International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Effect of sludge concentration on wastewater treatment and membrane fouling control efficiency in electrochemical anaerobic membrane bioreactor","authors":"Y. Q. Liu,&nbsp;J. H. Ye,&nbsp;S. L. Liu,&nbsp;J. Wang,&nbsp;X. N. Li,&nbsp;W. S. Chen","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07489-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07489-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study developed an electrochemical anaerobic membrane bioreactor (E-AnMBR) with a highly conductive membrane anode and evaluated its wastewater treatment performance and membrane fouling control under varying mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations. The system achieved the highest chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency 90.34 ± 4.16% at an MLSS of 5 g/L, which was attributable to a synergy between microbial degradation and membrane retention that was modulated by both the MLSS level and bioelectrochemical processes. As MLSS increased from 5 to 11 g/L, the current output decreased from 0.57 to 0.48 mA, while the fouling rate varied non-monotonically—decreasing from 1.82 to 1.00 kPa/d before rising to 3.96 kPa/d, with the lowest fouling rate observed at 8 g/L. Higher MLSS increased sludge viscosity, impeding electron transfer, reducing current generation, and reducing the electrochemical degradation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), thereby accelerating fouling layer formation. Conversely, lower MLSS enhanced current but stimulated microbial EPS production, aggravating fouling. MLSS variations also altered microbial community structure, zeta potential, and particle size, collectively shaping system performance. Fouling modeling confirmed that cake formation and pore blocking mechanisms were consistent across MLSS levels, with differences in fouling rates arising mainly from bioelectrochemical processes that delayed the initiation of these mechanisms. Overall, MLSS concentration modulates membrane fouling in E-AnMBR via combined effects on microbial community, mixed liquor properties, and electrochemical foulant degradation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio temporal environmental impact assessment of municipal waste disposal sites: a GIS-based approach in Reforma, Mexico","authors":"J. Antonio Araiza-Aguilar,&nbsp;M. Neftalí Rojas-Valencia,&nbsp;H. Alejandro Nájera-Aguilar,&nbsp;C. Manuel García-Lara,&nbsp;R. Fernando Gutiérrez-Hernández","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07506-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07506-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents the results of the Environmental Impact Assessment of a municipal solid waste disposal site in Reforma, Chiapas, Mexico. Geographic Information Systems and spatial analysis techniques were used. An index was initially constructed that incorporated the main potential impacts (leachate generation, gaseous emissions, thermal anomalies, and land-use changes) and the most sensitive environmental components (water bodies, vegetation, human receptors, and soil moisture). The analysis compared environmental conditions between two scenarios (baseline 2005 and recent 2024), which allowed for the identification of the intensification of impacts associated with operational deficiencies at the landfill site. The results show that the most significant impacts are concentrated in the area of direct influence, especially at the working face, where the processes of formation of water, gaseous, and thermal pollutants occur. Spatial statistical analysis also confirms the presence of significant environmental impact clusters, revealing non-random patterns related to site operation, such as physiographic factors and proximity to human settlements. Finally, differentiated mitigation measures are proposed based on the severity of the impact, ranging from engineering solutions to ecological restoration and environmental monitoring. It is concluded that environmental assessment supported by technological tools complements traditional methodologies and strengthens decision-making in the environmental management of municipal solid waste.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of Rhodamine 590 from aqueous solutions by graft-modified carboxymethyl starch bioadsorbent: adsorption performance and mechanism","authors":"R. Sultana,&nbsp;A. Hussain,&nbsp;R. Sajjad,&nbsp;K. Shahzad,&nbsp;F. Haq,&nbsp;S. H. Park","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07493-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07493-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Industrial effluents containing synthetic dyes represent a persistent environmental challenge due to their toxicity, chemical stability, and resistance to conventional wastewater treatment processes. In this study, a biodegradable starch based graft copolymer, carboxymethyl starch-graft-n-butyl methacrylate (CMS-n-BMA), was synthesized via free-radical polymerization and evaluated as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of Rhodamine 590 (Rh590) from aqueous solutions. Structural characterization using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TGA indicated successful grafting of n-BMA onto CMS, resulting in reduced crystallinity, modified surface morphology, and improved thermal stability. The material exhibited excellent adsorption performance, achieving up to 99% removal efficiency under individually optimized conditions. Adsorption kinetics followed the nonlinear pseudo-second-order (PSO) model (<i>R</i>² = 0.99), while equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm model (<i>R</i>² = 0.99), with a maximum adsorption capacity of 158.04 mg g⁻¹. