Xinru Zhang, Sirui Li, Huijun Guo, Jinbo Wang, Tao Wen, Xiaodi Wang, Chunyang Wang
{"title":"Deoxynivalenol triggers pyroptosis in mouse hippocampal neurons by activating oxidative stress and interfering with neurotransmitter release","authors":"Xinru Zhang, Sirui Li, Huijun Guo, Jinbo Wang, Tao Wen, Xiaodi Wang, Chunyang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139343","url":null,"abstract":"As a prevalent natural pollutant, deoxynivalenol (DON) exhibits high toxicity, affects multiple organs, can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and induce neurotoxicity, thereby threatening food safety. In this study, we investigated the effects of DON on hippocampal neuronal injuries using both i<em>n vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em> models to evaluate its potential risks. Results showed that subchronic exposure of DON exposure (500<!-- --> <!-- -->ng/mL in cells and 1<!-- --> <!-- -->mg/kg.bw in mice) increased excessive ROS production, activated the NF-κB pathway, and upregulated NLRP3 and ASC expression levels. Consequently, this triggered Caspase-1 activation, released IL-1β and IL-18, thereby inducing pyroptosis and causing structural damage in hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, DON exposure markedly disrupted cell cycle progression and interfered with the synthesis and release of several neurotransmitters <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em>. Correlation analysis between diseases and metabolites indicated that the differential altered neurotransmitters induced by DON exposure exhibited a strong association with Alzheimer's disease. Correlation analysis between diseases and metabolites indicated that the differentially altered neurotransmitters induced by DON exposure were significantly associated with Alzheimer's disease. In conclusion, subchronic exposure to DON triggered pyroptosis in cells through the activation of oxidative stress and interference with neurotransmitter synthesis, resulting in the loss and damage of hippocampal neurons. This research offers novel insights into the relationship between DON exposure and hippocampal immune inflammation.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144684745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaewon Seo, Hwajin Kim, Eunha Park, Jisu Woo, Kyoung-Hee Lee
{"title":"Source and Condition Specific Toxicity of Combustion-Derived PM: Linking Physicochemical Properties with Acellular and Cellular Assays","authors":"Jaewon Seo, Hwajin Kim, Eunha Park, Jisu Woo, Kyoung-Hee Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139344","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates particulate matter (PM) generated from wood, coal, and bunker fuel combustion under controlled conditions, examining its physicochemical properties, oxidative potential, and cytotoxicity. Hydroxyl radical (•OH) formation was assessed using the TAOH assay, while cellular toxicity was evaluated via MTT and LDH assays in bronchial epithelial cells.Low-temperature wood and coal combustion produced PM rich in redox-active metals (Fe, Cu, Mn), generating high initial •OH through Fenton-like reactions, but with minimal cytotoxicity—likely due to limited cellular uptake or buffering mechanisms. In contrast, bunker fuel PM under running conditions caused strong cytotoxic responses (reduced viability, membrane damage) despite low •OH levels, attributed to elevated Zn and hydrophobic organics (e.g., alkylcyclohexanes, hopanes). High-temperature combustion produced moderate but sustained •OH levels, likely from slowly cycling organics (e.g., PAHs), with limited acute cytotoxicity.These results highlight the complex and source-specific nature of PM toxicity. They underscore the limitations of relying on oxidative potential alone and the need for integrated chemical and cellular assays to better assess health risks and guide targeted emission control strategies.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144684754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elva Fuentes, Jérôme Moreau, Maurice Millet, Vincent Bretagnolle, Karine Monceau
{"title":"Pesticide mixture effects on physiological stress and morphology of growing wild nestlings","authors":"Elva Fuentes, Jérôme Moreau, Maurice Millet, Vincent Bretagnolle, Karine Monceau","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139346","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic pesticides may pose a risk to non-target organisms, notably farmland birds, through their hazardous effects on life-history traits, but their impacts on growth and physiological stress have never been assessed in natura. We investigated these effects on skeletal growth, mass gain, body condition and physiological stress (basal and stress-induced corticosterone secretions) of 35 nestlings of <em>Circus pygargus</em>, a farmland apex predator, blood-sampled twice during their development. We found contamination levels ranging from 0 to 9 pesticides detected