International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology最新文献

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Correction: Revolutionizing clinic waste management: government intervention, clinic registration, investment strategies using predictive machine learning models 纠正:彻底改变诊所废物管理:政府干预,诊所注册,使用预测机器学习模型的投资策略
IF 3.4 4区 环境科学与生态学
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-025-06718-5
A. A. Khan, N. Memon, S. Nazir, S. G. A. Saif, R. K. Ahmad
{"title":"Correction: Revolutionizing clinic waste management: government intervention, clinic registration, investment strategies using predictive machine learning models","authors":"A. A. Khan, N. Memon, S. Nazir, S. G. A. Saif, R. K. Ahmad","doi":"10.1007/s13762-025-06718-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-025-06718-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"22 15","pages":"15031 - 15031"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Short-term rainfall forecasting using multi-task learning and Weibull based postprocessing technique 基于多任务学习和威布尔后处理技术的短期降雨预报
IF 3.4 4区 环境科学与生态学
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-025-06690-0
S. M. Miri, M. R. Kavianpour, M. J. Alizadeh
{"title":"Short-term rainfall forecasting using multi-task learning and Weibull based postprocessing technique","authors":"S. M. Miri,&nbsp;M. R. Kavianpour,&nbsp;M. J. Alizadeh","doi":"10.1007/s13762-025-06690-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-025-06690-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reliable short-term rainfall forecast plays a key role for flood forecasting which can prevent or mitigate life and financial loses. In this study, a new framework integrating maximum overlap discrete wavelet transforms as a data preprocessing technique, long short-term memory as deep learning algorithm with a multitask learning approach, and a postprocessing technique gaining Weibull distribution are employed to achieve reliable rainfall forecasts from 1-h up to 12-h ahead. The model inputs include real time observations from a synoptic station (Aliabad) in Golestan Province. The multitask learning approach combine continuous rainfall forecasts from regression and rainfall detection from classification. Overall, the proposed framework showed efficiency to improve probability of detection and false alarm ratio as well as correlation between forecasted and real values. The postprocessing technique was applied to improve the model forecasts for extreme events since they were generally underestimated. The results demonstrate that the proposed methodology can be successfully for rainfall forecasts within various time windows accordingly. Furthermore, it only considers real time rainfall observations as the model inputs which is promising for regions with data shortage of other parameters such as temperature and humidity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"22 14","pages":"13571 - 13584"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145028256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From chaotic errors to natural curves: real-coded genetic calibration of wastewater treatment systems 从混沌误差到自然曲线:污水处理系统的实编码遗传校准
IF 3.4 4区 环境科学与生态学
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-08-15 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-025-06714-9
H. Esmaeili, M. A. Afshar Kazemi, R. Radfar, N. Pilevari
{"title":"From chaotic errors to natural curves: real-coded genetic calibration of wastewater treatment systems","authors":"H. Esmaeili,&nbsp;M. A. Afshar Kazemi,&nbsp;R. Radfar,&nbsp;N. Pilevari","doi":"10.1007/s13762-025-06714-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-025-06714-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Non-normal residuals in rule-based wastewater controllers undermine reliability and hinder statistical monitoring. This study resolves the issue by fusing a zero-order Sugeno fuzzy-inference system with a real-coded genetic algorithm that jointly tunes rule weights and membership functions while steering errors toward Gaussian form. Fuzzy-cognitive mapping reduces the candidate rule set to five dominant rules, which are then optimized on a training–testing split from a full-scale plant. The resulting controller lifts the treated-water-quality index from 51.08 to 69.28, lowers mean-squared error and attains a test RMSE of 0.03; the residual standard deviation is virtually identical, confirming a near-normal error distribution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"22 14","pages":"13557 - 13570"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145028225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Absorption of carbon dioxide using a deep eutectic solvent in a packed bed column 用深度共晶溶剂在填充床柱中吸收二氧化碳
IF 3.4 4区 环境科学与生态学
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-08-15 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-025-06713-w
