Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Physiological and histopathological response of non-target organisms to emamectin benzoate: an effective innovative insecticide or a new ecosystem health hazard?","authors":"Meryem Bayrak ,&nbsp;Pınar Arslan Yüce ,&nbsp;Aysel Çağlan Günal ,&nbsp;Göktuğ Gül ,&nbsp;Cristiana Roberta Multisanti ,&nbsp;Caterina Faggio","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emamectin benzoate (EB) is a macrocyclic lactone insecticide, belonging to the avermectins class and ivermectin family and is produced by <em>Streptomyces avermitilis</em>. EB is widely used in agriculture and aquaculture to reduce the damaging effects of pests. This study aimed to investigate the 1) acute toxicity (median lethal concentration values, LC₅₀) and 2) sublethal toxicity (immunological, biochemical and histopathological effects of sublethal concentrations) of EB on non-target freshwater mussels (<em>Unio delicatus</em>). The 96-h LC₅₀ value of EB for <em>U. delicatus</em> was determined as 0.21 mg/L. <em>U. delicatus</em> individuals were exposed to sublethal concentrations at ¹/₁₀ and ¹/₁₀₀ of the LC₅₀ value for 48 h, 7d and 21d. Acute exposure to sub-lethal concentrations resulted in a significant decrease in the total haemocyte count compared to the control groups (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Changes in total antioxidant status and total oxidant levels occurred in the haemolymph. While changes in gill and digestive gland glutathione and advanced oxidation protein products were not significant during acute (48 h and 7d) and chronic (21d) exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of EB, significant increases or decreases were observed in malondialdehyde, compared to control groups (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). In addition to immunological and biochemical changes, histopathological changes were observed in gill and digestive gland tissues. The results of this study showed that exposure to EB at two sublethal concentrations in <em>U. delicatus</em> caused biochemical and histopathological changes in the tissues of the haemolymph, gills and digestive glands. The overall results of this study showed that EB is toxic to mussels even at sub-lethal concentrations in acute and chronic exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110241"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144184574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic toxicity of antibiotics and global warming in Danio rerio: Biomarker responses and toxicological effects","authors":"Bárbara S. Diogo ,&nbsp;Sara Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Bent Speksnijder ,&nbsp;Oksana Golovko ,&nbsp;Sara C. Antunes","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The combined influence of multiple stress factors on natural ecosystems is a critical concern, as neglecting their effects could compromise essential biological functions. However, limited studies have explored the combined effects of antibiotics and global warming on aquatic ecosystems, leaving a gap in understanding their interaction. This study aimed to assess the toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of sulfamethoxazole (SMX: 150 μg/L), trimethoprim (TRIM: 30 μg/L), and their mixture (MIX: 150 μg SMX/L + 30 μg TRIM/L) on <em>Danio rerio</em> at three temperature conditions: standard (26 °C), moderately high (28 °C), and high (32 °C) temperatures. A multi-biomarker approach was used to evaluate the organism's biological status (e.g., antioxidant/detoxification defense enzymes, lipid peroxidation, cholinergic neurotransmission, energetic metabolism, DNA damage). Results indicated that rising temperatures influenced the toxicity level of each antibiotic differently to <em>D. rerio</em>. At 26 °C, all the antibiotics were marginally toxic, and major alterations were observed (oxidative stress and neurotoxicity). Increasing temperature to 28 °C, the toxicity increased, with SMX and MIX exhibiting moderate toxicity, and severe alterations (neurotoxicity and DNA damage). In contrast, TRIM showed only slight toxicity and recorded negligible alterations (antioxidant defense alterations). At higher temperature (32 °C) individual antibiotics revealed slightly toxic with negligible alterations. However, MIX at 32 °C was more toxic, and severe damage was observed (e.g., higher DNA damage). These findings reveal a pressing and alarming threat: combined contaminants impact and climate change could drive aquatic ecosystems toward collapse. Understanding how these stressors interact is critical to preventing potentially irreversible damage to aquatic life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110240"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144198450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecotoxicological impacts of fipronil sulfone: Developmental and behavioral disruptions in zebrafish embryos and larvae","authors":"Bianca de Arruda Leite ,&nbsp;Bruno Rossato ,&nbsp;Carlos Gravato ,&nbsp;Daniel Junqueira Dorta ,&nbsp;Danielle Palma de Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fipronil sulfone is a persistent oxidative metabolite of the insecticide fipronil, frequently detected in aquatic systems and known to exert neurotoxic effects on non-target organisms. Despite its environmental relevance, the developmental impacts of fipronil sulfone remain underexplored. In this study, zebrafish embryos and larvae were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of fipronil sulfone (12.5–1000 μg/L) at different developmental stages (24, 48, 72, 120, and 144 