out of the 116 searched. We observed an age and sex-dependent pattern of pesticide mixture effects on nestlings’ growth and baseline corticosterone. Males (≤17 days old) having shorter tarsus when their pesticide load was high while this was found in older females (≥18 days old). Higher pesticide loads were linked to poorer body condition of young nestlings irrespective of their sex. Similarly, depressed corticosterone secretion was found in more contaminated young nestlings, and in females irrespective of their age. These alterations observed in young nestlings are caught up later during their development. No relationship between contamination levels and stress-induced corticosterone was found. Including other life-history traits would provide more information on other stress endpoints and potential energetic trade-offs between an active defence against pesticides and important functions of the organism.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144684705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sulfidation of ZVI by mechanochemical synthesis: Lattice doping and enhanced reactivity","authors":"Yuxiang Shi, Ruofan Li, Wei-xian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139308","url":null,"abstract":"Sulfur doping into the crystalline lattice of zero-valent iron (ZVI) enhances its electronic properties and local structure, improving its efficacy for transforming environmental contaminants. This study demonstrates a novel high-energy ball milling approach to initiate mechanochemical reactions for precise sulfur doping into the Fe<sup>0</sup> lattice, addressing the hazards posed by hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and trichloroethylene (TCE), two priority pollutants known to threaten public health and ecosystems. Mechanochemically sulfidized ZVI (SZVI, 0.182 %–5.698 % sulfur) exhibited Cr(VI) and TCE removal rates up to 20 and 7 times higher, respectively, than SZVI prepared by conventional solution chemistry with aqueous Na<sub>2</sub>S, forming primarily surface-bound iron sulfides. By tuning milling time to control sulfur incorporation, removal capacities of 130.5 mg/g for Cr(VI) (S: 3.802 %) and 70.1 mg/g for TCE (S: 4.557 %) were achieved under environmentally relevant conditions mimicking groundwater matrices. Mechanical energy catalyzes in-situ iron sulfide (FeS<sub>x</sub>) ieformation through lattice expansion and atomic-scale Fe-S interpenetration, as confirmed by FeS and FeS<sub>2</sub> crystalline phases, symmetric Fe-S bond vibrations, and rearrangement in the Fe coordination environment. These findings advance ZVI-based remediation strategies, mitigating risks from hazardous contaminants in environmental systems.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144684750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhenhua Yang, Xuyan Cui, Pan Du, Quanxi Zhang, Xianyun Zheng, Xiaojuan Gong, Yuexia Zhang, Chuan Dong
{"title":"An integrated carbon dots-based sensing platform via alkali-assisted hydrothermal reaction for pH/Fe(II) detection and a sensing array for sulfur species","authors":"Zhenhua Yang, Xuyan Cui, Pan Du, Quanxi Zhang, Xianyun Zheng, Xiaojuan Gong, Yuexia Zhang, Chuan Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139340","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) were synthesized from phenolphthalein and m-phenylenediamine via a NaOH-mediated hydrothermal reaction. The blue-emitting NCDs functioned as dual-mode pH sensors, exhibiting a quenching effect in acidic solutions (pH=2–7) and colorimetric changes in alkaline environments (pH=8–12). Notably, the sensor exhibited stable performance up to five consecutive test cycles. The reliability of the method was verified through the pH analysis of commercial beverages. The highly stable NCDs exhibited a selective fluorescence quenching to Hg<sup>2+</sup> through electron transfer and redox reactions, enabling the successful construction of an on-off-on sensor array (NCDs@Hg) for the selective analysis of sulfite, sulfide, and thiosulfate with high selectivity. The three sulfur compounds were successfully differentiated and analyzed via principal component analysis (principal component 1 with a variance of 95%). Notably, EDTA-modified NCDs exhibited enhanced selectivity towards Fe<sup>2+</sup> through static quenching, enabling its detection over the concentration range of 2.25–45.00<!-- --> <!-- -->μM, with a detection limit of 0.169<!-- --> <!-- -->μM. The applicability of the sensor was validated in real samples, demonstrating satisfactory recovery rates. These findings demonstrate that NCDs are promising nanomaterials for multi-target detection through tunable sensing parameters, thereby enabling diverse practical applications.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144684882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ru-Yang Zhao, Mu-Zi Li, Qi-Qian Wang, Fu-Wei Jiang, Yi Zhao, Jin-Long Li
