Global Change Biology最新文献

{"title":"Sea-Ice Retreat From the Northeast Greenland Continental Shelf Triggers a Marine Trophic Cascade","authors":"Jack H. Laverick,&nbsp;Douglas C. Speirs,&nbsp;Michael R. Heath","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70189","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change is causing sea-ice to retreat from Arctic ecosystems. Loss of ice impacts the ecosystem in many ways, reducing habitat area for specialist species like polar bears, releasing freshwater and nutrients, and increasing light penetration into the water column. To explore the interaction of these effects, we implemented a Northeast Greenland continental shelf parameterisation of the end-to-end ecosystem model StrathE2E. We used model output from the NEMO-MEDUSA ocean-biogeochemistry model under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 as driving data, which suggests the northeast Greenland continental shelf will become seasonally ice-free by 2050. We simulated half a century of climate change by running the model system to a set of steady states for each decade from the 2010s to the 2050s. Our simulations show sea-ice retreat from the northeast Greenland continental shelf boosts the productivity of the marine food web. Total living mass increases by over 25%, with proportionally larger increases for higher trophic levels. The exception to this is a 66% reduction in maritime mammal mass. Additional network indices reveal that the ecosystem becomes more mature, with future diets more specialized and a lengthening of the food web. Our model provides long-term strategic insight for the management of the northeast Greenland continental shelf, allowing for the quantitative evaluation of conservation goals and the scale of prospective fisheries. Our results present a mixed picture for the future of the Arctic, with growing populations for fish and charismatic megafauna like cetaceans accompanied by the loss of endemic biodiversity such as polar bears.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Forest After Tomorrow: Projecting the Impact of a Collapsing Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation on European Tree-Species Distributions","authors":"Sina Heubel,&nbsp;Anja Rammig,&nbsp;Allan Buras","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70185","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forest tree species are expected to experience a substantial redistribution due to climate change. While previous work has emphasized the effects of a warmer and drier climate on European tree-species distributions, to date no study has investigated the potential impact of a collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Here, we deploy climate-envelope models to quantile mapped, high-resolution (1km²) CMIP6 climate projections and compare tree-species distributions under an active AMOC vs. an inactive AMOC scenario. Across Europe, our tree-species projections indicate contrasting impacts of the two scenarios. In Scandinavia, many of the currently abundant tree species were projected a dramatic decline and partial disappearance due to the strong cooling under an inactive AMOC. In Central and Southern Europe, however, some of the currently abundant species suffered less under an inactive AMOC compared to an active AMOC scenario while others—such as the economically important species of Norway spruce—almost went extinct. As opposed to the classic climate-change scenario supporting Mediterranean species in Central Europe, projected European tree-species portfolios consisted of a higher share of boreal, cold-tolerant species in the inactive AMOC scenario. Finally, tree-species diversity was projected to decline even stronger under an inactive vs. an active AMOC scenario. Altogether, while an AMOC collapse may locally result in more favorable conditions for specific species in comparison to a classic climate-change scenario, the dramatic economic and ecological consequences suggested by our projections indicate the urgent need for climate-change mitigation to lower the likelihood of an AMOC collapse.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stronger Drought Response of CO2 Fluxes in Tundra Heath Compared to Sphagnum Peatland in the Sub-Arctic","authors":"Valentin Heinzelmann,&nbsp;Julia Marinissen,&nbsp;Rien Aerts,&nbsp;J. Hans C. Cornelissen,&nbsp;Stef Bokhorst","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70210","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70210","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Drought events are increasing in frequency and intensity due to climate change, causing lasting impacts on plant communities and ecosystem functioning. In the sub-arctic, climate is changing at a rate above the global average with amplifying effects on the carbon cycle. Drought-induced shifts in the balance between productivity and respiration might have important implications for climate change feedbacks in these regions. However, little is known about how carbon fluxes in sub-arctic ecosystems respond to drought, hampering predictions. Here, we test how two important but contrasting sub-arctic ecosystem types, <i>Sphagnum</i> peatland and tundra heath, respond to experimental drought. Mesocosms were exposed to a full precipitation exclusion for 7 weeks, decreasing gravimetric water content by 66% and 53% for <i>Sphagnum</i> peatland and tundra heath, respectively. Drought suppressed