hpf). Morphological, behavioral, and biochemical endpoints were assessed. Exposure to concentrations ≥125 μg/L significantly reduced swim bladder inflation (up to 100 % inhibition at ≥250 μg/L) and induced spinal curvature in over 60 % of larvae. Survival decreased progressively with increasing concentrations, reaching 100 % mortality at 1000 μg/L. Larvae exposed to 125 μg/L also exhibited hyperactivity followed by reduced locomotion, likely due to blocked GABAergic receptors and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Moreover, oxidative stress was confirmed by increased reactive oxygen species and glutathione S-transferase activity. These findings demonstrate that even low concentrations of fipronil sulfone can compromise neurodevelopment and survival in zebrafish, underscoring the need for its inclusion in environmental monitoring and risk assessment frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110236"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144186743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lycopene alleviates splenic injury in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) caused by endoplasmic reticulum stress-autophagy axis induced by sulfamethoxazole through regulating AKT/AMPK pathway","authors":"Shuni Wang ,&nbsp;Yingxue Zhang ,&nbsp;Wangjuan Hu,&nbsp;Gaorong Zan,&nbsp;Yaxuan He,&nbsp;Mingwei Xing,&nbsp;Hongjing Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfamethozole (SMZ), an antibiotic widely used in aquaculture, is bioaccumulating and resistant to degradation, posing ecological risks. Although environmentally relevant SMZ concentrations (0.3 μg/L) are known to impair piscine immune function, the molecular mechanisms driving its toxicity remain elusive. Lycopene (LYC) is a potent bioactive compound that alleviates SMZ-induced toxicity by regulating the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress autophagy axis. This experiment chooses 120 grass carps, divided into 4 groups: control group (CON), SMZ exposure group (0.3 μg/L), the LYC supplement group (10 mg/kg) and SMZ + LYC combined treatment group. The toxicity of SMZ (0.3 μg/L) to grass carp and the mitigation effect of LYC (10 mg/kg) to SMZ were studied through a 30-day experiment. Histopathological alterations were evaluated via hematoxylin-eosin (H&amp;E) staining, ultrastructural changes were visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and key biomarkers of ER stress, autophagy, and AKT/AMPK signaling were quantified through qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Results demonstrated that SMZ exposure induced disorganization of white pulp, cellular vacuolation, and activation of melanomacrophage centers (MMCs), accompanied by significant upregulation of ER stress markers (IRE1, PERK, ATF6, GRP78, eif2α) and autophagy-related genes (LC3, P62, Beclin1, ATG5). TEM revealed nuclear pyknosis, mitochondrial swelling, and increased autophagosomes in SMZ-treated splenocytes. LYC intervention markedly attenuated these pathological injuries and suppressed ER stress and excessive autophagy by modulating the AKT/AMPK pathway. Molecular docking analysis confirmed binding affinity between LYC and AKT/AMPK proteins, with a binding energy of −8.8 kcal/mol. Our findings establish a mechanistic foundation for developing LYC-enriched functional feeds to counteract antibiotic-associated ecological risks in sustainable aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110239"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Ahiflower® (Buglossoides arvensis) seed-oil supplementation help overcome the adverse effects of imidacloprid in honey bees?","authors":"Hichem A. Menail ,&nbsp;Samuel Robichaud ,&nbsp;Robert Cormier ,&nbsp;Arianne Blanchard ,&nbsp;Florence Hunter-Manseau ,&nbsp;Adèle Léger ,&nbsp;Simon G. Lamarre ,&nbsp;Nicolas Pichaud","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we investigated the effects of nutritional supplementation as a strategy to mitigate the impacts of imidacloprid (neonicotinoid) on honey bees by using Ahiflower® (<em>Buglossoides arvensis</em>) seed-oil. This oil is rich in stearidonic-acid (SDA, 18:4n3), which is a precursor to eicosapentaenoic-acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic-acid (DHA) that are known for their beneficial and protective effects. Specifically, we chronically fed newly emerged worker bees with sucrose syrup and pollen patties (control) that we supplemented with (i) imidacloprid (0.375 ng·μl⁻¹), (ii) Ahiflower® oil (5 %) + imidacloprid (0.375 ng·μl⁻¹), and (iii) Ahiflower® oil (5 %). Survival was recorded, and after 21 days, worker bees were sampled to measure mitochondrial respiration, ATP5A1 content, adenylate energy charge, lipid peroxidation in thorax as well as fatty acid composition and peroxidation index in whole bees. Our results indicate that (i) imidacloprid mostly hampers mitochondria, increases saturated fatty acids and decreases survival, (ii) oxidation of alternative substrates allows full recovery of mitochondrial respiration in the imidacloprid-treated group demonstrating mitochondrial flexibility, (iii) Ahiflower® oil in combination with imidacloprid partially restores mitochondrial respiration at the level of complexes I and II, restores fatty acid composition but fails to restore survival. These findings confirm the deleterious effects of imidacloprid on mitochondria while highlighting, for the first time, the potential benefits of Ahiflower® oil in mitochondrial function, though not on honey bee survival. In addition, this study highlights the importance of mitochondrial flexibility when organisms are exposed to