Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Beta-cypermethrin-induced stress response and ABC transporter-mediated detoxification in Tetrahymena thermophila","authors":"Wenyong Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenliang Lei ,&nbsp;Tao Bo ,&nbsp;Jing Xu ,&nbsp;Wei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>β-Cypermethrin (β-CYP), a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, is widely used for insect management. However, it also affects non-target organisms and pollutes aquatic ecosystems. <em>Tetrahymena thermophila</em>, a unicellular ciliated protist found in fresh water, is in direct contact with aquatic environments and sensitive to environmental changes. The proliferation of <em>T. thermophila</em> was inhibited and the cellular morphology changed under β-CYP stress. The intracellular ROS level significantly increased, and SOD activity gradually rose with increasing β-CYP concentrations. Under 25 mg/L β-CYP stress, 687 genes were up-regulated, primarily enriched in the organic cyclic compound binding and heterocyclic compound binding pathways. These include 8 ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC) family genes, 2 cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes, and 2 glutathione peroxidase related genes. Among of them, <em>ABCG14</em> knockdown affected cellular proliferation under β-CYP stress. In contrast, overexpression of <em>ABCG14</em> enhanced cellular tolerance to β-CYP. The results demonstrated that <em>Tetrahymena</em> tolerates high β-CYP concentration stress through various detoxification mechanisms, with <em>ABCG14</em> playing a crucial role in detoxification of β-CYP<em>.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 110066"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142603415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deficiency of PvDRAM2 increased the nitrite sensitivity of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) by inhibiting autophagy","authors":"Xing-Hao Lin ,&nbsp;Bei-Bei Dong ,&nbsp;Qing-Jian Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Autophagy is an essential response mechanism to environmental stress during the evolution of organisms. DRAM2 (Damage-regulated autophagy regulator 2) is recognized as necessary for the process of p53-mediated cell apoptosis. Although the role of DRAM2 in apoptosis has been confirmed, the mechanism of its relationship with autophagy is still unclear. Here we describe <em>Pv</em>DRAM2 features and functions. We found that nitrite stress induced autophagy accumulation and ROS production. A novel DRAM-homologous protein, DRAM2, was cloned, and its expression is significantly up-regulated under nitrite stress conditions. <em>Pv</em>DRAM2 primarily localizes within the cytoplasmic lysosome.Loss of <em>Pv</em>DRAM2 increased sensitivity response to nitrite stress of Pacific white shrimp. And silenced of <em>Pv</em>DRAM2 promoted ROS production and inhibited autophagy accumulation. In addition, silenced of <em>Pv</em>DRAM2 decreased the autophagy-related protein of p62, Beclin 1, and LC3 expression under nitrite stress of Pacific white shrimp. Collectively, these studies uncover a novel critical role for <em>Pv</em>DRAM2 in regulating autophagy under nitrite stress. Specifically, <em>Pv</em>DRAM2 is essential for the induction of autophagy, enabling Pacific white shrimp to adapt to environmental stress. This provides mechanistic insight into how autophagy functions as a way for Pacific white shrimp to cope with environmental challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 110068"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142590340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the effects of perfluorobutane sulfonate in zebrafish larvae model (Danio rerio): Insights into potential ecotoxicological risks and human health","authors":"Jenila John Santhi ,&nbsp;Ajay Guru ,&nbsp;Mohammed Rafi Shaik ,&nbsp;Shaik Althaf Hussain ,&nbsp;Praveen Kumar Issac","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) is a synthetic organic molecule that belongs to the per and polyfluoroalkyl substances family. Due to its unique physicochemical characteristics, PFBS has been extensively used in consumer products and industries. However, its increasing usage and chemical stability cause environmental pollution and bioaccumulation. The toxicological effects of PFBS were not well studied. In this study, the impact of PFBS on zebrafish embryos was evaluated. PFBS (1000–1500 μM) exposure exhibited increased mortality and malformation in a concentration-dependent manner. After 96 hour post-fertilization of PFBS exposure, the LC50 was estimated to be 1378 μM. Furthermore, PFBS (1.4, 14, 140, 1400 μM) exposure significantly increases oxidative stress by suppressing antioxidant levels. Locomotor behavior analysis revealed that PFBS exposure caused locomotor changes in zebrafish larvae. Acetylcholine esterase activity was also reduced in the PFBS-exposed groups. Gene expression study showed that PFBS exposure downregulated the antioxidant gene expression in zebrafish larvae. Overall, the current study reveals that PFBS can trigger oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by