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. Mechanistic insights reveal that enhanced adsorption arises from synergistic electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding between cationic Rh590 molecules and functional groups within the graft modified polymer network. These findings highlight the role of graft modification in tuning adsorption behavior and demonstrate the potential of CMS-n-BMA for sustainable wastewater treatment applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div><div><p>Schematic illustration of the adsorptive removal of Rh590 from contaminated water using the CMS-n-BMA adsorbent, and the proposed adsorption mechanism.</p></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploitation of enterobacter hormaechei from contaminated natural rubber latex for biodegradation of low-density polyethylene","authors":"A. I. Asmadi,&nbsp;Y. Bustami,&nbsp;R. K. Shuib","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07500-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07500-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The escalating problem of plastic pollution presents a critical environmental challenge, emphasizing the urgent need for efficient plastic waste management. Reuse and reduce can prevent the problems caused by plastic waste. However, recycling is inefficient for mixed plastic wastes and often results in low-quality plastics that further break down into microplastics which are impossible to recover and disrupting food chains and environmental health. Biodegradation has become a sustainable approach to tackling the global plastic waste crisis. In this work, a new approach of plastic degradation mechanism inspired by bacterial decomposition of natural rubber (NR) latex was assessed for its potential as a biocatalyst in LDPE plastic degradation. LDPE served as the primary carbon source for biodegradation, while the carbon source from latex was introduced as a co-substrate and microbial enrichment medium, and nutrient broth was used as carbon source during the initial inoculum activation stage. After 45 days exposure to the bacteria the molecular weight decreased by 10% with molecular weight decreased up to 89%. SEM analysis revealed surface erosion, pits, and holes, while FTIR confirmed structural modifications in the degraded plastics, indicating bond alterations compared to the control. GC–MS analysis revealed the degradation products included short-chain alkanols, fatty acids, and esters. These derivatives are more likely to enter natural biogeochemical cycles, mitigating plastic accumulation and contributing to the restoration of soil and water health creating a more sustainable, closed-loop system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change prediction and sustainable climate risk management using a hybrid DenseNet121–MobileNet deep learning model","authors":"A. M. Mostafa,&nbsp;A. Khwaldeh,&nbsp;A. Imran,&nbsp;H. A. Mahmoud,&nbsp;A. E. Abdelgawad","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07499-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07499-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Climate change is one of the biggest threats facing the world today due to increasing temperatures, sea levels, and extreme weather conditions. Predicting these risks accurately is crucial for mitigating them and developing sustainably. The proposed research will develop an integrated deep learning model for predicting climate change and assessing climate risks. Data about climate change from several countries from 2000 to 2024 will be preprocessed using techniques such as missing value treatment, normalization, and detection and elimination of outliers. After performing Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA), temporal features will be extracted, and feature selection will be done using the Sand Cat Swarm Optimization (SCSO) technique. The selected features are fed to the hybrid DenseNet121-MobileNet to predict rainfall, sea-level rise, and average temperature. The performance of the proposed model is measured by obtaining R-squared values of 98.72%, 97.54%, and 96.32% for rainfall, sea-level rise, and average temperature, respectively. The mean absolute errors obtained vary from 0.0004 to 0.0009, indicating high prediction power of the proposed model. These results show that the hybrid model is effective at capturing the complexities of climate dynamics and can be used for making accurate climate predictions. This further indicates that the proposed methodology can be used for ensuring environmental resilience, climate adaptation, and sustainable decision-making.