Global Change Biology最新文献

{"title":"Cascading Effects Within Soil Food Web Amplify Fungal Biomass and Necromass Production","authors":"Shixiu Zhang,&nbsp;Yakov Kuzyakov,&nbsp;Zhongjun Jia,&nbsp;Edith Bai,&nbsp;Elly Morriën,&nbsp;Aizhen Liang","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70235","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soil food webs regulate microbial biomass and necromass production and are therefore critical for carbon sequestration. The mechanisms by which top predators regulate microbial necromass formation across multitrophic levels in the real-world soil food web remain nearly unknown. This study investigates how top-down forces—from omnivorous-predaceous nematodes to microbivorous nematodes and microbes—affect the formation of microbial necromass within tritrophic food webs under contrasting tillage regimes (tillage (till) vs. no-tillage (no-till)) on black soils (Mollisols), using a 1-year ¹³C-labeled straw in situ tracing experiment integrated with a long-term (&gt; 5 years) tillage trial. The fungal-to-bacterial necromass ratio increased strongly in the no-till soil compared to the till soil, with omnivores-predators being the key factor for these changes. In the no-till soil, abundant and diverse omnivores-predators (46% and 67% higher in abundance and richness than in the till soil) created a typical predator–prey relationship with fungivores. This relationship was characterized by heavy predation on fungivores (51% of omnivore-predator diet) and opposite 1-year dynamics of ¹³C content between omnivores-predators and fungivores. Such a predator–prey relationship substantially reduced fungivore activity (73% and 90% decrease in ¹³C content and enrichment rate), while accompanied by increased fungal activity (64% and 50% increase in ¹³C content and enrichment rate) in the no-till soil compared to the till soil. This predator-driven cascade down the food chain amplified the fungal contribution to the fungal-to-bacterial necromass ratio. Conversely, these interactions, disrupted by continuous tillage, weakened fungal functions by interrupting the trophic cascade. In conclusion, these tiny yet ubiquitous omnivorous-predaceous nematodes exert a disproportionate impact on necromass formation by boosting fungal biomass and activity. Further manipulative experiments targeting multi-trophic interactions are essential to disentangle the mechanisms of microbial necromass formation, given the inherent complexity of soil food webs and the observational nature of this study.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extended Gap Between Snowmelt and Greenup Increases Dust Storm Occurrence","authors":"Lu Yang,&nbsp;Shushi Peng,&nbsp;Dan Zhu","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70236","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Impacts of climate change on spring phenology and snowmelt timing are well-documented across the Northern Hemisphere. However, the critical period between the snowmelt end date (SED) and the start of the growing season (SOS)—the SED-SOS gap—and its consequences have been largely overlooked. Here, we use satellite-derived and ground-based SED and SOS data from 2001 to 2019 to investigate temporal trends in the SED-SOS gap and the potential impacts across the Northern Hemisphere. We find that SED-SOS gap has extended at an average rate of −0.10 days yr⁻¹, with approximately 50% of the regions exhibit an extending trend. In high-latitude and high-altitude regions, the SED-SOS gap tends to narrow due to delayed SED or a faster advancement of SOS than that of SED, while mid-latitude regions show extending gaps due to faster SED advancement or delayed SOS. A case study in Inner Mongolia reveals that an extended SED-SOS gap significantly increases dust storm occurrence by enhancing soil exposure to wind erosion, posing potential threats to ecosystems and human health. As SED and SOS dynamics become increasingly complex under future climate change, our findings emphasize the importance of monitoring the SED-SOS gap and understanding its dynamics to inform climate adaptation strategies and protect ecological and societal well-being.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Patterns and Drivers of Freshwater Fish Extinctions: Can We Learn From Our Losses?","authors":"Leonidas Vardakas,&nbsp;Costas Perdikaris,&nbsp;Jörg Freyhof,&nbsp;Brian Zimmerman,&nbsp;Matthew Ford,&nbsp;Konstantinos Vlachopoulos,&nbsp;Nicholas Koutsikos,&nbsp;Ioannis Karaouzas,&nbsp;Maria Chamoglou,&nbsp;Eleni Kalogianni","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70244","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nearly one-third of extant freshwater fish species, which account for over 50% of global fish diversity, are at risk of extinction. Despite their crucial ecological and socioeconomic importance, the extinction of freshwater fishes remains under-researched on a global scale. This is a comprehensive assessment of taxonomic, spatial, and temporal patterns of freshwater fish extinctions while identifying key extinction drivers and driver synergies. Using data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, 89 extinct freshwater fish and 11 extinct in the wild were analyzed. Taxonomic statistical analysis revealed the disproportionate impact on Cyprinidae, Leuciscidae, and Salmonidae. Estimated globally for the period 1851–2016, the modern extinction rate for freshwater