Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Rethinking Environmental Impact Assessment for nature positive development","authors":"Holly Kirk,&nbsp;Dale Wright,&nbsp;Georgia E Garrard,&nbsp;Casey Visintin,&nbsp;Matthew Selinske,&nbsp;Sarah A Bekessy","doi":"10.1002/fee.70068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Achieving “nature positive” development within existing regulatory frameworks will be challenging. Halting and reversing biodiversity loss requires protection, restoration, and enhancement of ecosystems alongside a fundamental shift in how biodiversity is valued and quantifiable improvements are assessed. A new approach is needed because traditional Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) focused on mitigating negative impacts will not promote positive outcomes. We propose an additional EIA pathway that assesses the potential for biodiversity gains at development sites, reframing biodiversity as an asset to be enhanced, rather than as a problem to avoid. By adding the identification of biodiversity-enhancing opportunities to development planning, this approach encourages actions that support sustainable and resilient ecosystems, providing a clearer link to the social and economic benefits that can also be accumulated. Through two hypothetical case studies, we illustrate how this nature positive pathway identifies biodiversity potential. We also discuss how developers may be incentivized to align with the global nature positive agenda</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.70068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Justice for biodiversity: an X-curve transformation pathway for a sustainable future","authors":"Camille PA Venier-Cambron","doi":"10.1002/fee.70062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.70062","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Decades of conservation action have failed to stem biodiversity loss, stimulating heated debates over which conservation strategies are the most effective. Do we focus on preserving sufficient wilderness, maintaining services from nature for societal well-being, or protecting vulnerable socioecologies from injustice? Despite the apparent rivalry between these three agendas, their underlying values—ecological resilience, social prosperity, and freedom from harm—are not mutually exclusive. In this study, the X-curve framework is used to help imagine a transformation pathway for a future that not only protects but also systemically advances all three of these goals. Doing so demonstrates the potential complementarity between approaches, as well as the need for coordinated engagement with other transformative agendas, such as environmental justice movements. Outcomes can be supported through decentralized environmental governance and a more equitable political economy, highlighting that the protection of land and land rights is only the first step.</p>","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.70062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a research agenda for actionable ecological science","authors":"Diane E Pataki,&nbsp;Peter M Groffman,&nbsp;Austin Himes,&nbsp;Matt S Schuler,&nbsp;Lilli Kaarakka,&nbsp;Matthew A McCary,&nbsp;Danielle Ignace,&nbsp;Nalini Rao","doi":"10.1002/fee.70060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.70060","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Since January 2025, the content and process of science in the US have been subject to much discussion and debate. This ferment has caused many of us to think deeply about the value of our science and how it benefits society.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Ecological Society of America (ESA) has a long history of developing community-wide, consensus agendas for ecological research that provide societal benefits. In 1991, the Sustainable Biosphere Initiative developed a framework to prioritize ecological research topics related to global change, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable ecological systems. In 2002, the Ecological Visions Project further updated and advanced community research priorities in ecological sustainability; and later, in 2009, the Earth Stewardship Initiative focused on the actionability of ecological science by identifying the knowledge needed for global stewardship.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To consider the future of ecology in the current social and political context of science in the US and beyond, we now have a new initiative: the &lt;i&gt;ESA Task Force to Establish a Research Agenda in Actionable Ecological Science&lt;/i&gt; (hereafter, “task force”). While contemplating ways to bring the ESA community together to discuss a future research agenda, the task force—composed of a small group of ESA members—posed pressing questions: How has ecology as a discipline contributed to societal and environmental problem-solving in the past? Are decision-makers and the general public aware of these successes? What are current best practices for conducting actionable ecological research? What are the most urgent and important societal challenges that can be informed by advances in ecological science? How can we foster dialogue across a broader group of ecologists and practitioners outside the task force?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To address these questions, the task force held a Special Session at the 2025 ESA annual meeting in Baltimore and developed a survey asking ESA members to rank choices associated with three overarching questions:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(1) What are the most urgent research directions in ecology for climate adaptation and/or mitigation?