Global Change Biology最新文献

{"title":"Diversity in Resource Use Strategies Promotes Productivity in Young Planted Tree Species Mixtures","authors":"Joel Jensen,&nbsp;Haben Blondeel,&nbsp;Joannès Guillemot,&nbsp;Florian Schnabel,&nbsp;Hernán Serrano-León,&nbsp;Harald Auge,&nbsp;Lander Baeten,&nbsp;Nadia Barsoum,&nbsp;Jürgen Bauhus,&nbsp;Christel Baum,&nbsp;Raimundo Bermudez,&nbsp;Friderike Beyer,&nbsp;Pedro Brancalion,&nbsp;Jeannine Cavender-Bares,&nbsp;Nico Eisenhauer,&nbsp;Adam Felton,&nbsp;Olga Ferlian,&nbsp;Sebastian Fiedler,&nbsp;Tobias Gebauer,&nbsp;Douglas L. Godbold,&nbsp;Peter Hajek,&nbsp;Jefferson S. Hall,&nbsp;Dirk Hölscher,&nbsp;Hervé Jactel,&nbsp;Holger Kreft,&nbsp;Cathleen Lapadat,&nbsp;Chloe MacLaren,&nbsp;Nicolas Martin-StPaul,&nbsp;Céline Meredieu,&nbsp;Simone Mereu,&nbsp;Christian Messier,&nbsp;Rebecca A. Montgomery,&nbsp;Bart Muys,&nbsp;Charles A. Nock,&nbsp;John D. Parker,&nbsp;William C. Parker,&nbsp;Gustavo B. Paterno,&nbsp;Michael P. Perring,&nbsp;Quentin Ponette,&nbsp;Catherine Potvin,&nbsp;Peter B. Reich,&nbsp;James Rentch,&nbsp;Boris Rewald,&nbsp;Agnès Robin,&nbsp;Michael Scherer-Lorenzen,&nbsp;Hans Sandén,&nbsp;Katherine Sinacore,&nbsp;Rachel J. Standish,&nbsp;Artur Stefanski,&nbsp;Kris Verheyen,&nbsp;Laura J. Williams,&nbsp;Martin Weih","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70493","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mixed-species forestry is a promising approach to enhance productivity, increase carbon sequestration, and mitigate climate change. Diverse forests, composed of species with varying structures and functional trait profiles, may have higher functional and structural diversity, which are attributes relevant to a number of mechanisms that can influence productivity. However, it remains unclear whether the context-dependent roles of functional identity, functional diversity, and structural diversity can lead to a generalized understanding of tree diversity effects on stand productivity. To address these gaps, we analyzed growth data from 83,600 trees from 89 species across 21 young tree diversity experiments spanning five continents and three biomes. Results revealed a positive saturating relationship between tree species richness and stand productivity, with reduced variability in growth rates among more diverse stands. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that functional diversity mediated the positive effects of species richness on productivity. We additionally report a negative relationship between structural diversity and productivity, which decreased with increasing species richness. When partitioning net diversity effects, we found that selection effects played a dominant role in driving the overall increase in productivity in these predominantly young stands, contributing 77% of the net diversity effect. Selection effects increased with diversity in wood density. Furthermore, acquisitive species with lower wood density and higher leaf nitrogen content had higher productivity in more diverse stands, while conservative species showed neutral to slightly negative responses to species mixing. Together, these results suggest that combining acquisitive with conservative species allows acquisitive species to drive positive selection effects while conservative species tolerate competition. Thus, contrasting resource-use strategies can enhance productivity to optimize mixed-species forestry, with potential for both ecological and economic benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70493","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest Age and Management Measures Regulate the Responses of Forest Ecosystem to Drought","authors":"Longlong Ma,&nbsp;Jun Ma,&nbsp;Pu Yan,&nbsp;Feng Tian,&nbsp;Zhenhong Hu","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70511","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70511","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;We thank Li et al. (&lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;) for emphasizing the role of forest age in the responses of plantations to drought. Although forest age was included in our analysis, canopy height emerged as a stronger predictor (Ma et al. &lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;). Yet tree height or diameter at breast height does not always track chronological age (Au et al. &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;). Indeed, several studies suggest that tree age may be more relevant than height in addressing global change, as older trees store more carbon in biomass and retain it as a carbon sink for longer periods than fast-growing younger trees (Piovesan and Biondi &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). However, the worldwide loss of old trees and reforestation dominated by young, even-aged stands (Lindenmayer et al. &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;) makes it a critical research priority to quantify how tree age modulates responses of forest ecosystems to drought.