fishes stands at 33.47 extinctions per million species-years (E/MSY), more than 100 times greater than the natural background extinction rate of 0.33 E/MSY. Extinction rates, when calculated per continent using the number of extinct species and the total number of species per continent, indicated that North America has the highest extinction rate (225.60 E/MSY), followed by Europe (220.26 E/MSY) and Asia (34.62 E/MSY). Although Africa is less affected, it still shows a 42-fold increase over the background rate. Bayesian modeling, reflecting cumulative species extinctions, indicated a strong association of North America and Asia with species loss (37 and 34 extinctions, respectively), a moderate one for Europe (20 extinctions) and a weak association of Africa (eight extinctions). Natural system modification, pollution, and invasive species emerged as the primary extinction drivers, often acting synergistically. Temporal trends indicate an acceleration in extinctions since the mid-20th century. This study highlights that, despite recent increases in conservation efforts, freshwater fish extinctions continue to rise, indicating the urgent need for integrated conservation strategies. Without immediate action, many species currently at risk may soon follow the same trajectory of extinction as the 100 extinct freshwater fishes of this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70244","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Soil Carbon Cycling and Its Response to Environmental Change in a Northern Hardwood Forest","authors":"Sophie F. von Fromm,&nbsp;Connor I. Olson,&nbsp;Matthew D. Monroe,&nbsp;Carlos A. Sierra,&nbsp;Charles T. Driscoll,&nbsp;Peter M. Groffman,&nbsp;Chris E. Johnson,&nbsp;Peter A. Raymond,&nbsp;Caitlin Hicks Pries","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70250","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70250","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The timescales over which soil carbon responds to global change are a major uncertainty in the terrestrial carbon cycle. Radiocarbon measurements on archived soil samples are an important tool for addressing this uncertainty. We present time series (1969–2023) of radiocarbon measurements for litter (Oi/Oe and Oa/A) and mineral (0–10 cm) soils from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, a predominantly hardwood forest in the northeastern USA. To estimate soil carbon cycling rates, we built different autonomous linear compartmental models. We found that soil litter carbon cycles on decadal timescales (Oi/Oe: ~7 years), whereas carbon at the organic-mineral interface (Oa/A), and mineral soil (0–10 cm) carbon cycles on centennial timescales (~104 and 302 years, respectively). At the watershed-level, the soil system appears to be at steady-state, with no observed changes in carbon stocks or cycling rates over the study period, despite increases in precipitation, temperature, and soil pH. However, at the site-level, the Oi/Oe is losing carbon (−15 g C m⁻² year⁻¹ since 1998). The observed decline in carbon stocks can be detected when the Oi and Oe layers are modeled separately. This pattern suggests that the rapidly cycling litter layer at the smaller scale is responding to recent environmental changes. Our results highlight the importance of litter carbon as an “early-warning system” for soil responses to environmental change, as well as the challenges of detecting gradual environmental change across spatial scales in natural forest ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70250","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144066646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Offsite Ecological Impacts in the Anthropocene: Definition, Mechanisms, and Challenges","authors":"Lee Ping Ang,&nbsp;Xiangbo Yin","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70242","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Human activities increasingly disturb biodiversity and ecosystems far beyond their immediate areas. As human activities intensify on Earth's surface, these offsite disturbances threaten biodiversity at regional and global scales. Despite their significance, offsite ecological impacts remain poorly understood, often confused with related phenomena (e.g., edge effects) and excluded from evaluation frameworks. This study clarified the definition of offsite ecological impacts, examined their mechanisms (sources, paths, and drivers), and discussed their intensification under global change. We (1) clarify the offsite ecological impacts from other offsite phenomena, such as secondary, indirect, and competition impacts; (2) identify key drivers, including mining, urbanization, road networks, agriculture, and emerging technologies (e.g., renewable energy infrastructure), and explain how they contribute to offsite ecological impacts; (3) analyze the mechanisms by which disturbances spread, such as pollutants (e.g., heavy metals and microplastics) transported via air, soil, water, and biological or anthropogenic vectors; and (4) highlight challenges in identifying and mitigating offsite impacts, emphasizing how global environmental changes complicate predictions and hinder effective solutions. Addressing these challenges requires improved spatial monitoring, predictive modeling, and innovative conservation strategies. This framework advances the understanding of offsite ecological impacts in the Anthropocene, helping to balance human development with biodiversity conservation and supporting the UN Biodiversity Goals.