Behavioral Ecology最新文献

Long-term fitness effects of the early-life environment in a wild bird population. 野生鸟类早期生活环境的长期适应性效应。

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学

Behavioral Ecology Pub Date : 2025-09-26 eCollection Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araf097

Yuheng Sun, Terry A Burke, Hannah L Dugdale, Julia Schroeder

{"title":"Long-term fitness effects of the early-life environment in a wild bird population.","authors":"Yuheng Sun, Terry A Burke, Hannah L Dugdale, Julia Schroeder","doi":"10.1093/beheco/araf097","DOIUrl":"10.1093/beheco/araf097","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental conditions and experiences during development can have long-term fitness consequences, including a reduction of adulthood survival and reproduction. These long-term fitness consequences may play an important role in shaping the evolution of life history. We tested two hypotheses on the long-term fitness effects of the developmental environment-the silver spoon hypothesis and the internal predictive adaptive response (PAR) hypothesis. We compared the change in annual survival and annual reproductive output with age for adult birds hatched and/or reared in poor--impacted by anthropogenic noise, and/or high sibling competition--and good--not impacted by anthropogenic noise, and/or low sibling competition--environments. We used a 23-year longitudinal dataset from a wild house sparrow (Passer domesticus) population inhabiting an isolated island, which enabled near-complete monitoring and unusually accurate lifetime fitness estimates. We used a cross-fostering setup to disentangle environmental effects experienced postnatally from those experienced prenatally. We found that adults that, as chicks experienced more within-brood competition had a stronger increase in early-life annual survival, but also a stronger decrease in late-life annual survival. Females that hatched in a noisy environment produced fewer genetic recruits annually, supporting a sex-specific silver spoon hypothesis. Males reared in a noisy environment had accelerated reproductive schedules, supporting a sex-specific internal PAR hypothesis. Our results highlight that anthropogenic noise (∼68 dB from power generators) can have long-term fitness consequences in wild animals, altering their life-history strategies, and that effects may be sex-specific.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":"36 5","pages":"araf097"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477671/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Complex dynamics of social learning in groups of wild Arabian babblers. 野生阿拉伯牙牙学语者群体社会学习的复杂动态。

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学

Behavioral Ecology Pub Date : 2025-09-15 eCollection Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araf099

Naama Aljadeff, Oded Keynan, Arnon Lotem

{"title":"Complex dynamics of social learning in groups of wild Arabian babblers.","authors":"Naama Aljadeff, Oded Keynan, Arnon Lotem","doi":"10.1093/beheco/araf099","DOIUrl":"10.1093/beheco/araf099","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the effect of a demonstrator on the learning of a novel foraging task in 12 groups of free-living cooperative breeding Arabian babblers (Argya squamiceps). We allowed naïve babblers to forage jointly on a foraging grid with a demonstrator previously trained to solve a task in one of 2 possible methods: lifting covers of 1 color or pecking through covers of another color. We found that most group members learned to solve the task using one of the methods, and persisted with it even when later tested with covers of a third (neutral) color that could be opened by both lifting and pecking. However, the method learned by group members did not necessarily follow the method used by the pre-trained demonstrator. Instead, learners within each group tended to use the same method (significantly more than expected by chance), and the extent to which groups differed from the demonstrator was correlated with the extent to which the demonstrator occasionally (and quite rarely) exhibited also the alternative method. These results, together with further analysis of the sequence of events in each group, suggest that both naïve birds and demonstrators learn socially from each other, as well as through individual trial-and-error learning, which enables naïve individuals to become demonstrators themselves and influence the pattern of social transmission. This process mostly leads to a homogenous group behavior, but one that cannot be predicted by the seeded demonstration.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":"36 5","pages":"araf099"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477425/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Site-level variation in field of view is associated with altered anti-predator responses in farming damselfish. 地点水平的视野变化与养殖雀鲷反捕食者反应的改变有关。

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学

Behavioral Ecology Pub Date : 2025-09-12 eCollection Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araf102

James S Boon, John E Stratford, Jason Lynch, Chris Yesson, Richard Field, Dan A Exton, Sally A Keith