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A global tree-ring synthesis of more than 20,000 trees showed that younger, canopy-dominant trees suffer greater drought-induced growth reductions but recover more quickly after drought (Au et al. &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;). However, forest management can modulate drought responses by altering age structure, species composition, and canopy density (Manrique-Alba et al. &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;; Liu et al. &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;). Our study finds that plantations are more vulnerable to drought (Ma et al. &lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;), but this does not preclude the potential for tree diversity and management practices to mitigate drought impacts. Diverse forest structures and targeted management enhance resistance (Liu et al. &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;). However, these effects are spatially heterogeneous and species-specific, and are constrained by stand characteristics (e.g., age, height) and site conditions (e.g., climate, soil nutrients) (Manrique-Alba et al. &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;; Li et al. &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;) (Figure 1). Our study reveals a temporal trade-off between drought resistance and resilience in plantations (Ma et al. &lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;), likely driven by legacy effects of early-stage management on subsequent drought responses. Therefore, assessing forest drought responses requires considering tree age and how management enhances plantation resilience by optimizing stand structure and resource allocation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Key methods for assessing the responses of forest ecosystems to drought include dendrochronology, forest inventories, and remote sensing (Figure 1). Remote sensing enables real-time monitoring of ecosystem water status and growth dynamics through vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI), surface temperature, and canopy moisture, and also captures drought-induced physiological and structural changes across spatiotemporal scales (Tian et al. &lt;span&gt;2018&lt;/span&gt;; Vicente-Serrano et al. &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;). Tree-ring width, by contrast, which directly reflects variations in radial growth, provides a quantitative measure of growth response to drought at the individual tree scale (Gazol et al. &lt;span&gt;2018&lt;/spa","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145140600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apex Scavenger Declines Have Cascading Effects on Soil Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Processes","authors":"Torrey Stephenson,&nbsp;David W. Crowder,&nbsp;Ernest Osburn,&nbsp;Michael Strickland,&nbsp;Menna Jones,&nbsp;Savannah Bartel,&nbsp;Kawinwit Kittipalawattanapol,&nbsp;Calum X. Cunningham,&nbsp;Tara Hudiburg,&nbsp;Andrew Storfer,&nbsp;Julia Piaskowski,&nbsp;Laurel Lynch","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70520","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70520","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Global apex scavenger declines strongly alter food web dynamics, but studies rarely test whether trophic downgrading impacts ecosystem functions. Here, we leverage a unique, disease-induced gradient in Tasmanian devil (<i>Sarcophilus harrisii</i> ) population densities to assess feedbacks between carcass persistence, subordinate scavenger guilds, and biogeochemical cycling. We further explored interkingdom and seasonal interactions by manipulating carcass access and replicating experiments in warmer, drier summer versus cooler, wetter winter periods. We show Tasmanian devil declines significantly extend carcass persistence and increase the flux of carcass-derived nutrients belowground (e.g., by 18–134-fold for ammonium). Greater nutrient availability reduces soil microbiome diversity by up to 26%, increasing the relative abundance of putative zoonotic pathogens. Nutrient subsidies also shift microbial communities toward faster-growing taxa that invest less energy in resource acquisition, with implications for soil carbon sequestration. Rates of carcass decomposition were reduced in the winter, dampening soil biogeochemical responses and interkingdom competition. Notably, while less efficient scavenger guilds clearly facilitate carcass consumption, they were not able to fill the functional role of apex scavengers. Our study illustrates how trophic downgrading effects can ripple across all levels of ecological organization.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple Impacts of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activities on Lacustrine Trophic State","authors":"Ge Xie,&nbsp;Yibo Zhang,&nbsp;Qing Wang,&nbsp;Kun Shi,&nbsp;Yunlin Zhang,&nbsp;Yongqiang Zhou,&nbsp;Boqiang Qin,&nbsp;Junliang He,&nbsp;Na Li","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70510","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70510","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The trophic state index (TSI) serves as a fundamental indicator for evaluating the water quality of lake ecosystems. Under climate change and human activities, global lake TSI has changed significantly, yet its response mechanisms remain unclear. To address this challenge, we developed a generalized TSI estimation model by integrating semi-analytical algorithms with machine learning techniques, based on a comprehensive