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143950208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Traits From Imaging Spectroscopy Inform Patterns of Forest Mortality During Sierra Nevada Drought","authors":"Natalie Queally,&nbsp;Ting Zheng,&nbsp;Zhiwei Ye,&nbsp;Kyle R. Kovach,&nbsp;Ryan Pavlick,&nbsp;Ethan Shafron,&nbsp;Fabian D. Schneider,&nbsp;Philip A. Townsend","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70246","url":null,"abstract":"<p>California's 2012–2016 megadrought led to the mortality of over 100 million trees. In the context of extreme drought and insect outbreaks, a holistic view of plant functional traits can provide further insight into underlying physiological and abiotic drivers of the patterns of mortality. We used new maps of early-drought (pre-mortality) foliar functional traits derived from the NASA AVIRIS-Classic imaging spectrometer, along with open-access climate, topography, canopy structure, and mortality data, to assess competing influences on drought mortality at the Soaproot Saddle and Lower Teakettle NEON sites in the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains. We aimed to (1) compare mortality trends across two independently derived mortality datasets, (2) assess trait-mortality relationships across diverse sites and species, and (3) link these relationships to mechanisms of tree-level drought response. We used random forests to assess the relative importance of mortality drivers and the trends of mortality across each predictor gradient. For the lower elevation, more water-limited Soaproot Saddle site, conifer mortality was linked to taller, drier canopies while broadleaf mortality was linked to foliar traits (lower cellulose, higher sugars, and higher leaf mass per area). For the higher elevation, more energy-limited Lower Teakettle site, mortality was more strongly linked to elevation and climate, with little influence from foliar traits.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70246","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143950209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tropical Land-Use Change Disrupts Zeta-Diversity Across Taxa","authors":"Edicson Parra-Sanchez,&nbsp;Guillaume Latombe,&nbsp;Simon C. Mills,&nbsp;Jacob B. Socolar,&nbsp;Felicity A. Edwards,&nbsp;Diego Martinez-Revelo,&nbsp;Oscar A. Perez-Escobar,&nbsp;Robert W. Davies,&nbsp;Christopher G. Bousfield,&nbsp;Gianluca R. Cerullo,&nbsp;Jose Manuel Ochoa-Quintero,&nbsp;Torbjørn Haugaasen,&nbsp;Jos Barlow,&nbsp;Robert P. Freckleton,&nbsp;David P. Edwards","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70245","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Land-use change causes community turnover via local extinction and colonisation of species, driving biotic homogenization or heterogenization at larger spatial scales. Quantification of these processes has focused on beta-diversity metrics, which upweight rarity and overlook the role of widespread species. A key knowledge gap is understanding the impact of land-use change on both rare and widespread species—zeta-diversity—allowing the detection of statistical patterns and drivers based on community turnover across space. We sampled bird, dung beetle, and orchid communities in 341 plots across natural (Andean forests and paramo) and transformed habitats (pasturelands) spanning ~270 km north-to-south in the Colombian Andes. We detected major losses in species richness following land-use conversion, which disrupts zeta-diversity across elevation in two ways. First, biodiversity patterns are rewired such that bird and dung beetle communities become structured by dispersal ability, overriding the effects of natural biogeographical drivers (i.e., elevation) and landscape conditions (i.e., canopy cover). Second, land-use change causes biotic homogenization across bird communities, with pasture retaining twice as many widespread species than natural habitats, and a four-fold reduction in widespread dung beetle species pointing to subtractive heterogenization. Orchid communities show high community turnover in both natural and transformed habitat. Our results show that the effect of local deforestation has a doubly devastating impact simplifying communities and reducing widespread species. Transforming natural habitats into anthropogenic landscapes may substantially raise extinction risk for communities composed of both widespread and rare species, especially in orchids as the most sensitive taxon.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70245","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future Climate Shifts for Vegetation on Australia's Coastal Islands","authors":"David Coleman,&nbsp;Mark Westoby,&nbsp;Julian Schrader","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70220","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Small coastal islands serve as replicated units of space that are useful for studying community assembly. Using a unique database holding information on comprehensive vegetation surveys on &gt; 840 small coastal islands fringing the whole continent of Australia, we investigated the extent to which conditions will change for plants on Australia's islands over the next 80 years in terms of their temperature envelopes and inferred changes in vapour pressure deficit (VPD). We found ~40% of island plant populations will experience mean annual temperatures beyond their current envelope. However, envelopes defined by VPD and extreme monthly temperatures are unlikely to be exceeded, highlighting islands' potential to act as climate refugia. Large species with slow life histories and poor dispersal traits were most likely to experience warmer temperatures, although this proved to be driven by correlations of these traits with latitude (closer to the equator) and with smaller range sizes. We found no evidence of warm edge extinction or poleward migration across species in response to 0.5° of warming since the year 2000. These results have applications for monitoring and conservation efforts under climate change for fragmented habitats everywhere.