Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Predator–prey space use and landscape features influence movement behaviors in a large-mammal community","authors":"Sarah B. Bassing,&nbsp;Lauren Satterfield,&nbsp;Taylor R. Ganz,&nbsp;Melia DeVivo,&nbsp;Brian N. Kertson,&nbsp;Trent Roussin,&nbsp;Aaron J. Wirsing,&nbsp;Beth Gardner","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4448","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4448","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Predator hunting strategies, such as stalking versus coursing behaviors, are hypothesized to influence antipredator behaviors of prey and can describe the movement behaviors of predators themselves. Predators and prey may alter their movement in relation to predator hunting modes, yet few studies have evaluated how these strategies influence movement behaviors of free-ranging animals in a multiple-predator, multiple-prey system. We fit hidden Markov models (HMM) with movement data derived from &gt;400 GPS-collared ungulates and large predators in eastern Washington, USA. We used these models to test our hypotheses that stalking (cougars [<i>Puma concolor</i>]) and coursing (gray wolves [<i>Canis lupus</i>]) predators would exhibit different broad-scale movement behaviors consistent with their respective hunting strategies in areas that increased the likelihood of encountering or capturing ungulate prey (e.g., habitats selected by deer [<i>Odocoileus</i> spp.]). Similarly, we expected that broadscale movement behaviors of prey would change in response to background levels of predation risk associated with each predator's hunting strategy. We found that predators and ungulate prey adjusted their broadscale movements in response to one another's long-term patterns of habitat selection but not based on differences in predator-hunting strategies. Predators changed their movement behaviors based on the type of prey, whereas ungulates generally reduced movement in areas associated with large predators, regardless of the predator's hunting strategy. Both predator and prey movements varied in response to landscape features but not necessarily based on habitat that would facilitate specific hunting behaviors. Our results suggest that predators and prey adjust their movements at broad temporal scales in relation to long-term patterns of risk and resource distributions, potentially influencing their encounter rates with one another at finer spatiotemporal scales. Habitat features further influenced changes in movement, resulting in a complex combination of movement behaviors in multiple-predator, multiple-prey systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142439453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gains in soil carbon storage under anthropogenic nitrogen deposition are rapidly lost following its cessation","authors":"Brooke E. Propson,&nbsp;Donald R. Zak,&nbsp;Aimée T. Classen,&nbsp;Andrew J. Burton,&nbsp;Zachary B. Freedman","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4444","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4444","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the Northern Hemisphere, anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition contributed to the enhancement of the global terrestrial carbon (C) sink, partially offsetting CO₂ emissions. Across several long-term field experiments, this ecosystem-level response was determined to be driven, in part, by the suppression of microbial activity associated with the breakdown of soil organic matter. However, since the implementation of emission abatement policies in the 1970s, atmospheric N deposition has declined globally, and the consequences of this decline are unknown. Here, we assessed the response of soil C storage and associated microbial activities, in a long-term field study that experimentally increased N deposition for 24 years. We measured soil C and N, microbial activity, and compared effect sizes of soil C in response to, and in recovery from, the N deposition treatment across the history of our experiment (1994–2022). Our results demonstrate that the accumulated C in the organic horizon has been lost and exhibits additional deficits 5 years post-termination of the N deposition treatment. These findings, in part, arise from mechanistic changes in microbial activity. Soil C in the mineral soil was less responsive thus far in recovery. If these organic horizon C dynamics are similar in other temperate forests, the Northern Hemisphere C sink will be reduced and climate warming will be enhanced.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142431267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Warming, nitrogen deposition, and provenance shift above–belowground insect interactions and host compensatory growth","authors":"Xiao-Hui Zhou,&nbsp;Wei-Ming He","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4445","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4445","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Above–belowground insect herbivore interactions and plant compensatory growth are crucial for reshaping the fitness of invasive plants, and it is likely that climate warming, nitrogen (N) deposition, and plant provenance influence this interaction and growth in a complex way. We performed an experiment with <i>Solidago canadensis</i> from home and introduced ranges, leaf-chewing <i>Spodoptera litura</i>, and root-feeding <i>Protaetia brevitarsis</i> under climate warming and N deposition, and addressed how these abiotic stressors and plant provenance jointly shaped the reciprocal effects between <i>S. litura</i> and <i>P. brevitarsis</i> and the compensatory growth of <i>S. canadensis</i> after herbivory. Under ambient conditions, <i>S. litura</i> and <i>P. brevitarsis</i> inhibited each other on the basis of growth; warming, N addition or warming plus N addition shifted or even reversed this competition depending on provenance. While the survival-based above–belowground interactions differed from growth-based ones, warming or warming plus N addition also shifted or even reversed the neutralism or amensalism detected under