all CO₂ flux components. Gross primary productivity was on average reduced by 47% and 64%, and ecosystem respiration by 40% and 53% in <i>Sphagnum</i> peatland and tundra heath, respectively. Concomitantly with the ecosystem fluxes, leaf photosynthesis of the three most abundant vascular plant species per ecosystem type was on average suppressed by 40% (peatland) and 77% (tundra heath). Drought resulted in high plant mortality, with up to 54% (peatland) and 73% (tundra heath) dead shoots, which might represent a significant legacy effect suppressing CO₂ uptake in subsequent growing seasons. In summary, tundra heath was overall more responsive to drought than peatland. This differential sensitivity, previously unaccounted for, might be important in the future under intensifying drought events. Considering that tundra heath covers more than half of the sub-arctic land area, its drought responsiveness might induce significant reductions in total arctic net CO₂ uptake. This would move the arctic carbon balance further toward a net CO₂ source.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143866996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alleviating Nitrogen and Phosphorus Limitation Does Not Amplify Potassium-Induced Increase in Terrestrial Biomass","authors":"Guopeng Liang,&nbsp;梁国鹏,&nbsp;Pengyan Sun,&nbsp;孙鹏燕,&nbsp;Bonnie G. Waring,&nbsp;Zheng Fu,&nbsp;Peter B. Reich","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70193","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Potassium (K) is the second most abundant nutrient element in plants after nitrogen (N), and has been shown to limit aboveground production in some contexts. However, the role of N and phosphorus (P) availability in mediating K limitation in terrestrial production remains poorly understood; and it is unknown whether K also limits belowground carbon (C) stocks, which contain at least three times more C than those aboveground stocks. By synthesizing 779 global paired observations (528, 125, and 126 for aboveground productivity, root biomass, and soil organic C [SOC], respectively), we found that K addition significantly increased aboveground production and SOC by 8% and 5%, respectively, but did not significantly affect root biomass (+9%). Moreover, enhanced N and/or P availability (through N and P addition) did not further amplify the positive effect of K on aboveground productivity. In other words, K had a positive effect on aboveground productivity only when N and/or P were limiting, indicating that K could somehow substitute for N or P when they were limiting. Climate variables mostly explained the variations in K effects; specifically, stronger positive responses of aboveground productivity and SOC to K were found in regions with high mean annual temperature and wetness. Our results suggest that K addition enhances C sequestration by increasing both aboveground productivity and SOC, contributing to climate mitigation, but the positive effects of K on terrestrial C stocks are not further amplified when N and P limitations are alleviated.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical Analysis of Basalt Weathering Disproves the Null Hypothesis","authors":"Adam Wolf","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70205","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;In addition to increasing net primary production, Kantola et al. (&lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;) demonstrated that enhanced weathering of applied basalt increased carbon (C) uptake in maize/soybean and bioenergy &lt;i&gt;Miscanthus&lt;/i&gt; agroecosystems by 102 g C m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; y&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; and 234 g C m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; y&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively. Derry et al. (&lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;) have raised concerns about the methods used to calculate EW in this paper. Here, I respond to their three core concerns.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Derry et al. observed that an elemental analysis of the Blue Ridge Metabasalt (BRMB) cited by Kantola et al. sum only to 78% rather than 100% and therefore question the quality of these data. A closer inspection of Kantola et al. and the data provided by ActLabs which analyzed the chemical composition indicates that the loss on ignition (LOI) for BRMB was ~5%, explaining part of the discrepancy. The remaining discrepancy appears to be tied to the strength of the digest used in Lewis et al. (&lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;), as applied to the particular mineralogy of BRMB. The mineralogy of BRMB use in Kantola et al. was initially described in Lewis et al. (&lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;) and is cited by Derry et al.; in this paper a 1-acid hydrofluoric (HF) digest was employed, which is not quantitative. Rather, Kantola et al. relied on data from ActLabs which employed a lithium borate ‘total fusion’ analysis, the most rigorous option. According to ActLabs, weaker digests, including 4-acid digests using HF, “…may not be total due to the mineralogy present in the samples”. Several analyses of BRMB, submitted by different groups to ActLabs and collected by the author, all sum to 100%.