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70220","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generally Reduced Sink Capacity of Upland Soils for Atmospheric Methane Over the Past Three Decades (1993–2022)","authors":"Zhaoxin Li,&nbsp;Yanmeng Shang,&nbsp;Chao Wang,&nbsp;Jinyang Wang,&nbsp;Xiaobo Liu,&nbsp;Fadong Li,&nbsp;Gang Chen,&nbsp;Hefa Cheng,&nbsp;Jianwen Zou,&nbsp;Shuwei Liu","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70248","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Upland soils act as the second largest and the only manageable sink of atmospheric methane (CH₄). Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns of the net CH₄ exchange between upland soils and atmosphere is critical for refining global CH₄ budget estimates and developing climate mitigation strategies. However, the global CH₄ budget in upland soils remains highly uncertain due to incomplete understanding of the shifts in the source or sink role of upland soils for CH₄ under climate change. In this study, we generated high-resolution global maps of CH₄ fluxes from upland soils by integrating field CH₄ flux measurement data spanning over the period of 1993–2022 using machine learning models. Collectively, upland soils exhibited a generally reduced sink capacity for atmospheric methane over the past three decades. Cropping uplands presented a shift from a weak sink to a source, and grassland soils changed from a sink to a strong source of CH₄. The sink capacity of forest soils for CH₄ sharply decreased by 68.8% over the past three decades, while tundra upland soils acted as a consistent source of CH₄, with a decrease of 55.3% since 1993. The combined effects of changes in precipitation and temperature can explain more than 70% of spatiotemporal variations of CH₄ fluxes in upland soils. Our findings provide a new perspective on the spatiotemporal patterns of CH₄ fluxes in global upland soils, which update the role of upland soils in the global CH₄ budget, particularly as a potential CH₄ sink.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intermediate Habitat Fragmentation Buffers Droughts: How Individual Energy Dynamics Mediate Mammal Community Response to Stressors","authors":"Leonna Szangolies,&nbsp;Cara A. Gallagher,&nbsp;Florian Jeltsch","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70224","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biodiversity is threatened by land-use and climate change. Although these processes are known to influence species survival and diversity, predicting their combined effects on communities remains challenging. We here aim to disentangle the combined effects of drought-induced resource shortage and habitat fragmentation on species coexistence. To understand how both fragmentation and droughts affect individual movement and physiology, and ultimately influence population and community dynamics, we use an individual-based metabolic modelling approach to simulate a community of small mammals. Individuals forage in the landscape to ingest energy, which they then allocate to basal maintenance, digestion, locomotion, growth, reproduction, and storage. If individuals of several species are able to balance their energy intake and needs, and additionally store energy as fat reserves, they may overcome stress periods and coexist. We find that species recover best after a drought when they live in moderately fragmented landscapes compared to those with low or high fragmentation. In low fragmented landscapes, high local competition during resource shortages is problematic, while in highly fragmented landscapes, low energy balance and storage often lead to high mortality during drought. Intermediately fragmented landscapes balance these effects and show the least impact of droughts on species richness, a pattern that holds also when integrating observed drought time series from monitoring data in the model simulations. Due to the interacting negative impacts, we suggest that with ongoing global change, it is increasingly important to understand stressors simultaneously to identify measures that support species coexistence and biodiversity. Including individual energy dynamics allowed us to conflate the different global change effects through energy storage and energy allocation to different processes. Our presented community model, which integrates metabolic and behavioural reactions of individuals to different stressors and scales them to the community level, offers valuable insights with great potential to support nature conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70224","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}