reducing antioxidant activity in zebrafish larvae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 110069"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142603422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pitfalls in measuring solution toxicity using the level of bioluminescence inhibition in Aliivibrio fischeri","authors":"Cheng-Kun He ,&nbsp;Ming-Chun Hung ,&nbsp;Chong-Hao Hxu ,&nbsp;Yi-Hsien Hsieh ,&nbsp;Yung-Sheng Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Toxic emission from industrial activity is a serious problem, particularly with regard to the quality of water. Thus, the ISO 11348-3 standard for assessing water quality has been established. This method is used to determine solution toxicity from the bioluminescence inhibition of <em>Aliivibrio fischeri</em>. However, the accuracy of measurements is influenced by the selection of individual reaction time points. This study explores the utility of the area under the curve (AUC) method in water quality detection and evaluates how <em>A. fischeri</em> responds to three toxicants, namely ethanol, acetone, and zinc sulfate, over time. The half-maximal effective concentrations of these three substances were found to be 10.13 %, 5.02 %, and 19.49 mg/L, respectively. Compared with the results from individual reaction time point assessments, the results of AUC comprehensively captured the effects of the toxicants, including time-dependent effects and hormetic effects, by capturing dynamic changes under different toxicant concentrations and reaction times. Therefore, AUC analysis mitigates the pitfalls associated with individual reaction times and provides a more accurate and reliable assessment method for water quality detection, contributing to a better understanding of the impact of toxic substances on aquatic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 110067"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142603417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing antioxidant responses in C6 and U-87 MG cell lines exposed to high copper levels","authors":"Lara Stoeberl ,&nbsp;Madson Silveira de Melo ,&nbsp;Letícia Cordeiro Koppe de França ,&nbsp;Lorena Aparecida de Souza ,&nbsp;Roberta de Cássia Panazzollo ,&nbsp;Aline Pertile Remor ,&nbsp;Viviane Glaser","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copper excess has been tested as an anticancer therapy, due to its properties to generate oxidative stress resulting in tumoral cell death. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of copper excess on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in glioma cells, establishing the antioxidant system as a target of copper toxicity in tumoral cells. C6 and U-87 MG cells were exposed to CuSO₄ (0–600 μM) for 24-48 h. SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, and CK activities, protein and non-protein thiol levels (PSH and NPSH), and O₂⁻ production were assessed, alongside SOD1, GPx1, and GR gene expression. Results revealed a decrease in GPx, GR, and CAT activity after CuSO₄ exposure in both cell lines over 24-48 h, while SOD activity initially increased, then declined after 48 h. CK activity was also decreased in C6 cells. NPSH and PSH levels dropped after 24 h, and O₂⁻ production was observed in all CuSO₄ concentrations. GR mRNA was reduced in both cell lines, contrasting with increased GPx1 mRNA in C6. U-87 MG cells exhibited higher levels of SOD1 mRNA, while C6 cells displayed lower expression. Our findings suggest that copper excess limits antioxidant enzyme activity and thiol levels, particularly in the C6 cells, likely attributable to oxidative stress or direct copper-enzyme interactions. Moreover, our results imply differences in copper toxicity regarding the cell lineage used, highlighting the importance of analyzing high copper levels effects in different models. Moreover, it could be proposed that the antioxidant system is a target of copper toxicity, contributing to glioma cell death.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 110065"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142590303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of lead on photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant responses, metabolomics, thalli morphology and cell ultrastructure of Iridaea cordata (Rhodophyta) from Antarctica","authors":"Riccardo Trentin ,&nbsp;Ilaria Nai ,&nbsp;Sophia Schumann ,&nbsp;Gianfranco Santovito ,&nbsp;Emanuela Moschin ,&nbsp;Luísa Custódio ,&nbsp;Isabella Moro","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past decades, the concern about lead pollution in marine environments has increased due to its remarkable toxicity, even at low concentrations. Lead is one of the significant contaminants arising from human activities in Antarctica. However, its effects on polar photosynthetic organisms are poorly known. This work aims to evaluate the effects of two different environmental concentrations of lead (10 μg/L and 50 μg/L) on pigment content, antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione–S–transferase), metabolome, thalli morphology and cell ultrastructure of the red seaweed <em>Iridaea cordata</em> (Turner) Bory