dataset comprising 3756 pairs of in situ measurements and remote sensing observations. The developed model demonstrated superior predictive performance with <i>R</i>² of 0.77 and RMSE of 8.25 for the testing dataset. Applying the model, we reconstructed a 21-year time series (2003–2023) TSI for 14,189 global lakes with surface area ≥ 10 km². The global mean TSI was estimated to be 54.07 ± 0.31. Among the lakes, 4.1% were classified as oligotrophic (TSI ≤ 38), 18.9% as mesotrophic (38 &lt; TSI ≤ 48), 56.8% as eutrophic (48 &lt; TSI ≤ 61), and 20.2% as hypereutrophic (TSI &gt; 61). Globally, TSI showed a significantly increasing trend at a rate of 0.19 per decade (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Specifically, lakes with increasing TSI were primarily located in North America, Europe, Russia, and parts of Africa. In contrast, lakes with decreasing TSI were primarily located in South America, Australia, and West Asia. Subsequently, we aggregated the TSI data by country and quantified the contributions of climate, land use, and fertilizer application to the TSI variations using a Generalized Linear Model. The results showed that climate warming, increased solar radiation, stronger wind, intensified precipitation, urbanization, agricultural expansion, and fertilizer use, particularly phosphate application, have all contributed to increasing TSI. In contrast, surrounding vegetation growth showed a negative correlation with TSI, helping to improve water quality. This study underscores the value of remote sensing for large-scale eutrophication assessment, offering insights into sustainable lake management under global change.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145136065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plantations Do Not Necessarily Lack Resilience","authors":"Jitang Li (李继唐),&nbsp;Jesús Julio Camarero,&nbsp;Antonio Gazol","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70509","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70509","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change has intensified the frequency and severity of droughts, posing significant challenges to both natural and planted forests. Ma et al. (2025) explored the drought risk of planted vs. natural forests in China. They reported lower resistance and resilience in planted forests compared to natural forests. However, assessing drought risk in plantations is complex and requires consideration of various key factors, including tree species, stand age, management, resilience, and, importantly, evaluation methods. Only by taking these factors into account can the drought risk of planted forests be accurately assessed so as to develop effective management strategies to ensure their long-term sustainability (comment to Ma et al., <i>Global Change Biology</i>, 31, e70055, 2025). The photograph shows our views on the different drought responses of planted and natural forests in northern China.\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70509","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145140656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen Enrichment Reverses Microbial Biomass-Function Relationships Over Time in a Global Meta-Analysis","authors":"Kejie Li,&nbsp;Jinyang Wang,&nbsp;Zhenghu Zhou,&nbsp;Jie Wu,&nbsp;Xiaomeng Bo,&nbsp;Mengxue Shen,&nbsp;Jianwen Zou","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70514","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70514","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soil microbial communities are key regulators of terrestrial ecosystem functions, yet their long-term responses to atmospheric nitrogen (N) enrichment remain poorly understood. Here, we synthesized a global dataset of 6255 paired observations from 308 field-based N addition experiments to evaluate how ecosystem functionality and microbial attributes respond to N enrichment across varying addition rates and durations. Multivariate linear mixed-effects models revealed that N enrichment enhanced ecosystem functionality by 17.6%, while reducing microbial biomass by 4.2%, with both effects intensifying under higher N addition rates and longer experimental durations. Meta-forest modelling generated high-resolution global maps that further demonstrated stronger ecosystem and microbial responses under long-term N enrichment. At the grid scale, spatial variation in these responses was primarily governed by edaphic factors, particularly soil pH, sand content, and bulk density, rather than by N deposition rates. Notably, we identified a temporal reversal in the relationship between microbial biomass and ecosystem functionality, which was positive in the short term but became increasingly negative in the long term. This transition likely reflects a shift in microbial life-history strategies, where oligotrophic taxa (<i>K</i>-strategists) are progressively replaced by copiotrophic taxa (<i>r</i>-strategists), with consequences for resource-use efficiency and microbial biomass. Together, our findings highlight microbial biomass as a pivotal determinant of long-term ecosystem functionality and underscore the importance of microbial life-history strategy shifts and soil constraints in shaping ecological responses to sustained N enrichment.