{"title":"STING inhibition suppresses butachlor-induced splenic macrophage pyroptosis and M1 polarization via cGAS-STING signaling","authors":"Ru-Yang Zhao, Mu-Zi Li, Qi-Qian Wang, Fu-Wei Jiang, Yi Zhao, Jin-Long Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139345","url":null,"abstract":"Butachlor (BTR), a globally prevalent amide herbicide, poses significant environmental health risks due to its bioaccumulation potential and documented chronic toxicity in mammalian systems. Given the spleen's pivotal role in orchestrating systemic immune homeostasis, this study investigated BTR-induced immunopathological mechanisms in ICR mice following 28-day subacute exposure (10<!-- --> <!-- -->mg/kg). Histopathological examination revealed significant disorganization of the splenic marginal zone architecture, concomitant with ultrastructural mitochondrial abnormalities and a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening triggered cytoplasmic translocation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), activating the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway—a master regulator of innate immunity. STING activation initiated bifurcated downstream signaling, evidenced by TBK1 phosphorylation and subsequent IRF3 / NF-κB nuclear translocation. This dual signaling cascade simultaneously executed immunogenic cell death via Gasdermin D-dependent pyroptosis (cleaved GSDMD-NT) and drove macrophage polarization (IFN-α / β, IL-1β, TNF-α). Crucially, pharmacological STING inhibition with C-176 attenuated both pyroptosis (GSDMD cleavage reduced) and inflammatory cytokine surge. Our findings not only pioneer the identification of the mtDNA-STING axis as the central mechanism underlying BTR-induced splenic immunotoxicity but also validate STING inactivation as a targeted strategy to mitigate herbicide-associated immune dysfunction. This work provides critical insights for environmental toxicant risk assessment and immunomodulatory.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144684748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-efficient immobilization of uranium by biochar loaded mixed microorganisms composed of Bacillus and Pseudomonas","authors":"Jinyao Zhang, Nan Li, Ruixi Guo, Xingrong Guo, Xueqin Li, Xiaoming Chen, Yun Dong, Qing Wang, Yongbing Zhu, Wenkun Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139296","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial remediation has prominent advantages in the prevention and control of uranium-contaminated soil. However, its efficiency in uranium immobilization remains suboptimal. Here, a biochar loaded mixed microorganisms was innovatively constructed, composed of <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>, <em>Bacillus cereus</em>, <em>Pseudomonas putida</em>, and <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> (3:2:2:3 ratio). Results demonstrate that the biochar-microbial composite achieve an 80.17% reduction in diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-extractable uranium (DTPA-U), surpassing single-strain treatments and physical mixtures. Synergistic mechanisms involving adsorption, bioreduction, and biomineralization were elucidated via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Dominant contributions from hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino and phosphate functional groups were also revealed. 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing indicates the success colonization of the introduced microbes and their influence on the soil microbial community. This study pioneers a multifunctional biochar-microbe platform for synergistic uranium immobilization, offering actionable insights in situ bioremediation strategies.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144678181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guanting Liao, Bowen Yang, Richard L. Smith, Jr, Haixin Guo, Yaqiong Su, Xinhua Qi
{"title":"Coupled nitrate-to-ammonia reduction and persulfate production for ciprofloxacin removal via Cu2O/Cu nanorod and BDD electrodes","authors":"Guanting Liao, Bowen Yang, Richard L. Smith, Jr, Haixin Guo, Yaqiong Su, Xinhua Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139331","url":null,"abstract":"Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction (NO<sub>3</sub>RR) processes that use actual aqueous nitrate pollution as a feedstock for ammonia production have two chief challenges for realization: (i), conversions are limited to neutral conditions and (ii) electrocatalysts are unable to drive nitride protonation while inhibiting hydrogen evolution. Herein, a facile electrodeposition method was applied to prepare Cu<sub>2</sub>O/Cu nanorods on copper support, which exhibited an ammonia production rate of 454.1 μmol h<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−2</sup> and Faraday efficiency of 96.8 % at −0.9 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode in neutral medium. Through application of a boron doped diamond electrode in anodic bath, persulfate production of 310.2 μmol h<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−2</sup> (18.2 % improvement in Faraday efficiency) afforded simultaneous degradation of a nitrogen-containing contaminant (ciprofloxacin). The high electron density of Cu sites on Cu<sub>2</sub>O/Cu inhibited competing hydrogen evolution and accelerated nitrate transformation. Generation of oxidative radicals (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>•−</sup> and •OH) on boron doped diamond electrode in sulfate electrolyte showed the possibility for simultaneous degradation of organic pollutants.