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption of methylene blue using activated carbons produced from wastewater-grown algal biomass: a circular economy perspective","authors":"R. Estevam,&nbsp;R. F. Gonçalves,&nbsp;D. F. Cipriano,&nbsp;L. D. Marsolla,&nbsp;J. C. C. Freitas","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07498-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07498-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study assessed the adsorption performance of methylene blue (MB) onto activated carbons (ACs) prepared from wastewater-grown algal biomass collected through various harvesting and pretreatment methods. Six ACs with micro- and mesoporous structures were produced via a single-step carbonization and steam activation process. Batch adsorption experiments showed an equilibrium time of about 1000 min, with ACs from biomass coagulated with Tanfloc® displaying the highest capacities (477 and 557 mg g⁻¹). Isotherm modeling revealed that the adsorption of MB by ACs from untreated biomass and those pretreated at 60 °C was better described by the Redlich–Peterson model. In contrast, the Freundlich model provided a better fit for ACs pretreated at 78 °C and under thermochemical conditions, indicating surface heterogeneity. Kinetic analysis offered insights into the adsorption mechanism, supporting predictive modeling for process optimization. Unlike prior research focused on production and characterization, this study emphasizes the practical application of algal-based ACs for dye removal, demonstrating their effectiveness in wastewater treatment and potential for integration into circular economy-oriented algal biorefineries.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13762-026-07498-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recoverable vegetable wastes for the degradation of dyes from wastewater","authors":"Ș. Ostaci,&nbsp;C. Slabu,&nbsp;A. E. Marta,&nbsp;M. Covașă,&nbsp;M. Dascalu,&nbsp;C. D. Jităreanu","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07478-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07478-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Food waste is a significant problem globally, with considerable economic and social impact, with estimates suggesting that approximately one-third of products are wasted annually along the supply chain. This waste not only takes up large spaces in landfills, but also contributes to the greenhouse effect by emitting gases with high global warming potential, such as methane and carbon dioxide. A promising method of valorizing food waste consists in converting it into carbon dots, which have various applications due to their extremely low toxicity and minimal impact on the environment. In this work, the transformation of <i>Momordica charantia</i> residues into carbon dots and their use in the purification process of waste water contaminated with textile dyes was pursued. Two dyes were investigated - one anionic (Amaranth) and one cationic (Methylene Blue) - which were treated with carbon dots. The degradation of the dyes was carried out in a basic environment and under the action of type A ultraviolet radiation. Four systems were designed (<i>Exp</i>1 <i>÷</i> 4) for the degradation of Methylene Blue and Amaranth dyes. The experiments performed suggest that the <i>Exp</i>2 and <i>Exp</i>3 (using K₂CO₃ and H₂O₂) systems are adequate for the degradation of Methylene Blue with <i>k</i> constants of 5.34 × 10^–2 and 8.15 × 10^–2 with <i>t</i>_½ of 12.9 min and 8.5 min. For Amaranth dye, an interaction between CDs and the dye was observed leading to an increase in absorbance intensity, recommending the use of CDs as identification agents.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13762-026-07478-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-temperature catalytic pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene and polystyrene waste using calcium oxide and magnetite–calcium oxide catalysts","authors":"M. Rahmayanti,&nbsp;G. B. Susilo,&nbsp;D. Purwaningsih,&nbsp;M. Zakariya","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07495-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07495-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Plastic waste accumulation poses a persistent environmental challenge, requiring conversion routes that are both efficient and sustainable. This study investigates the low-temperature catalytic pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene and polystyrene at 350 °C using calcium oxide derived from eggshells and magnetite–calcium oxide prepared through reverse co-precipitation. The magnetite–calcium oxide catalyst exhibited smaller particle size, higher surface area, and the combined basic functionality of CaO with the potential redox characteristics of Fe₃O₄ compared with calcium oxide. At 350 °C, the magnetite–calcium oxide catalyst yielded the highest liquid products, reaching 93.28% for polystyrene and 88.29% for low-density polyethylene, while promoting the formation of light hydrocarbons (C₅–C₁₂) and reducing heavy fractions (&gt; C₂₆) and oxygenated compounds. The liquid products from low-density polyethylene were dominated by cycloalkanes and