{"title":"Site-level variation in field of view is associated with altered anti-predator responses in farming damselfish.","authors":"James S Boon, John E Stratford, Jason Lynch, Chris Yesson, Richard Field, Dan A Exton, Sally A Keith","doi":"10.1093/beheco/araf102","DOIUrl":"10.1093/beheco/araf102","url":null,"abstract":"The three-dimensional (3D) structure of habitats influences how prey detect and respond to predators, but the specific roles of different aspects of structural complexity remain poorly understood, particularly in coral reef ecosystems. We used 3D models of 3 Caribbean reef sites to quantify 3 structural metrics at site level: field of view (the extent of observable area), refuge density (density of holes), and rugosity (reef surface roughness). We then observed the anti-predator behavior of damselfish, parrotfish, and wrasses at each site. Territorial damselfish showed species-specific responses to habitat structure, especially in relation to field of view. Stegastes adustus, for example, exhibited shorter flight initiation distances (FIDs) at the site with the highest field of view, consistent with expectations from optimal escape theory. In contrast, wrasse and parrotfish species showed little variation in behavior across sites, though larger individuals tended to have longer FIDs and flight distances. Refuge density was similar across sites, likely reflecting long-term regional loss of fine-scale complexity in the Caribbean. While rugosity is widely used as a proxy for reef complexity, our results suggest that field of view may be more strongly associated with differences in anti-predator behavior, particularly in damselfish. These findings highlight the need to assess multiple dimensions of habitat structure, as even closely related species may exhibit distinct behavioral adaptations to their 3D environment.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":"36 5","pages":"araf102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477424/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mating status-dependent "choice" in competitive and noncompetitive arenas. 在竞争和非竞争领域中交配状态依赖的“选择”。

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学

Behavioral Ecology Pub Date : 2025-08-28 eCollection Date: 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araf080

Robert J Dugand, Rowan A Lymbery, Nirjana Dewan, W Jason Kennington, Joseph L Tomkins

{"title":"Mating status-dependent \"choice\" in competitive and noncompetitive arenas.","authors":"Robert J Dugand, Rowan A Lymbery, Nirjana Dewan, W Jason Kennington, Joseph L Tomkins","doi":"10.1093/beheco/araf080","DOIUrl":"10.1093/beheco/araf080","url":null,"abstract":"To maximize their reproductive fitness, females of many polyandrous species should display mating status-dependent choice, where they mate relatively indiscriminately once to ensure reproductive output, and then become choosy and mate preferentially with higher-quality males. Despite this potential contrast in choosiness, most mate choice experiments use virgin females. Here, using a panel of 20 isofemale strains that originated from wild-caught flies, we allowed virgin and non-virgin Drosophila melanogaster females to choose among males from the same panel of strains. We used single-male latency trials and a series of male competition trials to help disentangle female \"choices\" from male-male competitive effects. Most virgin females mated within 2 h of males being introduced, compared with fewer than half of non-virgin females mating over the same period. However, despite mating more rapidly, virgin females did not mate indiscriminately, and their \"choices\" strongly aligned with those of previously mated females across both the single-male latency and male-male competition trials. Our results challenge the idea that virgin females mate relatively indiscriminately and show that female choice may be more stable than is generally appreciated.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":"36 4","pages":"araf080"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12457708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145147600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Response to intruder number is related to spontaneous quantity discrimination performance in a wild bird. 野鸟对闯入者数量的反应与自然数量辨别能力有关。

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学

Behavioral Ecology Pub Date : 2025-08-20 eCollection Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araf093

Grace Blackburn, Benjamin J Ashton, Holly Hunter, Amanda R Ridley

{"title":"Response to intruder number is related to spontaneous quantity discrimination performance in a wild bird.","authors":"Grace Blackburn, Benjamin J Ashton, Holly Hunter, Amanda R Ridley","doi":"10.1093/beheco/araf093","DOIUrl":"10.1093/beheco/araf093","url":null,"abstract":"Quantity discrimination abilities are considered a valuable skill for many aspects of life, including foraging, predator avoidance, and intergroup contests. Two types of experiments are often utilized to detect such abilities in animals; cognitive tasks in which individuals must choose between two quantities of food, and playback experiments of the vocalizations of differing numbers of intruding individuals. To date, no study has investigated whether individual performance in these two types of experiments is related. We presented wild Western Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen dorsalis) with both a spontaneous quantity discrimination cognitive task and a playback experiment, to investigate quantity discrimination abilities, and to explore if performance on these experiments is related. We found that magpies (1) selected the greater quantity of food in the cognitive task and (2) responded more strongly to playback of three callers compared to one caller, suggesting this species possesses quantity discrimination abilities. Individual performance on these two experiments was negatively correlated, with magpies that performed better on the cognitive task spending less time vigilant following the three-caller playback compared to magpies that performed worse. Our results highlight the importance of exploring the relationship between performance in a cognitive task and ecologically relevant behaviors, as this has the potential to offer profound insights into cognitive ecology.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":"36 5","pages":"araf093"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12449148/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145111438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Heterogeneous responsiveness to environmental stimuli. 对环境刺激的异质反应。