M. Kermaninejad, V. Mohebbi
{"title":"Absorption of carbon dioxide using a deep eutectic solvent in a packed bed column","authors":"M. Kermaninejad,&nbsp;V. Mohebbi","doi":"10.1007/s13762-025-06713-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-025-06713-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide is primarily attributed to the extensive consumption of fossil fuels, raising global concerns about the greenhouse effect and related problems. Separating, transferring, and then storing or consuming carbon dioxide is one of the ways to reduce its emission. In recent years, many activities have focused on surveying new types of solvents, such as ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents (DES). A DES is generally composed of two or three components, capable of self-association, often through hydrogen-bond interactions, to form a eutectic mixture. A deep eutectic solvent consisting of a choline chloride and diethylene glycol mixture (ratio 1:3) has been used. The experiments were carried out in a packed bed filled with Raschig rings. Results show that the volumetric mass transfer coefficient on the liquid side clearly increased with the liquid flow rate, while exhibiting a marginal increase with the gas flow rate. The measured value of the liquid side volumetric mass transfer coefficient was (0.83 × 10<sup>−2</sup> to 1.37 × 10<sup>−2</sup>) s<sup>−1</sup>. Volumetric mass transfer coefficients were determined and compared with published correlations in the literature. It showed good agreement with the experimental data, with a maximum relative error of less than 15%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"22 14","pages":"13545 - 13556"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145028224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Graphene quantum dots functionalized dimercaptosuccinic acid-putrescine as a fluorescence probe for the determination of As(III) 石墨烯量子点功能化二巯基琥珀酸-腐胺荧光探针测定砷(III)
IF 3.4 4区 环境科学与生态学
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-025-06671-3
A. Rostamiiranagh, R. Mohammad-Rezaei
{"title":"Graphene quantum dots functionalized dimercaptosuccinic acid-putrescine as a fluorescence probe for the determination of As(III)","authors":"A. Rostamiiranagh,&nbsp;R. Mohammad-Rezaei","doi":"10.1007/s13762-025-06671-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-025-06671-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Here, a novel fluorescence probe based on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) capped with dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and putrescine (PUT) for fast and selective determination of As(III) was reported. Electron transmission microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy have been used to characterize the prepared DMSA-PUT capped GQDs. Due to high affinity of DMSA-PUT functional groups to As(III), the FL intensity of the designed DMSA-PUT capped GQDs was linearly quenched in the presence of As(III) from 0.025 to 150 ppb with suitable reproducibility and repeatability. Fluorescence response of DMSA-PUT capped GQDs in the presence of several ions at various pHs were studied revealing suitable selectivity of the developed sensor for As<sup>3+</sup>. Statistical student’s t-test analysis of the standard NIST SRM 2669 and SRM 1572b confirmed the accuracy of the method against systematic and constant errors (&gt; 95% recovery with &lt; 5% RSD). The prepared fluorescent probe shows a limit of detection of 0.0132 ppb, which is appropriate for detecting hazardous As(III) in drinkable ground waters. The developed sensor was utilized for fluorescence probing of As<sup>3+</sup> in underground water samples with satisfactory analytical results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"22 14","pages":"13413 - 13422"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145028081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Integrated strategies for carbon emission control and air quality improvement in Iran 伊朗控制碳排放和改善空气质量的综合战略
IF 3.4 4区 环境科学与生态学
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-08-04 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-025-06645-5
H. Esmaeili, M. A. Afshar Kazemi, R. Radfar, N. Pilevari