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(2) What are the most urgent research directions in ecology to address habitat and biodiversity loss?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(3) What are the most urgent research priorities for helping to ensure a fair distribution of ecological amenities and benefits?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Although we intend to publish a more detailed analysis, including methods and results, from the survey elsewhere, here we briefly summarize the initial 56 responses received. Most respondents (61%) were from a college or university, followed by 20% from non-profit organizations, and 9% from the federal government. With respect to career stage, 33% of respondents self-identified as mid-career, 25% as early career, 18% as students, and 21.5% as retired and/or emeritus. Some key responses from those initial participants are provided below:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Holistic solutions that consider and address multiple, interacting i","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.70060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legacy effects of redlining on the distribution of greenspaces in US cities","authors":"Travis Gallo,&nbsp;Mason Fidino,&nbsp;Christopher J Schell,&nbsp;Marccus D Hendricks,&nbsp;Seth B Magle","doi":"10.1002/fee.70056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.70056","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigated how a discriminatory housing policy—redlining—has shaped the spatial patterns and configurations of greenspaces throughout 177 cities in the contiguous US. Housing segregation has been a long-term development practice that has sequestered communities of color to areas with elevated environmental and public health risks. Although the lasting environmental, social, and economic impacts of redlining are clear, the impact of redlining on landscapes is still unfolding. In neighborhoods that were historically redlined, we found that (i) less overall greenspace was available, (ii) individual greenspaces were smaller and less connected, and (iii) residents belonged predominantly to communities of color and/or households had lower income. Thus, the legacy of redlining can be seen in the modern spatial patterns of urban greenspaces, and ecosystem services provided by greenspaces have been systematically absent from redlined communities for decades.</p>","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.70056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149084049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maslow's hierarchy of needs rests on ecological security","authors":"Noa Steiner,&nbsp;Tamar Dayan","doi":"10.1002/fee.70051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.70051","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a highly recognized human motivational theory, stipulates that achieving human self-actualization depends on fulfilling basic needs—physiological needs; safety needs; love and belonging; and self-esteem. All of these needs are inherently linked to ecological integrity, biodiversity, and a healthy environment. Yet, this connection is not made explicit under Maslow's framework, often driving a misperception that securing a safe environment is a “nice to have” motivation once all basic needs have been met. Doing so ignores crucial interactions between these needs and the environment, influencing decision-making priorities and perceptions of risk at all levels within the hierarchy of needs, which is often depicted as a pyramid.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nature conservation narratives and the terminology used therein have evolved over time. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment highlighted links between ecosystems and human well-being through the ecosystem services concept. The IPBES conceptual framework expanded this concept to also include “nature's contributions to people” and “nature's gifts” to achieve a good quality of life, integrating Indigenous and diverse values of nature, while addressing critiques that the ecosystem services concept marginalizes the intrinsic value of nature.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This terminology of services, gifts, and contributions mostly puts the burden of proof (on determining how much there is to gain) onto the ecosystem assessments’ knowledge production and synthesis, thereby directly linking biodiversity with specific ecosystem services; nevertheless, such linkages are often incomplete and uncertain, and at times focus on the conversion of ecological and biophysical phenomena into economic terms. These assessments are important tools to advance science and our understanding of complex processes and dependencies. However, additional tools are needed for showcasing how biodiversity and its complex processes act as a mediator, underlying most physiological and personal safety considerations of basic human needs. Integrating environmental and ecological dimensions through a safety and security lens is therefore essential.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Inside Maslow's hierarchy, or five-level pyramid, the two foundational (bottom-most) layers are occupied by &lt;b&gt;physiological needs&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;safety needs&lt;/b&gt;, both of which rely on a healthy environment and a high degree of ecological integrity. With its complex processes, thriving biodiversity supports these needs and is thus, in and of itself, a basic need. Clean water and air required to fulfill physiological and safety needs are both dependent on diverse and healthy ecosystems, which maintain the necessary regulatory functions through effective management of resources and waste.