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Leaching of Mg and Ca through the soil column charge balances the leaching of bicarbonate, and measurement of the loss of these cations is central for calculating CDR by EW. Derry et al. incorrectly claim that Kantola et al. did not statistically resolve these losses between treatment plots and estimates of the rock-amended baseline. To calculate Mg and Ca losses, Kantola et al. measured the mean addition of base alkalinity (i.e., 2*(Mg + Ca) in equivalents per m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) and the change in alkalinity in the amended plots. An analysis of variance for the experiment was conducted by the author to estimate the uncertainty in this quantity. In addition, Kantola et al. accounted for the charge removed by plant uptake of Mg and Ca relative to the control plots, as well as the charge offset by nitrate, again relative to the control plots. The values for base alkalinity clearly diverged between treatment plots and the rock-amended baseline over the course of the experiment (Figure 1), with no overlap of the 95% confidence intervals, demonstrating statistically resolved differences in the loss of these cations in the amended plots, providing clear evidence of the weathering and loss of applied cations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kantola et al. plotted (REE&lt;sub&gt;post application&lt;/sub&gt;—REE&lt;sub&gt;pre application&lt;/sub&gt;) versus REE&lt;sub&gt;b","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest Degradation Is Undermining Progress on Deforestation in the Amazon","authors":"Guilherme Mataveli,&nbsp;Lucas Andrigo Maure,&nbsp;Alber Sanchez,&nbsp;Débora Joana Dutra,&nbsp;Gabriel de Oliveira,&nbsp;Matthew W. Jones,&nbsp;Cibele Amaral,&nbsp;Paulo Artaxo,&nbsp;Luiz E. O. C. Aragão","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70209","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gcb.70209","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The 30th Conference of the Parties (COP30) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), to be held in Belém, provides a unique opportunity for Brazil to affirm its commitment to protecting Amazon forests and to showcase leadership in aligning ambitious climate action with global conservation goals. Encouraging progress has been made in controlling deforestation in the Amazon (Figure 1a–d). The 2024 preliminary Brazilian Amazon official deforestation increment estimate was 5816 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 27.5% below 2023 and a staggering 54.2% below 2022 (INPE &lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;). This is the lowest annual deforestation increment in a decade and 26.4% below the average of the 2008–2024 period (INPE &lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;). Such achievement is closely tied to the restoration of command and control in the Amazon, highlighted by the reinstatement of the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon (PPCDAm) (MMA &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). Nevertheless, deforestation is not the only threat facing Amazon's forests.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Beyond deforestation, forest degradation represents a significant yet often overlooked threat to tropical forests. While deforestation is a binary process referring to the complete removal of tree cover, leading to a permanent land-use change, forest degradation is the reduction of a forest's capacity to supply ecosystem services, leading to a loss of ecological value, where tree cover remains but undergoes structural and functional changes, ultimately impairing resilience and long-term sustainability (Berenguer et al. &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;; Lapola et al. &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). Nearly 40% of the Amazon's standing forests are degraded by drivers including fire, edge effect, timber extraction, and extreme drought events, further emphasizing the scale and importance of the issue (Lapola et al. &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). The 2023–2024 strong Amazon drought, with rainfall deficits of 50–100 mm/month, a +3°C temperature rise, a two-month delay in the wet season, and record-low river levels (Marengo et al. &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;), appears to have compounded a recent rise in forest degradation. Brazil's official forest degradation alerts in the Brazilian Amazon in 2024—including wildfire scars, selective logging, and other forms of forest degradation that are unrelated to drought—reached 25,023 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, an increase of 44% compared to 2023 (17,473 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) and 163% compared to 2022 (9549 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) (INPE &lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;) (Figure 1d). In 2024 and 2023, wildfire scars accounted for about 66% of total degradation alerts, compared to just 38% in 2022 (INPE &lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;). Essentially, this means that during the recent drought years, the expansion of degraded forest areas has outpaced the promising decline in deforestation in the Amazon.