alkenes, whereas those from polystyrene consisted primarily of light aromatic compounds. The recovered liquids exhibited fuel-relevant properties, with flash points within the reported kerosene range and calorific values comparable to those of conventional fuels, while some viscosity values remained outside the stated commercial specifications, indicating that further upgrading may be required for specific fuel applications. These findings highlight the potential of magnetite–calcium oxide as an efficient low-temperature catalyst for sustainable plastic waste valorization and resource recovery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Ag2O decorated Cu–Ni–BTC MOF for environmental remediation of organic contaminants: Kinetics, Equilibrium, Thermodynamics and regeneration perspectives","authors":"S. Momin,&nbsp;T. Mahmood,&nbsp;A. Ullah","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07496-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07496-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the successful synthesis of silver oxide (Ag₂O) decorated Cu–Ni–BTC bimetal-organic framework (Ag₂O/Cu–Ni–BTC) and thoroughly characterized by different analytical techniques. The synthesized composite was used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of noxious textile dyes from wastewater. The Ag₂O/Cu–Ni–BTC MOF demonstrated significantly enhanced adsorption capacities for methylene blue (MB) and Auramine O (AO), achieving optimal performance at pH 7 and 8, respectively. The equilibrium data was evaluated by using different isotherm models. Among them, Langmuir model provided the best fit to the data with correlation efficient values (<i>R</i>²) &gt; 0.99 for both the dyes at all studied temperatures (298-328 K), indicating monolayer adsorption behavior of MB and AO on the surface of Ag₂O/Cu–Ni–BTC MOF. Maximum monolayer adsorption capacities (q_max) of Ag₂O/Cu–Ni–BTC for MB and AO were determined to be 1000.2 and 1163.0 mg.g⁻¹ respectively, which is approximately three to four times higher than non-modified Cu–Ni–BTC framework. Kinetics analysis indicated that adsorption process followed pseudo second order kinetic model, indicating chemisorption as principal mechanism. Additionally, intraparticle-diffusion analysis indicated that film-diffusion played a more significant role than pore or surface diffusion in the adsorption of MB and AO7 onto Ag₂O/Cu–Ni–BTC composites. Thermodynamic analysis showed a negative isosteric heat of adsorption (ΔH^o), confirming exothermic nature of adsorption. Adsorption mechanism was proposed to involve electrostatic interactions, pore-filling, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions. Overall, the study highlights the industrial applicability of Ag₂O/Cu–NiBTC as an extremely efficient, fast-acting, and reusable material for elimination of cationic dyes from wastewater.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving flash-flood and debris-flow susceptibility mapping using stacking-based ensemble learning","authors":"T. Van Phong,&nbsp;P. T. Trinh,&nbsp;B. T. Pham","doi":"10.1007/s13762-026-07477-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-026-07477-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A comprehensive comparative assessment of thirteen machine learning and deep learning architectures for flash-flood and debris-flow (FFDF) susceptibility mapping in Da Nang City, Vietnam, using an integrated suite of geo-environmental variables was conducted. The evaluated classifiers included logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), tree-based ensembles (RF, GB, XGBoost, LGBM), and deep learning models (MLP, DNN, TabNet, TabPFN). A central component was the development and rigorous evaluation of three stacking meta-learning architectures: Stacking 1, a homogeneous ensemble of tree-based models (RF, LGBM, XGBoost), and two heterogeneous frameworks, Stacking 2 and D-Stacking 2, which combined LGBM, RF, SVM, and DNN to capture complex nonlinear environmental interactions that individual models often overlook. The models were trained and validated on a comprehensive spatial dataset using multiple statistical and performance metrics. To address the black-box nature of these architectures, Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) analysis was applied to quantify variable contributions and elucidate feature interactions. Ensemble learning yielded the highest predictive accuracy: Stacking 2, RF, D-Stacking 2, XGBoost, and LGBM emerged as top performers, achieving testing AUC values of 0.95–0.97 alongside superior consistency in agreement and calibration indices. SHAP identified elevation, geomorphic ruggedness, relative relief, and seasonal rainfall as the dominant drivers of FFDF susceptibility. These findings underscore the effectiveness of heterogeneous ensemble and hybrid frameworks in modeling the complex, nonlinear dynamics of hydro-geomorphic processes. The generated susceptibility maps provide robust, actionable intelligence for hazard mitigation, land-use planning, and disaster risk management in the Da Nang region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"23 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}