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Maintaining healthy fish populations, for example, is important not only for ecology and conservation but also for nutritional security and resource independence of small-scale fishing and coastal communitie","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"24 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.70051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148862387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancient practices enhance biodiversity conservation: Evidence from village fengshui forests","authors":"Cheng Jin,&nbsp;Siwei Hu,&nbsp;Lihua Zhou,&nbsp;Li Huang,&nbsp;C.Y. Jim,&nbsp;Jesse Minor,&nbsp;Tien Ming Lee,&nbsp;Yongchuan Yang","doi":"10.1002/fee.70066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>By acting as potential candidates for other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), village <i>fengshui</i> forests demonstrate how community-based management sustains regional biodiversity in China. Nevertheless, limited information on the nationwide distribution and biodiversity conservation effectiveness of these forests has hindered their integration as OECMs. We compiled a national database of 811 village <i>fengshui</i> forests, detailing their geographical coordinates, species composition, and areal extents. We found that these forests were widely distributed across southern China and were mostly independent from formal nature reserves. Although village <i>fengshui</i> forests exhibited higher human footprint indices and were smaller in area than formal nature reserves, they harbored diverse plant communities, primarily remnant patches of evergreen broadleaf forests. They also provided refugia for 60 rare and endangered tree species, including 24 relict species in subtropical humid habitats. Our findings highlight the potential role of village <i>fengshui</i> forests in biodiversity conservation outside of formal nature reserves, and how they contribute to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework</b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"24 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148862541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defining the pollinator garden: is conceptual flexibility a feature or a bug?","authors":"Atticus W Murphy,&nbsp;Nicholas N Dorian,&nbsp;Emily Minor,&nbsp;Paul J CaraDonna,&nbsp;Sean R Griffin,&nbsp;Heather Holm,&nbsp;Amy M Iler,&nbsp;Gwen E Kirschke,&nbsp;J Scott MacIvor,&nbsp;Katherine R Urban-Mead,&nbsp;Elsa Youngsteadt,&nbsp;Elizabeth E Crone","doi":"10.1002/fee.70052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ecologists often aim to reduce conceptual ambiguity by attempting to create rigid shared lexicons. These efforts imply that ambiguity is undesirable. In some contexts, however, conceptual flexibility comes with under-discussed benefits. Here, we use the lens of pollinator gardening to explore how conceptual flexibility is built into participatory conservation practices, and how this flexibility is central to the effectiveness of these practices. Grassroots conservation movements like pollinator gardening often have diffuse, bottom-up origins, producing a cloud of heterogeneous practices under an umbrella definition. We posit that conceptual flexibility provides key benefits in participatory conservation by attracting a larger, more diverse set of voluntary participants and experts, each of whom takes small actions that scale-up to large impacts in a process of conservation coproduction. We also suggest a flexible operational framework for ecologists studying participatory conservation, with the aim of enabling rigorous research without the need for rigid global definitions.</p>","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"24 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.70052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148862517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dryland research networks as critical infrastructure for coordinated action","authors":"Oumarou Malam Issa,&nbsp;Sougueh Cheik,&nbsp;David J Eldridge,&nbsp;Quirico Migheli,&nbsp;Davide Rizzo,&nbsp;David Williamson,&nbsp;Fernando T Maestre","doi":"10.1002/fee.70067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.70067","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Land degradation, biodiversity loss, and climate change—each a global crisis—are deeply interconnected, and land is one of the principal arenas in which they converge. This interdependence is reflected in the three Rio Conventions: the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Although these Conventions were established with distinct mandates, the achievement of their objectives ultimately depends on how land is used, managed, and restored (Maestre &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;). Land management determines whether or to what degree ecosystems conserve biodiversity, store carbon, regulate water, sustain food production, and support human livelihoods. Poorly executed land management facilitates land degradation, which undermines the objectives of all three Conventions. In contrast, by preventing degradation and restoring land, sustainable land management can benefit climate mitigation and adaptation, biodiversity conservation, food and water security, and human well-being (Van der Esch &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;span&gt;2017&lt;/span&gt;). Sustainable