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Forests experiencing repeated degradation events become increasingly vulnerable. Over time, this weakening reduces their ability to recover and may ultimately lead ","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70209","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143862131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pesticide Risk Assessment in a Changing World","authors":"Mathilde L. Tissier,&nbsp;René S. Shahmohamadloo,&nbsp;Laura Melissa Guzman","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70203","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pesticide risk assessments currently rely on surrogate species and focus primarily on acute lethality metrics, failing to capture the broader impacts on non-target organisms and thus biodiversity. Under the directives of regulatory agencies worldwide, this traditional approach overlooks the complex interactions between multiple stressors, including climate change, land-use shifts, and pesticide transformation products. Pesticide risk assessments must therefore undergo a paradigm shift to account for these complex interactions, which disproportionately affect insect pollinators, other non-target species, and biodiversity at large. While prior work has highlighted the need to move beyond single-species models, emerging evidence on nonlinear stressor interactions and the ecological consequences of transformation products highlight critical gaps in current frameworks. Here, we synthesize insights from recent research to propose a holistic approach for environmental risk assessments that integrates ecological and evolutionary complexities in the context of global change.</p>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rewetting Boreal Peatlands: Restoring Carbon Function?","authors":"Nigel T. Roulet,&nbsp;Sara Knox,&nbsp;Shane Regan","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70200","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Peatlands contain some 500 ± 100 Pg of carbon (Yu &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;) stored as partially decomposed plant litter—that is, peat, even though they represent less than 4% of the terrestrial landscape (UNEP &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;). Peatlands are generally low to moderate net primary production (NPP) ecosystems but also have disproportionately low decomposition rates (i.e., ecosystem respiration—ER) than most other ecosystems due to the presence of high moisture contents inhibiting the diffusion of oxygen into the peat. This promotes more significant anaerobic decomposition, enhancing the storage of carbon in the undecomposed litter, but also leads to considerable emission of methane (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;). The slight imbalance of NPP over ER for millennia has resulted in a significant global store of terrestrial carbon. On a worldwide scale, the accumulation of atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; as peat over time has resulted in net climatic cooling (Frolking and Roulet &lt;span&gt;2007&lt;/span&gt;). A reduction of the water stored in a peatland can increase aerobic activity, increase decomposition, and alter the imbalance to favor ER over NPP. Land use changes that involve peatland drainage typically result in peatlands becoming a source of atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; rather than a sink.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Approximately 12% of peatlands have been degraded, which usually involves some form of drainage (UNEP &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;). Degraded peatlands emit between 0.5 to 1 Pg C yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; (Leifeld and Menichetti &lt;span&gt;2018&lt;/span&gt;), which is equivalent to 5 to 10% of the 2014–2023 average anthropogenic emission of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (The Global Carbon Project 2025—https://globalcarbonbudget.org/). Peatlands are deliberately drained to extract peat as a resource for fuel, which is now less common, and as a substrate for growing media. Additionally, a larger area is unintentionally drained due to land-use changes, such as mining exploration and extraction, as well as transportation corridors. Treed peatlands are partially drained to enhance tree productivity for forestry in some northern countries (Päivänen and Hånell &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;). No matter the reason, the lowering of the water table can alter NPP, but it can also significantly increase decomposition. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) subsidiary body on scientific and technological Advice Committee on Land Use Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) issued a supplementary report to the IPCC Guidelines for National Inventories on Wetlands that includes the emission factors (EFs) for peatland drainage and rewetting (IPCC &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The net carbon balance of a peatland comprises three components: Net ecosystem exchange of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (NEE), CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; flux, and the carbon exported as dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Undisturbed and disturbed peatlands can export a significant amount of DOC. The literature suggests that the Net Ecosystem Carbon Budget (NSECB) of undisturbed boreal peatlands is between 20 and","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gcb.70200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143853013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tundra