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145127784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Snow Avalanches and the Impact of Climate-Linked Extreme Events on Mountain Wildlife Population Dynamics and Resilience","authors":"Kevin S. White,&nbsp;Taal Levi,&nbsp;Eran Hood,&nbsp;Chris T. Darimont","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70415","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70415","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate is changing rapidly in mountain environments, giving rise to increasing variability in weather, incidence of extreme events, and alteration of the cryosphere. Natural hazards, such as snow avalanches, and the ecological communities they impact may be particularly sensitive to such change. While avalanches may impose both ‘good’ and ‘bad’ effects on mountain ecosystems, the direct impacts that lead to mortality have particularly important implications for future viability and resilience of slow-growing alpine wildlife populations. Here, we studied a sentinel species of coastal Alaskan mountain environments—the mountain goat (<i>Oreamnos americanus</i>) – using long-term field data from individually marked animals (600 individuals over 44 years) in a quantitative modeling framework to understand how avalanches influence demographic processes. Specifically, we developed and parameterized a sex- and age-specific population modeling approach to simulate the effects of avalanche-caused mortality on population growth rate (<i>λ</i>). We examined a range of ecologically relevant scenarios based on empirically observed states of avalanche-caused mortality. During years when avalanche impacts are severe, populations can experience significant additive mortality and population declines (up to 15%). Due to low reproductive rates, such impacts can lead to long demographic recovery times (up to 11 years, or ~1.5 mountain goat generations). Thus, during the course of a typical mountain goat lifetime, significant avalanche-linked perturbations can be expected to occur, suggesting that meaningful demographic signatures of avalanche impacts are generationally recurrent and routinely imbedded in population histories. From a conservation perspective, such impacts are striking and highlight the utility of employing a quantitative modeling approach to predict possible effects of avalanches and extreme events more broadly on mountain ungulate population dynamics and viability. Our work explicitly builds upon recent findings about the importance of avalanches on mountain-adapted animal populations and has implications for the cultural and ecological communities that depend on them.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70415","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145127785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trait-Mediated Competition for Light Underpins Plant Diversity Loss Under Eutrophication","authors":"Tianyuan Tan,&nbsp;Huamei Xia,&nbsp;Cong He,&nbsp;Yao Wei,&nbsp;Xiang Liu,&nbsp;Zhenhua Zhang,&nbsp;Jin-Sheng He,&nbsp;Lin Jiang","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70521","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70521","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Eutrophication is a major driver of plant diversity loss, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In particular, the role of eutrophication-induced light limitation in regulating plant diversity in natural communities has rarely been examined directly. Here we show that experimental light addition to the understory of a natural alpine grassland consistently restored lost diversity under different nutrient enrichment regimes. Under nitrogen enrichment, light addition recovered diversity primarily by promoting species gains, whereas under phosphorus enrichment, it primarily reduced species losses. When both nitrogen and phosphorus were enriched, light addition simultaneously increased species gains and reduced losses. These effects were primarily driven by shifts in the colonization and extinction of species with resource-acquisitive strategies (i.e., those with high specific leaf area and low leaf dry matter content), emphasizing the critical role of trait-mediated competition for light in biodiversity loss. Our findings point to light competition as a key driver of eutrophication-induced plant diversity loss, suggesting that managing light availability could help mitigate these losses in natural ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145116161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wisent in the Walled Garden: European Bison Alternated Between Refuge and Recovery","authors":"John A. F. Wendt","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70508","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70508","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;European bison (&lt;i&gt;Bison bonasus&lt;/i&gt;) represent one of conservation's more complex challenges. As the largest terrestrial mammal to survive the Pleistocene–Holocene extinction in Europe, they persisted while the mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, and cave bear vanished. Their survival positioned them as a potential keystone in postglacial landscapes, yet their present ecological status and its implications for future conservation remain unsettled.