from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica). The results highlighted that lead exposure decreased phycocyanin and phycoerythrin content, starting from 10 μg/L, while induced carotenoid accumulation at 50 μg/L. Catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities generally increased after lead exposure and distinct biochemical features were identified in the control and treatment groups. Further lead–related effects on cell ultrastructure comprised floridean starch accumulation and plastoglobuli formation. Overall, our results suggested that the enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species in response to lead altered the photosynthetic pigment pattern, antioxidant defenses, metabolome and ultrastructure of <em>I. cordata</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 110063"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142557341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tire rubber-derived contaminant 6PPD had the potential to induce metabolism disorder in early developmental stage of zebrafish","authors":"Fang Chanlin ,&nbsp;Di Shanshan ,&nbsp;Wang Caihong ,&nbsp;Hu Qinglian ,&nbsp;Jin Yuanxiang","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing release of tire-derived particles, particularly those containing N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-<em>N</em>′-phenyl-<em>p</em>-phenylenediamine (6PPD), into the environment has raised concerns regarding their ecological impact. This study aims to elucidate the toxicological effects of 6PPD on the metabolism in early developmental stage of zebrafish. Larval zebrafish were exposed to 10 and 100 μg/L 6PPD, and some endpoints in biochemical parameters, gene expression, and metabolism were analyzed. The results showed that 6PPD exposure disrupted glucolipid metabolism in zebrafish larvae, evidenced by increased triglyceride (TG) levels and decreased glucose content. Nile red staining indicated significant lipid accumulation in the liver and intestines. Additionally, RT-qPCR analysis revealed the upregulation of genes involved in lipid synthesis and metabolism, such as <em>ppar-γ</em> and <em>fas</em>, and downregulation of glycolysis-related genes like <em>pk</em> and <em>gk</em>. Furthermore, the untargeted metabolomics technique was used to identify a total of 220 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) with changes in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and the TCA cycle. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis highlighted disruptions mainly in Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, Arginine and proline metabolism, and Histidine metabolism, which played very important roles on energy metabolism in zebrafish. The results provided some critical insights into the ecological risks associated with 6PPD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 110062"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142555587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probing the interaction mechanisms between three β-lactam antibiotics and penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli by molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"Yuanfan Zhao,&nbsp;Jin Zhang,&nbsp;Yixin Gui,&nbsp;Guangzhen Ji,&nbsp;Xianhuai Huang,&nbsp;Fazhi Xie,&nbsp;Huiyan Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The presence of antibiotic residues in the aquatic environments poses great potential risks to the aquatic organisms, and even human health. Elucidating the interaction mechanisms between antibiotics and biomacromolecules is crucial for accurately assessing and preventing their potential risks. Therefore, the toxicity of three beta-lactam antibiotics on <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli</em>) was investigated by using the time-dependent toxicity microplate analysis method in this study. Then, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation technologies were used to elucidate the potential molecular interactions between <em>β</em>-lactam antibiotics and penicillin-binding proteins of <em>E. coli</em>, and their correlation with the physical and chemical behaviors observed in the physiological and biochemical experiments. The results show that three antibiotics exert inhibitory effects on <em>E. coli</em> cells by modifying their membrane permeability, and even more severe cell damage including rupture, wrinkling, adhesion, indentation, elongation and size alterations. But, toxic effect of the three antibiotics on <em>E. coli</em> varies, and toxicity order is followed by meropenem &gt; cefoperazone &gt; amoxicillin. Van der Waals forces play a vital role in the molecular interactions between the three antibiotics penicillin binding protein of <em>E. coli</em> and the sequence of binding free energy is consistent with the observed toxicity order. Shape compensation is the principal determinant for the binding of antibiotics to penicillin binding proteins, which pertains to the drug-induced alteration in the three-dimensional conformation of penicillin binding proteins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 110057"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142496539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of water immersion on immune, intestinal flora and metabolome of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) after air exposure","authors":"Xiangyi Deng ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Li ,&nbsp;Liang Luo ,&nbsp;Shihui Wang ,&nbsp;Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Kun Guo ,&nbsp;Guo Qiao ,&nbsp;Yuhong Yang ,&nbsp;Zhigang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air exposure stress can induce stress response of <em>Eriocheir sinensis</em> and affect its normal life activities. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of water immersion on the recovery of hepatopancreas immune-related enzyme activity, intestinal microbial diversity and metabolic level of Chinese mitten crabs after exposure to air. The results show that immersion can effectively alleviate the adverse effects of air exposure on the antioxidant capacity and immune capacity of Chinese mitten crabs, and the longer the time of immersion, the more obvious the recovery effect. Among them, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase significantly increased after exposure to air (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), reached a peak at 3 h, began to decline after immersion, and returned to a level close to the initial value at 24 h (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). In addition, after exposure to air, the glucose and total cholesterol in haemolymph of <em>Eriocheir sinensis</em> were significantly different from the initial values (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), gradually recovered to the initial level after re-immersion. However, changes in intestinal flora and hepatopancreas metabolism caused by air exposure did not fully recover after water exposure, and its negative effects did not completely disappear. The sequencing results showed that the species composition and diversity of intestinal microorganisms of Chinese mitten crab changed after air exposure and immersion treatment. The relative abundance of <em>Actinomycetes</em> increased significantly, while that of <em>Proteobacteria</em> and <em>Firmicutes</em> decreased significantly. Metabolomics analysis showed that air exposure and immersion destroyed the metabolic balance of amino acids and carnitine, reduced the level of carnitine metabolism, hindered the absorption of nutrients, and led to the accumulation of harmful substances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 110060"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142496538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ferulic acid alleviates cardiac injury by inhibiting avermectin-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis","authors":"Qiao Wang ,&nbsp;Shasha Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiahao Ding ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinxuan Li ,&nbsp;Yuxin Chen ,&nbsp;Yangye Zhu ,&nbsp;Danping Zeng ,&nbsp;Jingquan Dong ,&nbsp;Yi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Avermectin (AVM) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic from the macrolide class, extensively employed in fisheries and aquaculture. Nevertheless, its indiscriminate utilisation has resulted in a substantial accumulation of remnants in the aquatic ecosystem, potentially inflicting significant harm to the cardiovascular system of aquatic species. Ferulic acid (FA) is a naturally occurring compound in wheat grain husks. It possesses potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help reduce cardiovascular damage. Additionally, its affordability makes it an excellent option for aquaculture usage as a feed additive. This article explored the potential of FA as a feed additive to protect against AVM-induced heart damage in carp. We subjected carp to AVM for 30 days and provided them with a diet of 400 mg/kg of FA. FA substantially reduced the pathogenic damage to heart tissue caused by AVM, as shown through hematoxylin-eosin staining. The biochemical analysis revealed that FA markedly enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) while reducing the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Furthermore, qPCR analysis demonstrated a substantial increase in the mRNA levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (<em>tgf-β1</em>) and interleukin-10 (<em>il-10</em>) simultaneously, significantly reducing the expression levels of interleukin-10 (<em>il-6</em>), interleukin-1β (<em>il-1β</em>), tumor necrosis factor-α (<em>tnf-α</em>) and inductible nitric oxide synthase (<em>inos</em>). Through the mitochondrial apoptotic route, FA reduced AVM-induced cell death in carp heart cells by upregulating <em>bcl-2</em> while downregulating the mRNA expression levels of <em>bax</em>, <em>fas</em>, <em>caspase8</em> and <em>caspase9</em>. In summary, FA alleviated cardiac injury by inhibiting AVM-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in carp heart tissue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10602,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology","volume":"287 ","pages":"Article 110058"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142496554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}