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学

Behavioral Ecology Pub Date : 2025-08-16 eCollection Date: 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araf023

Jerome Cavailles, Christoph Kuzmics, Martin Grube

引用次数: 0

Divergent alternative mating tactics in convergent male reproductive morphs. 趋同雄性生殖形态中不同的交配策略。

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学

Behavioral Ecology Pub Date : 2025-08-07 eCollection Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araf086

Renjie Zhang, Nathan W Bailey

{"title":"Divergent alternative mating tactics in convergent male reproductive morphs.","authors":"Renjie Zhang, Nathan W Bailey","doi":"10.1093/beheco/araf086","DOIUrl":"10.1093/beheco/araf086","url":null,"abstract":"Alternative reproductive phenotypes involve polymorphic behaviors and forms within sexes. Testing whether behavioral variants such as alternative tactics (eg sneaking or satellite behavior) are initially co-expressed or decoupled from morphological polymorphisms (eg weapon size or color pattern) can provide insight into the origins of reproductive diversity. In Hawaiian field crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus), an eavesdropping parasitoid fly selected for rapid, parallel evolution of male wing mutations that reduce acoustic signals. Two of these, \"flatwing\" and \"curly-wing\", co-occur in populations alongside ancestral \"normal-wing\" males that can sing. These convergent alternative morphs may both rely on satellite tactics in which nonsinging males position themselves near calling males to intercept females, rather than attracting mates directly by producing a conspicuous song. Here, we test whether flatwing and curly-wing vary in their tendencies to express satellite behavior using playback experiments with virgin, unmanipulated males simulating natural conditions. Surprisingly, flatwing males were significantly less likely to behave as satellites than normal-wing or curly-wing males. Normal-wing males with poorer body condition were more likely to behave as satellites, consistent with theory and previous findings, but the reduced-sound morphs showed no such condition dependence. Our findings suggest that morph-specific variation in the tendency to adopt satellite behavior may contribute to the maintenance of convergent male reproductive morphs; future work would benefit from testing whether such variation is driven by acoustic self-assessment. A decoupled relationship between behavioral reproductive tactics and morphological reproductive strategies may promote diversification of alternative mating morphs in nature.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":"36 5","pages":"araf086"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12449065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145111471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Passive debris cloaking in beetles provides non-visual camouflage against predatory ants. 甲虫身上的被动碎片斗篷提供了对抗掠食性蚂蚁的非视觉伪装。

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学

Behavioral Ecology Pub Date : 2025-07-28 eCollection Date: 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araf064

K Greig, T R Buckley, R A B Leschen, G I Holwell

{"title":"Passive debris cloaking in beetles provides non-visual camouflage against predatory ants.","authors":"K Greig, T R Buckley, R A B Leschen, G I Holwell","doi":"10.1093/beheco/araf064","DOIUrl":"10.1093/beheco/araf064","url":null,"abstract":"Our understanding of visual camouflage has increased dramatically in recent years, however we know less about anti-predator defenses that exploit senses other than vision. Low light habitats, such as leaf litter, are more commonly dominated by predators that rely on chemical, tactile, and other nonvisual cues. Passive debris cloaking is a trait found in several arthropod groups that reside in low light habitats and appears as a layer of environmental debris that covers the cuticle. This debris accumulates passively as the organism moves through its habitat, generally via the secretion of adhesive compounds through specialized pores. We hypothesized that passive debris cloaking is a form of non-visual camouflage, and tested this experimentally using zopherid beetles as a model. Zopherid beetles are highly diverse in Aotearoa New Zealand and include many species that exhibit passive debris cloaking. By exposing zopherids with varying degrees of cuticular debris to colonies of foraging predatory ants, we found that passive debris cloaking (1) reduces detection by ants, (2) reduces the probability of attack if detected, and (3) is most effective when interactions occur on natural backgrounds. Our results provide evidence that passive debris cloaking is a highly effective form of non-visual camouflage, suggesting non-visual camouflage may be more prevalent in low light habitats than currently appreciated.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":"36 4","pages":"araf064"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12302502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144727166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Corticosterone-implanted chicks transmit stress to parents and neighbors in a colonial seabird. 在群居的海鸟中，植入皮质酮的雏鸟将压力传递给父母和邻居。