toxicants at environmentally relevant levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110238"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the alleviation of reactive oxygen species-mediated flunitrazepam toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) by vitamin C and its mechanism","authors":"Qiuyu Liu ,&nbsp;Chuxiao Hu ,&nbsp;Xinqin Li ,&nbsp;Qiulan Liu ,&nbsp;Wenjie Xia ,&nbsp;Yuan Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The frequent detection of psychoactive drugs in aquatic environments has caused various toxic effects on aquatic organisms, highlighting the urgent need to explore remediation methods and mechanisms. Against the backdrop of toxicity induced by the typical benzodiazepine (BZD) flunitrazepam (FLZ) in zebrafish, this study evaluates the mitigating effects of vitamin C (VC) on FLZ-induced embryonic developmental toxicity, larval behavioral anomalies, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction at environmentally relevant concentrations through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated pathways. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations were utilized to decipher the mechanism underlying ROS inhibition. Results demonstrated that co-exposure to 0.5 μg/L VC with FLZ (0.05 μg/L and 0.2 μg/L) significantly elevated the hatching rate of zebrafish embryos at 72 hpf and decreased the larval malformation rate at 96 hpf. In terms of physiological and biochemical indicators, VC significantly inhibited the FLZ-induced increase in ROS and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. VC also upregulated the activity of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), a key regulator of ROS production. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations revealed that VC competitively binds to the LYS 38 and LYS 240 sites of UCP2, destabilizing FLZ-UCP2 interactions via steric hindrance and hydrogen bond competition. With the restoration of UCP2 activity, its proton leak function was enhanced, suppressing excessive ROS generation. Consequently, <em>uqcr2b</em>, <em>cox4i1l</em>, and <em>atp5g3b</em> were normalized, restoring ATP synthesis capacity and significantly alleviating FLZ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. This study elucidates the mechanism by which VC counteracts ROS-mediated FLZ toxicity, providing critical insights for assessing environmental risks and formulating protective strategies against pollutants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110237"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the toxicity of bongkrekic acid in zebrafish embryos","authors":"Jiun-Lin Horng ,&nbsp;Kuan-Yi Lee ,&nbsp;Jen-Leih Wu ,&nbsp;Li-Yih Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bongkrekic acid (BA) is a potent bacterial toxin found in certain fermented foods, which poses a serious risk to human health through rapid multi-organ failure. Its toxic effects on the early stage of vertebrates remain poorly understood. In this study, we addressed this gap using zebrafish embryos as a model to evaluate BA's developmental toxicity. Following 96-h exposure to BA at concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 1 mg/L, mortality rates increased sharply between 0.05 mg/L (25 %) and 0.1 mg/L (79 %). Morphological assessments at BA concentrations ≥0.1 mg/L revealed significant reductions in body length, eye and lens areas, and otic vesicle and otolith areas, as well as an enlarged yolk sac, indicating disrupted development and impaired nutrient utilization. Concentrations of BA of ≥0.05 mg/L induced bradycardia, hypo-contractility, and a larger ventricular volume, indicative of cardiotoxicity. BA at ≥0.05 mg/L reduced response rates in sensorimotor assessments and decreased neuromast hair cell numbers, suggesting neurobehavioral impairment. BA at ≥0.1 mg/L also induced hepatotoxicity, marked by reductions in liver area and EGFP fluorescence, along with signs of metabolic acidosis. Additionally, reductions in the mitochondrial-rich ionocyte density at ≥0.1 mg/L suggested compromised ion regulation. A histopathological examination revealed damage to critical organs, including the brain, eyes, and liver. These findings illustrate BA's multifaceted toxicity in embryos, impacting cardiac, neurobehavioral, liver metabolic, and ion regulatory functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110235"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PCB153 induces epileptic-like behaviors in zebrafish by disrupting the GABA pathway","authors":"Yarui Zhou,&nbsp;Yibiao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as persistent organic pollutants, have raised widespread concerns regarding their environmental and biological impacts. This study aims to investigate the effects of PCB153 exposure on the zebrafish nervous system, particularly its potential mechanism in inducing epileptic-like behaviors. Zebrafish at 6 h post-fertilization (hpf) were exposed to PCB153 solutions at concentrations of 1 μM, 5 μM, and 10 μM via waterborne exposure. The results indicated that PCB153 exposure significantly altered zebrafish locomotor activity and light/dark transition behaviors, with a marked presence of epileptic-like behaviors, especially in the high-concentration groups (5 μM and 10 μM). Further molecular analysis revealed that PCB153 exposure led to alterations in the expression of genes related to the GABAergic signaling pathway, particularly the upregulation of gad2 and the downregulation of GABA receptor genes. These findings suggest that PCB153 may disrupt the GABA system, resulting in