{"title":"Integrated strategies for carbon emission control and air quality improvement in Iran","authors":"H. Esmaeili,&nbsp;M. A. Afshar Kazemi,&nbsp;R. Radfar,&nbsp;N. Pilevari","doi":"10.1007/s13762-025-06645-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-025-06645-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Synergistic reduction of carbon emissions and air pollutants is critical to achieving two major strategic objectives: (a) significantly improving Iran’s ecological environment and (b) meeting its national targets for carbon mitigation and pollution control. Strengthening emissions management at the provincial level remains an urgent priority, not only for Iran but also for many fossil-fuel-dependent countries. Drawing on data from a major industrial region in Iran, this study applies environmentally extended input–output analysis combined with structural path analysis to identify the principal contributors to CO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, and total particulate matter (TPM) emissions and to map critical supply-chain emission pathways. The results reveal that fossil fuel extraction, nonmetal mineral products, metal smelting, power and heating plants, and the transportation sector dominate direct emissions. On the consumption side, construction activities, equipment manufacturing, and service sectors collectively account for over 45% of embodied CO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, and TPM emissions. Among the top 100 emission pathways, 32 are common across all three pollutants, representing 27–51% of Iran’s total emissions. These key pathways primarily involve exports and gross capital formation driving upstream emissions in sectors such as nonmetal mineral products and metal smelting. The findings offer a robust foundation for designing targeted mitigation policies and provide valuable insights for provincial strategies within Iran, as well as for other nations seeking effective approaches to reduce both carbon emissions and air pollution simultaneously.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"22 13","pages":"12661 - 12676"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144814367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Correction: β-FeOOH-loaded Juncus effusus as a heterogeneous persulfate activator for rhodamine B degradation 更正:负载β- feoh的积液浓缩液作为罗丹明B降解的非均相过硫酸盐活化剂
IF 3.4 4区 环境科学与生态学
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-08-04 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-025-06680-2
S. Zhang, M. Li, M. Wang, Z. Du, Y. Liu, M. Li
{"title":"Correction: β-FeOOH-loaded Juncus effusus as a heterogeneous persulfate activator for rhodamine B degradation","authors":"S. Zhang,&nbsp;M. Li,&nbsp;M. Wang,&nbsp;Z. Du,&nbsp;Y. Liu,&nbsp;M. Li","doi":"10.1007/s13762-025-06680-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-025-06680-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"22 15","pages":"15165 - 15165"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Presenting a conceptual model of spatial resilience in the face of fire in Tehran, Iran 提出了伊朗德黑兰面对火灾时空间弹性的概念模型
IF 3.4 4区 环境科学与生态学
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-08-02 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-025-06635-7
A. Kheirdast, S. A. Jozi, M. M. E. Tehrani, S. Rezaian
{"title":"Presenting a conceptual model of spatial resilience in the face of fire in Tehran, Iran","authors":"A. Kheirdast,&nbsp;S. A. Jozi,&nbsp;M. M. E. Tehrani,&nbsp;S. Rezaian","doi":"10.1007/s13762-025-06635-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-025-06635-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Crises are the main reflection of life mismanagement. Therefore, what is important in the occurrence of accidents is resilience of a place that can improve the continuity of the region's environment and provide stability and dynamism in times of crisis. This research aims to calculate the level of <i>spatial resilience</i> in the face of fire in Region 19 of Tehran. This is an applied research and the sampling method is random. The weights of the factors were calculated using Expert Choice software and the inconsistency rate was less than 0.1. The validity of the questionnaire was calculated through the CVR index for the items in the form of a Likert scale and its estimated value was 0.49. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and SPSS20 software and its value was 0.82. The data were standardized using the hierarchical evaluation model and ArcGIS<sub>10.6</sub> software. The model was designed using the Vensim<sub>PLx32</sub> system. Findings achieved by examining 3 criteria and 12 spatial indexes that identify the main features of resilience in Region 19 showed that Physical Resilience, Operational Resilience, and Infrastructural Resilience were prioritized respectively as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd priorities with the importance factors of 0.12, 0.58 and 0.28. The results obtained from the spatial resilience zoning map show that 21.67% of the area (2,812,993 m<sup>2</sup>) has low resilience, and 43.79% of the area (5,682,805 m<sup>2</sup>) has medium resilience and 16.59% of the area (21,536,913 m<sup>2</sup>) has high resilience.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"22 13","pages":"12717 - 12736"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144814248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Treatment of synthetic textile sewage containing anthraquinone and azo based disperse dyes using bacterial consortium 细菌联合体处理含蒽醌和偶氮分散染料的合成纺织污水
