmental gradients.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To see and not be seen: Carangids hide behind sharks to prey on fish","authors":"Carlo Cattano,&nbsp;Desiree Grancagnolo,&nbsp;Fabio Badalamenti,&nbsp;Giorgio Aglieri,&nbsp;Gabriele Turco,&nbsp;Marco Milazzo","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coevolution increases robustness to extinctions in mutualistic but not exploitative communities","authors":"Fernando Pedraza,&nbsp;Klementyna A. Gawecka,&nbsp;Jordi Bascompte","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coextinctions may exacerbate the current biodiversity crisis. Yet, we do not understand all the factors that shape the robustness of communities to the loss of species. Here we analyze how coevolution influences the robustness to secondary extinctions of mutualistic and exploitative communities. We find that coevolution increases robustness in mutualism but reduces it under exploitative interactions. These differences are due to coevolution altering the density of interactions in communities. Coevolution leads to densely connected mutualistic communities and sparsely connected exploitative communities. We find the magnitude of these effects depends on the strength of coevolution and the size of the community. The largest changes to the density of interactions and robustness of communities occur when coevolutionary selection is strong. Moreover, the changes to network robustness are greater for small mutualistic communities and large exploitative communities. Our results broaden our understanding of the suite of mechanisms affecting the resilience of ecological communities. These insights may inform efforts to reduce the risk of species loss in the face of global change.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143530156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROCEED v6.1: Phenotypic rates of change evolutionary and ecological database","authors":"Lucas D. Gorné,&nbsp;Andrew P. Hendry,&nbsp;Fanie Pelletier,&nbsp;Sarah Sanderson,&nbsp;Cristian Correa,&nbsp;Carlos Arias,&nbsp;Marc-Olivier Beausoleil,&nbsp;Maryse Boisjoly,&nbsp;Erika Crispo,&nbsp;Daniel Berner,&nbsp;Luis F. De León,&nbsp;Joseph D. DiBattista,&nbsp;Grant E. Haines,&nbsp;Benjamin C. Haller,&nbsp;Michael T. Kinnison,&nbsp;Shahin Muttalib,&nbsp;Ann E. McKellar,&nbsp;Rose E. O'Dea,&nbsp;Winer Daniel Reyes-Corral,&nbsp;Yanny Ritchot,&nbsp;Krista B. Oke,&nbsp;Zachary T. Wood,&nbsp;Thomas Farrugia,&nbsp;Kiyoko M. Gotanda","doi":"10.1002/ecy.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.70009","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Populations must continuously respond to environmental change or risk extinction. These responses can be measured as phenotypic rates of change, which allow researchers to predict their contemporary evolutionary responses. In 1999, a database of phenotypic rates of change in wild populations was compiled. Since then, researchers have used (and expanded) this database to examine the phenotypic responses as a function of the features of the study system (i.e., the population or set of populations, of a given species, that experienced a specific driver or disturbance), the measured traits, and methodological approaches. Therefore, PROCEED (Phenotypic Rates of Change Evolutionary and Ecological Database) is an ongoing compilation of rates of phenotypic change, typically calculated as Haldanes and Darwins, published in peer-reviewed literature (but also including data from theses and technical reports). Studies in this database measure the intraspecific change in quantitative (continuous or discrete) traits and report either the time elapsed from the onset of environmental novelty, or reference a historical or biological event reported in other sources (e.g., a mine opening or a well-documented biological invasion). Included studies either follow a single population through time (allochronic design) or compare two or more populations that diverged at a known time (synchronic design). Some included studies account for the total phenotypic variability in the field (i.e., phenotypic studies), while others employed common-garden or other quantitative genetic approaches to account for the heritable component of the phenotypic change (i.e., genetic studies). PROCEED includes systems in both natural and experimental conditions, provided that reproduction was not manipulated (i.e., artificial selection experiments were excluded). In the included experimental systems, the environment of the focal populations was manipulated (e.g., an herbivory exclusion experiment, where the type and load of herbivory are manipulated) but the studies did not deliberately select for trait values in the study population (e.g., the plant height). PROCEED does not include systems where the phenotypic change is presumably due to interspecific hybridization, polyploidy, or other chromosomal alterations. Here, we present the most recently updated PROCEED (Version 6.1). This new, curated version has 9263 records (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;) collated from 326 studies, 1801 systems, and 428 species. The database includes records belonging to mammals (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 686), birds (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 1475), reptiles (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 96), amphibians (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 23), fishes (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 3671), invertebrates (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 1141, mostly arthropods), and plants (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 2171). The maximum elapsed time between the environmental change and the sampling is 500 years but is typically less than 100 years (third quartile 89.5; median 45 years). The database also includes a set of variables describing biological and methodological asp","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"106 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.70009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}