land management is therefore essential to coordinating the implementation—and achieving the goals—of the Rio Conventions and remains one of the most pressing challenges on the international environmental agenda (Akhtar-Schuster &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;span&gt;2017&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) has emerged as a key framework for linking land restoration, biodiversity conservation, climate resilience, and sustainable development, particularly through Sustainable Development Goal target 15.3 (Chasek &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;). Yet achieving LDN requires more than restoration targets, short-term projects, or isolated case studies. It depends on the capacity to generate, integrate, and mobilize knowledge across disciplines, sectors, and scales so that evidence can inform policy frameworks and land management decisions. Despite substantial advances in ecological monitoring, restoration, and understanding, knowledge is often produced in fragments, while implementation of policy and practice requires sustained, comparable, integrated, and actionable evidence. As delegates convene for the 17th Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP17) to the UNCCD in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (17–28 Aug 2026), a central challenge is to transform fragmented knowledge on land degradation into coordinated action that delivers benefits for land, biodiversity, and climate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Drylands illustrate this challenge with clarity. Covering approximately 41% of the Earth's terrestrial surface and supporting more than two billion people, drylands are globally important social–ecological systems (Safriel &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;span&gt;2005&lt;/span&gt;). Their degradation rarely has a single cause; instead, it emerges from interactions among ecological processes, climate variability, socio-economic dynamics, and governan","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"24 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.70067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148862540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An adequacy-for-purpose perspective for the environmental sciences","authors":"Wendy S Parker,&nbsp;Cayelan C Carey,&nbsp;Freya Olsson,&nbsp;R Quinn Thomas","doi":"10.1002/fee.70058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The range of datasets, methods, and other tools available for environmental research and decision-making is rapidly expanding. How should the quality of these tools be evaluated? When are new resources better than existing resources? We advocate an adequacy-for-purpose perspective, according to which the quality of environmental research tools depends on both research aims and context of use: a good tool is one that will allow its users—given their knowledge, expertise, and practical resources—to achieve their aims. The adequacy-for-purpose approach to assessment differs in various ways from standard practice and, we argue, has several advantages. It can help researchers and environmental managers avoid using “best available” datasets and models for purposes for which they are ill-suited. It can also help researchers recognize the value of tools that are not state-of-the-art. We illustrate the adequacy-for-purpose approach with examples from lake and reservoir forecasting.</p>","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"24 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.70058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148862075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing for resilience with ecological structure: Portfolio effects in the Laurentian Great Lakes","authors":"Kayla RS Hale,&nbsp;Timothy J Fernandes,&nbsp;Reilly F O'Connor,&nbsp;Charlotte A Ward,&nbsp;Kevin Cazelles,&nbsp;Joey R Bernhardt,&nbsp;Cindy Chu,&nbsp;Henrique C Giacomini,&nbsp;Alexander Koeberle,&nbsp;Marten A Koops,&nbsp;Stuart A Ludsin,&nbsp;Andrew M Muir,&nbsp;Tom Stewart,&nbsp;Caroline Tucker,&nbsp;Tyler D Tunney,&nbsp;Kevin S McCann","doi":"10.1002/fee.70057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Combined effects of global change, including land conversion, biological invasions, and overexploitation, have degraded the resilience of ecosystems and the services they provide. Here, we identify key ecological structures and processes that can be targeted by management to improve resilience at scales ranging from single species to entire landscapes. We highlight portfolio effects as a resilience-promoting process that both stabilizes and increases yield within food webs. We then discuss how habitat heterogeneity propagates portfolio effects across trophic levels and spatial scales to generate resilient ecosystems. Using examples from the North American Great Lakes Basin, we show that human-driven global change has broadly eroded portfolio effects and habitat heterogeneity, thereby increasing ecosystem vulnerability to future disturbances. Fortunately, strategic management actions can amplify resilience-promoting processes and dampen instabilities. Our synthesis supports the incorporation of whole-ecosystem resilience indices into conventional natural resource management and the structured, landscape-scale restoration of habitat heterogeneity to promote across-scale portfolio effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":171,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","volume":"24 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fee.70057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}