ambient conditions depending on provenance. <i>S. canadensis</i> from its home range was more tolerant of herbivory than from its introduced range under ambient conditions; warming, N addition or warming plus N addition decreased the plant compensatory growth of native <i>S. canadensis</i>, but increased that of invasive <i>S. canadensis</i> relative to ambient conditions. These findings suggest that climate warming and N deposition could enhance positive above–belowground insect interactions, increasing insect pressures on <i>S. canadensis</i>, and that plant provenance might be important in mediating climate change effects on insect interactions and host compensatory growth under plant invasions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142385315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In a grain of sand: An overlooked over-summering habitat of macroalgae","authors":"Yusuke Horinouchi,&nbsp;Kosei Mochizuki,&nbsp;Kensuke Ichihara,&nbsp;Tatsuya Togashi","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4447","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4447","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142383043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sound production in wild Mediterranean blonde ray Raja brachyura","authors":"Adèle Barroil,&nbsp;Julie Deter,&nbsp;Florian Holon,&nbsp;Frédéric Bertucci","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4440","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4440","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Sound production, or soniferous behavior, is linked to an active and intentional communication process between individuals of the same or different species, rather than being a by-product of activities like feeding or locomotion (i.e., incidental sounds). In ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), a clade comprising 34,200 species (Froese &amp; Pauly, &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;) from 488 families (Fricke et al., &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;), sound production has independently evolved approximately 33 times, encompassing nearly 29,000 species (Rice et al., &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;). More precisely, intentional sound production has been identified in 989 bony fish species, belonging to 133 families and 33 orders (Looby et al., &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;; Rice et al., &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;). Based on approximation, half of the fish families of coral reefs for example have at least one known sound producing species (Parmentier et al., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). Sound production is therefore a key behavioral feature of bony fish, and the ever-increasing number of reports on sound production in various species and contexts continues to highlight this important aspect (Amorim, &lt;span&gt;2006&lt;/span&gt;; Ladich &amp; Schulz-Mirbach, &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In comparison, evidence for active sound production in elasmobranchs (cartilaginous fish), that is, sharks, rays, and skates, remains scarce (Looby et al., &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;). The first case of active sound production was reported more than 50 years ago in captive cownose rays &lt;i&gt;Rhinoptera bonasus&lt;/i&gt; which produced clicks as a result of human harassment (Fish &amp; Mowbray, &lt;span&gt;1970&lt;/span&gt;). Subsequently there have been no proven and confirmed examples of active sound production in any species of elasmobranchs. Although recently, Fetterplace, Esteban, et al. (&lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;) reported the first evidence of active sound production in two species of stingray, that is, the mangrove whipray &lt;i&gt;Urogymnus granulatus&lt;/i&gt; (Macleay 1883) and the cowtail stingray &lt;i&gt;Pastinachus ater&lt;/i&gt; (Macleay 1883), recorded in the wild in Indonesia and Australia. Both species produced a series of short broadband loud clicks in response to an observer's approach and ceased producing sound when the distance with the observer increased. This founding paper therefore paved the way and encouraged further research on sound production in elasmobranchs. Here we present the first evidence of active sound production in a new species, that is, the blonde ray &lt;i&gt;Raja brachyura&lt;/i&gt; (Lafont 1873) opportunistically recorded off the coast of Corsica in the Mediterranean (Figure 1).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sound was extracted from a video recording made on 30 March 2023 with a Hero 8 Black action camera (GoPro, Inc., USA) placed at the end of a rope and lowered at −40 m depth from a boat in the first instance in order to find &lt;i&gt;Spicara smaris&lt;/i&gt; (L. 1758) spawning grounds off the eastern coast of Corsica (42°14.720′ N; 9°35.330′ E). &lt;i&gt;S. smaris&lt;/i&gt; males build their nest on soft bottoms seabed. Spawnin","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4440","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142383046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High beta diversity of gaps contributes to plot-level tree diversity in a tropical forest","authors":"Fanhua Kong,&nbsp;Fangliang He,&nbsp;Ryan A. Chisholm","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4443","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4443","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Canopy gaps are widely recognized as being crucial for maintaining the diversity of forest tree communities. But empirical studies have found mixed results because the differences in diversity between individual gaps and non-gaps are often small and statistically undetectable. One overlooked factor, however, is how small individual gap versus non-gap differences may accumulate across sites and potentially have a large effect on forest diversity at the plot scale. Our study investigated sapling richness, density, and composition in 124 treefall gaps, and 200 non-gap sites in the 50-ha tropical forest plot at Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. Additionally, we analyzed species accumulation curves to understand how species richness increases with increasing stem numbers. We observed that sapling richness and density were only slightly higher in gaps 7 years after formation and statistically indistinguishable from non-gaps after 12 years. However, species accumulation curves across multiple gaps were substantially higher than those across non-gaps. Species composition showed small differences between individual gaps and non-gaps but differed significantly between collections of gaps and non-gaps. Specifically, 55 species specialized in 7-year-old gaps compared with 24 in non-gaps; of these, 23 gap-specialized species and zero non-gap species were pioneers. Our results indicate that tree species richness is higher in gaps because of both higher stem density and the presence of gap-specialized species. Our study has finally provided compelling evidence to support the idea that gaps enhance the overall diversity of tropical forest tree communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4443","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142383042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migrating shorebird killed by raptor at 3000 m above ground as revealed by high-resolution tracking","authors":"Michiel P. Boom,&nbsp;Hui Yu,&nbsp;Roeland A. Bom,&nbsp;Arne Hegemann,&nbsp;Åke Lindström,&nbsp;Bart A. Nolet,&nbsp;Thomas K. Lameris","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4437","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4437","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Recent tracking technology has revealed that some birds fly at extreme altitudes up to and above 7000 m above sea level (asl) during nonstop migration flights (Lindström et al., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;; Sjöberg et al., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). An untested hypothesis put forward is that birds migrate this high above the ground to avoid encountering predators. However, information about predation danger during the migratory flight is scant, and the altitudes where migrants are at risk are unknown.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;While migration enables animals to exploit favorable habitat conditions in various locations throughout the year to optimize overall fitness (Lack, &lt;span&gt;1968&lt;/span&gt;), it can also be costly and is often associated with higher mortality rates (Klaassen et al., &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;). A significant factor contributing to these high mortality rates is the increased risk of predation during migration (Lindström, &lt;span&gt;1989&lt;/span&gt;; Sillett &amp; Holmes, &lt;span&gt;2002&lt;/span&gt;; Walter, &lt;span&gt;1979&lt;/span&gt;). Consequently, safety is considered an important evolutionary driver of avian migration strategies (Alerstam et al., &lt;span&gt;2003&lt;/span&gt;; Alerstam &amp; Lindström, &lt;span&gt;1990&lt;/span&gt;; Lank et al., &lt;span&gt;2003&lt;/span&gt;; Ydenberg et al., &lt;span&gt;2004&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In birds, predation has mostly been studied at migratory stopover sites (Dierschke, &lt;span&gt;2003&lt;/span&gt;; Lindström, &lt;span&gt;1989&lt;/span&gt;), but information about predation risk during the migratory flight is largely lacking, especially concerning at what altitudes migrants are at risk. It was recently revealed that during long nonstop flights, some migrants ascend at dawn to diurnal flight altitudes up to and above 7000 m asl (Lindström et al., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;; Sjöberg et al., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). These studies propose that the birds try to avoid being predated by flying very high above the ground. Eleonora's Falcons &lt;i&gt;Falco eleonorae,&lt;/i&gt; which specialize in hunting migratory passerines, have been recorded to make flights up to 3500 m (Xirouchakis &amp; Panuccio, &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;), but the knowledge on how high avian predators ascend to hunt is very limited.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using GPS trackers with on-board accelerometry, we tracked Arctic-breeding Grey Plovers &lt;i&gt;Pluvialis squatarola&lt;/i&gt; (Figure 1a,b) migrating across Northern Europe. In January 2023, we tagged eight adult Grey Plovers with Druid MINI 2G transmitters on the island of Griend (53°15′ N, 5°15′ E) in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Tags were attached using leg-loop harnesses constructed from flattened spectra ribbon (2.5 mm width) and aluminum crimps (combined mass of transmitter and harness &lt;8 g, equaling &lt;5% of body mass). The solar-powered transmitters record GPS positions (including altitude), and ODBA (overall dynamic body acceleration, a measure for activity (Wilson et al., &lt;span&gt;2006&lt;/span&gt;), hereafter “body acceleration” for short). Data were transferred via the 2G GSM network. Interval settings varied from 2 to 24 h for GPS positions and 1–30 min for body accelerat","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142385299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenology mediates direct and indirect interactions among co-occurring invasive plant species","authors":"Rachel A. Reeb,&nbsp;Sara E. Kuebbing","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4446","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4446","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Why nonnative invasive plant species commonly co-occur, despite their competitive superiority and propensity to displace native species, remains a paradox in invasion biology. Negative interactions among competitively dominant invaders are potentially alleviated by two understudied mechanisms: seasonal priority effects, where phenological separation weakens the effect of competition on species with early phenology; and indirect facilitation, where competition between two species is mitigated by a third species. Although phenological separation has been speculated as a mechanism for explaining