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学

Behavioral Ecology Pub Date : 2025-07-28 eCollection Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araf085

Susana Cortés-Manzaneque, Sin-Yeon Kim, Alberto Velando

{"title":"Corticosterone-implanted chicks transmit stress to parents and neighbors in a colonial seabird.","authors":"Susana Cortés-Manzaneque, Sin-Yeon Kim, Alberto Velando","doi":"10.1093/beheco/araf085","DOIUrl":"10.1093/beheco/araf085","url":null,"abstract":"In animals living in groups, stress-induced changes in behavior can be a source of social information, and stressed individuals can potentially become stressors for other social partners, with important consequences for social and population dynamics. Here, we studied stress transmission from experimentally stressed chicks to both their parents and neighbors in the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis), a seabird that forms large breeding colonies. To do this, we experimentally increased the level of a stress hormone by corticosterone implant in 2 first-hatched chicks of the brood and observed its effects on their parents and both adults and chicks in the neighboring nests. Two days after the implant, corticosterone-implanted chicks showed reduced basal corticosterone levels, probably due to a physiological feedback response. Exogenous corticosterone promoted behavioral changes in the corticosterone-implanted chicks, showing faster responses to a potential predator attack than the placebo-treated chicks. Eight days after implantation, not only the corticosterone-implanted chicks but also the neighboring chicks showed elevated corticosterone levels after a standardized handling stress compared with the placebo-implanted chicks and their neighbors. The parents and neighbor adults of the corticosterone-implanted chicks showed increased mobbing behavior but reduced aggressive and resting behaviors in comparison with the adult gulls living close to the placebo-implanted chicks. Overall, our results suggest that individual physiological stress in a colony may be socially transmitted within families and neighbors, with potential consequences for colony dynamics.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":"36 5","pages":"araf085"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12449063/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145111493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Heterospecific territorial defense in tit species varies according to breeding habitat overlap. 山雀物种的异种领土防御根据繁殖栖息地重叠而变化。

IF 2.2 3区环境科学与生态学

Behavioral Ecology Pub Date : 2025-07-20 eCollection Date: 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araf082

Alessandro Berlusconi, Giulia Castiglione, Erminio Clerici, Stefania Martini, Diego Rubolini, Andrea Romano

{"title":"Heterospecific territorial defense in tit species varies according to breeding habitat overlap.","authors":"Alessandro Berlusconi, Giulia Castiglione, Erminio Clerici, Stefania Martini, Diego Rubolini, Andrea Romano","doi":"10.1093/beheco/araf082","DOIUrl":"10.1093/beheco/araf082","url":null,"abstract":"The coexistence of species within the same guild is promoted by ecological and behavioral mechanisms, particularly niche differentiation. When niches overlap, coexistence may be maintained through spatial segregation, achieved through interspecific territoriality. Most research has focused on pairs of species, with little attention given to complex multispecies guilds. This study investigates the role of interspecific territoriality in promoting the coexistence of 5 sympatric tit species during the breeding season in northern Italy. These species are commonly grouped into \"broadleaf\" (great tit, blue tit, marsh tit) and \"conifer species\" (crested tit, coal tit), based on their habitat preferences. Indeed, in the study area, previous observations have shown that their breeding territories are spatially segregated. We experimentally tested whether aggressive territorial behaviors occurred in response to heterospecific playback stimuli, and if they were more intense against heterospecific intruders sharing the same, rather than a different habitat. Our findings revealed that this was the case for all \"broadleaf species,\" indicating convergent adaptative heterospecific song recognition driven by competition for shared resources. In contrast, \"conifer species\" did not show such patterns, suggesting possible resource partitioning at a microhabitat scale or differences in breeding territory densities among habitats. This study enhances our understanding of intra-guild interactions and of the mechanisms facilitating coexistence in ecological communities.","PeriodicalId":8840,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Ecology","volume":"36 4","pages":"araf082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12322488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144788169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0