Plant Canopies Gradually Close Over Three Decades While Cryptogams Persist","authors":"Katlyn R. Betway-May,&nbsp;William A. Gould,&nbsp;Sarah C. Elmendorf,&nbsp;Jeremy L. May,&nbsp;Robert D. Hollister,&nbsp;Steven F. Oberbauer,&nbsp;Amy Breen,&nbsp;Benjamin J. Crain,&nbsp;Ana Maria Sanchez Cuervo,&nbsp;Marilyn D. Walker,&nbsp;Donald A. Walker","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70155","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Global climate change phenomena are amplified in Arctic regions, driving rapid changes in the biota. Here, we examine changes in plant community structure over more than 30 years at two sites in arctic Alaska, USA, Imnavait Creek and Toolik Lake, to understand long-term trends in tundra response to changing climate. Vegetation cover was sampled every 4–7 years on permanent 1 m² plots spanning a 1 km² grid using a point-frame. The vascular plant canopies progressively closed at both locations. Canopy cover, defined here as an encounter of a vascular plant above the ground surface, increased from 63% to 91% at Imnavait Creek and from 63% to 89% at Toolik Lake. Both sites showed steady increases in maximum canopy height, increasing by approximately 50% (8 cm). While cover and height increased to some extent for all vascular plant growth forms, deciduous shrubs and graminoids changed the most. For example, at Imnavait Creek the cover of graminoids more than tripled (particularly in wet meadow plots), increasing by 237%. At Toolik Lake the cover of deciduous shrubs more than doubled (particularly in moist acidic plots), increasing by 145%. Despite the steady closing of the plant canopy, cryptogams (lichens and mosses) persisted; in fact, the cover of lichens increased. These results call into question the dominant dogma that cryptogams will decline with increases in vascular plant abundance and demonstrate the resilience of these understory plants. In addition to overall cover, the diversity of vascular plants increased at one site (Imnavait Creek). In contrast to much of the Arctic, summer air temperatures in the Toolik Lake region have not significantly increased over the 30+ year sampling period; however, winter temperatures increased substantially. Changes in vegetation community structure at Imnavait Creek and Toolik Lake are likely the result of winter warming.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143853012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monsoon Climate and Anthropogenic Influences Shape Primate Distributions Across the Southeastern Edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","authors":"Chen Li,&nbsp;Yi-hao Fang,&nbsp;Guo-peng Ren,&nbsp;Yan-peng Li,&nbsp;Zhi-pang Huang,&nbsp;Liang-wei Cui,&nbsp;Dionisios Youlatos,&nbsp;Paul A. Garber,&nbsp;Xi-jun Ni,&nbsp;Hua Zhu,&nbsp;De-wen Luo,&nbsp;Xin Liu,&nbsp;Meng-ran Chu-yuan,&nbsp;Ying-ping Tian,&nbsp;Ying-chun Li,&nbsp;Xiang-le Zeng,&nbsp;Dong Yan,&nbsp;Gen-hui Li,&nbsp;Wen Xiao,&nbsp;Rui-dong Wu,&nbsp;Yin Yang","doi":"10.1111/gcb.70178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70178","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Yunnan, China) exhibits high biodiversity but stark differences in species richness between its western Longitudinal Range Gorge (LRG) and eastern Yunnan Plateau (YP). We collected distribution data for 16 primate species in Yunnan and analyzed palynological records over the past 20 ka from 21 localities to identify the biogeographic, climatic, and anthropogenic factors that have driven the present-day distribution of primates in this region. By integrating local ecological knowledge, field surveys, species distribution models, niche utilization rates, and historical vegetation and land use changes, we found that spatial–temporal shifts in the monsoon climate have been a critical factor in shaping primate species richness on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Compared to the YP, the LRG receives more precipitation, has more limited seasonal temperature variation, and has higher minimum temperatures during the coldest month. These conditions have facilitated the development of moist evergreen broadleaf forests, which represent a more suitable habitat for the 14 primate species that inhabit this area. In contrast, the drought-adapted forests of the YP support only one primate species. Palynological records indicate that the differentiation of the LRG and YP predates human influence. However, over the past 2000  years, anthropogenic habitat loss and hunting have significantly affected the distribution of primates. The ranges of gibbons, langurs, and snub-nosed monkeys are now restricted to the central and northern regions of the LRG and have disappeared from lower elevations. Lorises have disappeared from their northernmost range. In contrast, the distribution of macaques has remained relatively stable. The Yangtze-Red River-24° N line marks the biogeographic boundary of high primate species richness and biodiversity in the LRG and southeastern Yunnan. Our research suggests that changes in monsoon climate have fundamentally shaped contemporary species richness, while recent anthropogenic pressures have caused ‘range contraction’ for many taxa.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":175,"journal":{"name":"Global Change Biology","volume":"31 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143846030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}