co-occurrence patterns of invasive plants, it has never been directly tested. In a greenhouse experiment, we tested the effect of phenological separation on direct and indirect interactions between three co-occurring invasive plant species found in the riparian forests of North America. These species have distinct natural phenological separation with reproduction in early spring (<i>Ficaria verna</i>), mid-spring (<i>Alliaria petiolata</i>), and late summer (<i>Microstegium vimineum</i>). When phenology was experimentally synchronized, direct pairwise interactions among invasive species were overwhelmingly negative, asymmetric, and unlikely to promote co-occurrence. However, increasing phenological separation generated seasonal priority effects, which weakened the effect of competition on species with early phenology. Furthermore, the addition of a third species generated indirect facilitative effects, which balanced competitive outcomes among the two weakest competitors. Based on these findings, we conclude that phenological separation modulates the strength of both seasonal priority effects and indirect facilitation within species interaction networks and may promote the co-occurrence of three common invasive species within this study system. We articulate how future studies can test the external validity of these findings in more complex environmental conditions and with a larger range of invasive plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142383045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"It's about (taking up) space: Discreteness of individuals and the strength of spatial coexistence mechanisms","authors":"Stephen P. Ellner,&nbsp;Robin E. Snyder,&nbsp;Peter B. Adler,&nbsp;Christina M. Hernández,&nbsp;Giles Hooker","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4404","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4404","url":null,"abstract":"<p>One strand of modern coexistence theory (MCT) partitions invader growth rates (IGR) to quantify how different mechanisms contribute to species coexistence, highlighting fluctuation-dependent mechanisms. A general conclusion from the classical analytic MCT theory is that coexistence mechanisms relying on temporal variation (such as the temporal storage effect) are generally less effective at promoting coexistence than mechanisms relying on spatial or spatiotemporal variation (primarily growth-density covariance). However, the analytic theory assumes continuous population density, and IGRs are calculated for infinitesimally rare invaders that have infinite time to find their preferred habitat and regrow, without ever experiencing intraspecific competition. Here we ask if the disparity between spatial and temporal mechanisms persists when individuals are, instead, discrete and occupy finite amounts of space. We present a simulation-based approach to quantifying IGRs in this situation, building on our previous approach for spatially non-varying habitats. As expected, we found that spatial mechanisms are weakened; unexpectedly, the contribution to IGR from growth-density covariance could even become negative, opposing coexistence. We also found shifts in which demographic parameters had the largest effect on the strength of spatial coexistence mechanisms. Our substantive conclusions are statements about one model, across parameter ranges that we subjectively considered realistic. Using the methods developed here, effects of individual discreteness should be explored theoretically across a broader range of conditions, and in models parameterized from empirical data on real communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142383044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant community responses to the individual and interactive effects of warming and herbivory across multiple years","authors":"Moriah L. Young,&nbsp;Kara C. Dobson,&nbsp;Mark D. Hammond,&nbsp;Phoebe L. Zarnetske","doi":"10.1002/ecy.4441","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecy.4441","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anthropogenic climate warming affects plant communities by changing community structure and function. Studies on climate warming have primarily focused on individual effects of warming, but the interactive effects of warming with biotic factors could be at least as important in community responses to climate change. In addition, climate change experiments spanning multiple years are necessary to capture interannual variability and detect the influence of these effects within ecological communities. Our study explores the individual and interactive effects of warming and insect herbivory on plant traits and community responses within a 7-year warming and herbivory manipulation experiment in two early successional plant communities in Michigan, USA. We find stronger support for the individual effects of both warming and herbivory on multiple plant morphological and phenological traits; only the timing of plant green-up and seed set demonstrated an interactive effect between warming and herbivory. With herbivory, warming advanced green-up, but with reduced herbivory, there was no significant effect of warming. In contrast, warming increased plant biomass, but the effect of warming on biomass did not depend upon the level of insect herbivores. We found that these treatments had stronger effects in some years than others, highlighting the need for multiyear experiments. This study demonstrates that warming and herbivory can have strong direct effects on plant communities, but that their interactive effects are limited in these early successional systems. Because the strength and direction of these effects can vary by ecological context, it is still advisable to include levels of biotic interactions, multiple traits and years, and community type when studying climate change effects on plants and their communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11484,"journal":{"name":"Ecology","volume":"105 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecy.4441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142373878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}