IF 3.4 4区 环境科学与生态学
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-07-29 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-025-06649-1
A. Ansari, K. Hussain, A. Aman, T. Naveed, M. S. Haider
{"title":"Treatment of synthetic textile sewage containing anthraquinone and azo based disperse dyes using bacterial consortium","authors":"A. Ansari,&nbsp;K. Hussain,&nbsp;A. Aman,&nbsp;T. Naveed,&nbsp;M. S. Haider","doi":"10.1007/s13762-025-06649-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-025-06649-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Untreated wastewater from industries containing synthetic dyes may raise several health and ecological concerns. The environmental legislature compels industries to treat effluents before final disposal and recycling. Therefore, there is a need to develop a competent bioremediation strategy to treat effluent released from industries. The aim of this research was to develop a bacterial consortium for the treatment of synthetic textile sewage containing toxic dyes. In this research, two bacteria namely <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> KIBGE IB21 and <i>Glutamicibacter uratoxydans</i> KIBGE IB41 were used to develop bacterial consortium. Bacterial consortium C4 assisted in 88% and 76% decolorization of synthetic textile sewage 1 and 2, respectively at 35 °C after 18 h of incubation. Difference in retention time in high performance liquid chromatography showed dyes degradation in treated samples. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the degradation of dyes chromophore. Water quality analyses showed a decrease in total suspended solids and biological and chemical oxygen demand of treated samples. MTS assay showed 100% and 95% detoxification of sewage 1 and 2, respectively. The prepared bacterial consortium also exhibited profound results in real textile effluent. This bioremediation approach is a step to treat industrial effluents that may help in the recycling of wastewater. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"22 15","pages":"15577 - 15591"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Slightly acidic electrolyzed water treated bamboo culm straws: a promising alternative to plastic straws 微酸性电解水处理竹秆吸管:塑料吸管的一个有前途的替代品
IF 3.4 4区 环境科学与生态学
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-07-28 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-025-06650-8
M. Guan, M. Wu, P. Che, X. Liu, Q. Jia, S. Qian
{"title":"Slightly acidic electrolyzed water treated bamboo culm straws: a promising alternative to plastic straws","authors":"M. Guan,&nbsp;M. Wu,&nbsp;P. Che,&nbsp;X. Liu,&nbsp;Q. Jia,&nbsp;S. Qian","doi":"10.1007/s13762-025-06650-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13762-025-06650-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Natural biodegradable alternatives to plastic straws have attracted more attention because of the environmental problems caused by disposable plastic straws. The hollow bamboo culm of <i>Sasa fortunei</i> is a promising substitute for plastic straws because of its small diameter, fast-growing, naturally renewability, and biodegradability. However, bamboo culm straw is easily affected by mildew infection. This study investigated the impact of electrolyzed water (EW) treatment on the anti-mildew properties of <i>Sasa fortunei</i> culm straws using an orthogonal test (L<sub>9</sub>(3<sup>3</sup>)) considering pH value, treatment time and temperature. The anti-mildew properties, contact angle, thermal degradation, water stability and mechanical properties of bamboo culm straws were tested. The results showed that the factors affecting the anti-mildew performance of bamboo culm straws were pH value, treatment temperature and treatment time in sequence. The optimal parameters of the EW were pH value of 6.0 at 60 °C for 120 min, with the best anti-mildew effect of 9.37% infection area rate. The bamboo straw treated by slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) had a larger surface contact angle and a smaller surface energy. The mechanical properties of bamboo straw immersed in green tea, orange juice, coke and milk showed higher than those of the untreated group. Therefore, the <i>Sasa fortunei</i> bamboo straw treated by SAEW has good water and thermal stability, excellent mechanical properties and anti-mildew properties, being a potential material to replace the traditional plastic straw.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":589,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology","volume":"22 15","pages":"15543 - 15554"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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