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The “refugee species” concept offers one explanation: that bison today occupy forests not out of preference, but because they were displaced from open, grassy habitats by long-term environmental change and human pressure (Kerley et al. &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;). This model anticipates reduced fitness in suboptimal environments and proposes that bison's original ecological niche could be tested and restored through targeted reintroductions. The genetic and isotopic synthesis by Llamas et al. (&lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;) now provides a long-term test of this concept, based on the analysis of 135 mitochondrial genomes spanning 50,000 years across the Eurasian continent.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Their analysis, including 75 newly sequenced specimens, reconstructs the spatial and ecological history of two European bison lineages (Bb1 and Bb2) and the extinct steppe bison (&lt;i&gt;Bison priscus&lt;/i&gt;). With isotopic evidence, Llamas et al. conclude that European bison remain preferentially adapted to open environments. The detailed view provided by Llamas et al. shows that bison responded dynamically to periods of constraint and release, suggesting a complex relationship between environmental change and population persistence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The extinction of steppe bison during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition (12–9 ka) meant the loss of a dominant grazer from Eurasian ecosystems. Meanwhile, European bison, smaller and partially hybridized with aurochs during the Last Interglacial (ca. 120 ka), faced expanding forests and intensifying human presence. Llamas et al. demonstrate that within &lt;i&gt;B. bonasus&lt;/i&gt;, the two lineages realized different fates: Bb1 tracked open habitats northward into Scandinavia before vanishing in the early Holocene; Bb2 initially persisted in southern regions, then expanded across central and eastern Europe by the mid–Holocene.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, this expansion of Bb2 coincides with the rise of Neolithic agriculture in Europe. At that time, practices like forest clearance, shifting cultivation, and extensive grazing had been reshaping landscapes into partly open mosaics of pasture, fallow, and scrub (Githumbi et al. &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;). The Neolithic transition across much of Europe is marked by a decline in the use of large wild herbivores by human populations, as domesticated livestock came to dominate faunal assemblages in early farming contexts. In southern Scandinavia, for instance, wild herbivore remains are nearly absent from Neolithic sites, apparently replaced by cattle and sheep whose isotopic signatures reflect grazin","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70508","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145116160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redistribution of Soil Phosphorus Fractions Alleviates Phosphorus Limitations Following Afforestation","authors":"Minghui Wu,&nbsp;Quanjie Xu,&nbsp;Jiao Feng,&nbsp;Xueyu Wang,&nbsp;Deping Zhai,&nbsp;Xiaoli Cheng","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70515","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Afforestation plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change, yet the transfer of soil phosphorus (P) to aboveground biomass may lead to soil P limitation. However, the influences of afforestation on soil P fractions and availability remain unclear. Here, we investigated soil P fractions at 144 paired sampling sites by comparing afforested lands with adjacent non-afforested lands in subtropical China. Afforestation increased the proportions of available P, labile P, and moderately-labile P, while decreasing inorganic P concentrations, with no significant effect on soil total P. These shifts were strongly coupled with the increase in organic P and the decline in stable P. Notably, afforestation with broad-leaved species (i.e., <i>Quercus variabilis</i>) increased soil organic P concentration, while afforestation with coniferous species (i.e., <i>Pinus massoniana</i> and <i>Platycladus orientalis</i>) reduced soil inorganic P concentration. Afforestation weakened the effects of soil microclimates on labile P fractions (e.g., decreased with moisture) in non-afforested soil. In contrast, plant nutrients (e.g., leaf P concentration) exhibited positive effects on inorganic P fractions in afforested soils. Soil iron oxides (Fe_o) were the primary cause of P variations in both afforested and non-afforested soils; particularly, lower Fe_o and soil pH under afforested lands likely promoted the desorption of more non-stable P fractions compared to the non-afforested soils. Overall, our findings suggest that afforestation may alleviate soil P limitation by enhancing the concentration of labile and moderately-labile P fractions, while soil inorganic P fractions are crucial for regulating soil P dynamics, thereby providing insights for optimizing afforestation practices.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145111365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}