an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the nervous system, thus triggering epileptic-like behaviors. Additionally, treatment with SAHA (histone deacetylase inhibitor) showed neuroprotective effects, alleviating the epileptic-like behaviors induced by PCB153. Transcriptome sequencing further identified extensive changes in gene expression, predominantly in pathways associated with neuronal function and development. In conclusion, PCB153 exposure disrupts the GABAergic neurotransmitter system, which may be a key mechanism underlying the epileptic-like behaviors in zebrafish, and SAHA treatment could potentially have therapeutic effects. This study provides new insights into the toxic effects of environmental pollutants on the nervous system and offers experimental evidence for future neuroprotective strategy research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110230"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of re-enter water on antioxidant, immune, intestinal flora and metabolome of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) after high temperature air exposure","authors":"Xiangyi Deng ,&nbsp;Yuhong Yang ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Li ,&nbsp;Liang Luo ,&nbsp;Shihui Wang ,&nbsp;Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Kun Guo ,&nbsp;Zhigang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Both air exposure stress and heat stress can cause stress responses of <em>Eriocheir sinensis</em> and affect its normal life activities. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of re-enter water treatment on immunoenzyme activity, immune-related gene expression, hemolymph parameters, intestinal microbiota composition, and metabolomic profiles in <em>Eriocheir sinensis</em> after being subjected to high-temperature air exposure. The findings indicated that the re-enter water effectively mitigated the negative impacts of high-temperature air exposure on both antioxidant and immune capacities. Following treatment with high-temperature air, levels of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly elevated compared to their baseline values (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), followed by a decline as re-enter water started with recovery to baseline levels detected at 24 h after re-enter water. Additionally, the levels of heat shock proteins <em>HSP90</em> and <em>HSP70</em> exhibited a notable rise after being subjected to high-temperature air. Nevertheless, after 24 h of soaking treatment, these levels reverted to values similar to those recorded initially. However, after re-enter water treatment, the changes in intestinal microbial composition and metabolic level caused by high temperature air exposure were not effectively improved. The analysis of intestinal microbiota revealed that the relative abundance of <em>Bacteroidetes</em> in the recovery group was significantly lower compared to the initial group, whereas the relative abundances of <em>Proteobacteria</em> and <em>Firmicutes</em> were found to be higher than those in the initial group. Concurrently, metabolomics analysis indicated a significant increase in palmitic acid metabolism levels within the high-temperature air group (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), while glycine content showed a notable decrease (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), and the metabolic changes caused by high temperature air exposure was still not fully recovered after re-enter water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110232"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the impacts of nanoencapsulated geraniol on amphibians: A step toward sustainable pesticide alternatives?","authors":"Willian de Paula Santos ,&nbsp;Letícia Paduan Tavares ,&nbsp;Carolina Guerra Pontes ,&nbsp;Wagner Ezequiel Risso ,&nbsp;Aline Theodoro Toci ,&nbsp;Jhones Luís de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto ,&nbsp;Claudia Bueno dos Reis Martinez","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amphibians are vulnerable to the effects of pesticides, and nanoencapsulation of geraniol in zein nanocapsules may provide a more sustainable alternative to synthetic pesticides. These nanoformulations enhance the targeting of active ingredients, reduce the amount of pesticide applied, and may reduce impacts on non-target organisms. Thus, the effects of geraniol (GER), nanoencapsulated geraniol (nGER), and zein nanocapsules (NANO) were evaluated on <em>Aquarana catesbeiana</em> tadpoles after 24 and 96 h exposure. Animals exhibited distinct physiological responses. GER caused pronounced metabolic disruption, including glycogen depletion, hyperglycemia, and neurotoxicity (brain acetylcholinesterase hyperactivity). nGER reduced acute metabolic stress but elicited intermediate effects, such as immunosuppression (lymphocyte reduction), ionic imbalance (elevated plasma K⁺), and muscle acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The empty nanocapsules (NANO) induced transient osmoregulatory disturbances (increased plasma Na⁺ and gill H⁺-ATPase/Ca²⁺-ATPase activity) and caused neurotoxicity after 96 h (55 % brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition). The Integrated Biomarker Response index (IBR) validated the toxicity ranking: GER &gt; nGER &gt; NANO. Therefore, nanoencapsulated geraniol cannot yet be considered safe for <em>A. catesbeiana</em> tadpoles, as the toxicity of individual components and the behavior of nanoparticles in aquatic environments must be considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 110231"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}