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144684747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Converting Building Waste Soil into GIS Zeolite to Remediate Cd-Polluted Soil","authors":"Lin Cai, Qian Zheng, Ziwei Wang, Zhouyang Tian, Dazhong Yang, Zhenhua Wei, Jingtao Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139334","url":null,"abstract":"The massive output of building waste soil poses a significant challenge to urban sustainable development. However, high-efficiency building waste soil recycling solutions are extremely scarce. Meanwhile, as a significant environmental hazard, Cd-contaminated soil has posed severe threats to public health. This work demonstrates a sustainable strategy to transform multiple building waste soils into low-cost and nontoxic GIS-type zeolite for Cd-contaminated soil remediation. Leveraging the high adaptability and flexibility of GIS-zeolite’s crystallization properties, this \"soil-to-GIS-zeolite\" conversion process is simple, reliable, and highly universal, exerting high atom conversion rates of 87.28% for Al and 78.75% for Si, efficiently decreasing the raw materials cost and energy consumption. Notably, the GIS-zeolite exhibits remarkable Cd stabilization ability for soil remediation, effectively reducing the exchangeable Cd species in soil from 41.4% down to 21.3% with only a 0.3% GIS-zeolite addition. Mechanistic studies reveal that GIS-zeolite could fast capture Cd<sup>2+</sup> via surface chemisorption and gradually lock Cd<sup>2+</sup> into its framework via Na⁺ release. Overall, this study proposes a sustainable approach to advancing construction waste soil recycling, GIS-zeolite synthesis, and Cd pollution control. Furthermore, it demonstrates the huge potential of soil resources for zeolite synthesis and environmental protection, which has been heavily ignored before.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"664 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144678178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maarten Quireyns, Tim Boogaerts, Juan Sebastian Piedrahita Giraldo, Natan Van Wichelen, Len Feremans, Ilias Benaissati, Qëndrim Jonuzi, Bavo Verhaegen, Koenraad Van Hoorde, Hadrien Maloux, Veronik Hutse, Wout Bittremieux, Adrian Covaci, Alexander L.N. van Nuijs
{"title":"Comparing the applicability of de facto population markers for spatiotemporal trend analysis in wastewater-based epidemiology","authors":"Maarten Quireyns, Tim Boogaerts, Juan Sebastian Piedrahita Giraldo, Natan Van Wichelen, Len Feremans, Ilias Benaissati, Qëndrim Jonuzi, Bavo Verhaegen, Koenraad Van Hoorde, Hadrien Maloux, Veronik Hutse, Wout Bittremieux, Adrian Covaci, Alexander L.N. van Nuijs","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139332","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater-based epidemiology is an effective public health approach that enables early detection, monitoring, and assessment of community health trends by analysing human excretion products in wastewater. Here, accurate population normalization is essential to ensure correct exposure estimates. Prior work often assumes a fixed population size, which can lead to major over- or underestimation. To account for daily population fluctuations, dynamic population markers have been proposed including hydrochemical parameters, xenobiotics, biological markers, and mobile phone signalling records. This study compared the daily mass loads of 32 population markers with mobile phone derived population estimates in two Belgian cities. Weak to moderate Spearman correlations (Ir<sub>s</sub>I ≤ 0.46) were found with the strongest correlation for MDMA (r<sub>s</sub> = -0.46), and the lowest for Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (r<sub>s</sub> = 0.03). A random forest regression model was applied to one city to evaluate the importance of these proxies. Model interpretability analysis indicated that certain psychoactive substances (MDMA, paraxanthine, hydroxybupropion) and the hydrochemical parameter chloride have potential as population markers. However, their applicability is influenced by sociodemographic factors and thus site-specific. Overall, their value lies in providing complementary information for multiparameter models rather than serving as a standalone population marker.","PeriodicalId":361,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144678179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}