Atmospheric Pollution Research最新文献

{"title":"Identification and semi-quantification of alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 filter samples using in-injection port thermal desorption coupled with two-dimensional gas chromatography and rapid-scanning quadrupole mass spectrometry (TD-GC×GC-qMS)","authors":"Manfei Lin ,&nbsp;Yongming Feng ,&nbsp;Xiao He ,&nbsp;Bin-Yu Kuang ,&nbsp;X.H. Hilda Huang ,&nbsp;Yongmei Liang ,&nbsp;Jian Zhen Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Growing evidence suggests that alkylated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) should be considered in toxicity assessment, necessitating their identification and quantification in ambient air. In this work, we explored the effectiveness of in-injection port thermal desorption coupled with two-dimensional gas chromatography and rapid-scanning quadrupole mass spectrometry (TD-GC × GC-qMS) to detect alkylated PAHs. The reliability of compound identification was carefully evaluated based on detection frequency, retention time consistency, mass spectra similarity to NIST library, and sample-to-sample mass spectral variations. Leveraging the technique's ability to determine low-concentration compounds from complex matrices and to aid in the recognition of homologues via visual inspection, we identified 104 alkylated PAHs in PM_2.5 samples collected in Beijing, China. These include 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs with a higher level of alkylation of 3–4 carbon atoms. Our results demonstrated the presence of diverse isomeric structures of alkylated PAHs in ambient PM_2.5, with their concentrations exceeding those of their parent PAHs for smaller PAHs but being lower for larger ones. The contribution of alkylated PAHs to the health risk of PAHs was around 5 % in our samples using the toxicity equivalency factor method. The findings of this study underscore the importance of alkylated PAHs in PM_2.5 and highlight the potential of TD-GC × GC-qMS in advancing research on profiling toxicants in atmospheric aerosols. Given the widespread availability of qMS and the ease of implementing GC × GC through a solid-state thermal modulator, we recommend the adoption of TD-GC × GC-qMS in the analysis of aerosol samples. This approach enables quantification and isomer-specific analysis of a broader range of alkylated PAHs with improved accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102669"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-cabin PM2.5 and black carbon exposure in Mumbai, India: Intermodal differences and impact of traffic conditions","authors":"Arpan Patra ,&nbsp;Harish C. Phuleria","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In-cabin air pollution varies across transportation modes, yet the influence of evolving urban traffic characteristics (such as average speeds, peak hours, and congestion intensity) on commuter exposure remains understudied. Increasing traffic volumes and shifting travel behaviours have altered these mobility parameters, particularly in rapidly growing cities. This study quantifies fine particulate matter (PM₂₅) and black carbon (BC) concentrations across seven common commute modes—auto-rickshaws, buses (with and without air conditioning), passenger cars, metro rail, suburban trains, and motorbikes—in a major Indian megacity. Data were collected over 194 fixed-route trips (96 in winter, 98 in summer), capturing seasonal variation and a wide range of traffic conditions. Metro rail exhibited the lowest mean PM₂.₅ (54 ± 10 μg/m³) and BC (8 ± 3 μg/m³) levels, while auto-rickshaws showed the highest BC concentrations (52 ± 11 μg/m³), indicating substantial inter-modal differences in pollutant infiltration. PM₂.₅ levels declined with increasing vehicle speed, whereas both speed and ambient traffic density influenced BC concentrations. Congestion significantly exacerbated in-cabin exposure: a ∼20 % increase in bus trip duration was associated with a 1.6–2.4-fold rise in PM₂.₅ and a 1.2–1.8-fold increase in BC levels. These findings underscore the role of traffic conditions in modulating commuter exposure and highlight the need for targeted interventions to mitigate in-transit air pollution in urban environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102664"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive modelling of microbial contamination and antibiotic resistance risks in subway bioaerosols: correlation with environmental factors in central China","authors":"Yanjie Wang,&nbsp;Hafsa Yasin,&nbsp;Yang Liu,&nbsp;Haoran Zhu,&nbsp;Bisheng Lai","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the global prevalence of subway systems, the environmental drivers of bioaerosol microbial communities and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) remain poorly characterized. This research investigated the microbial composition, ARG distribution, and associated health risks in subway bioaerosols across central China, using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This study employs response surface methodology (RSM) to model and predict microbial-ARG dynamics in subway bioaerosols identifying key environmental factors. Statistical approaches like Redundancy Analysis (RDA) were applied to assess patterns and environmental influences on microbial and ARG profiles. Results revealed an average culturable bacterial concentration of 133 CFU/m³, with peak levels at station entrances (230 CFU/m³) and minimal detection on platforms (35 CFU/m³). Dominant genera included <em>Bacillus</em>, <em>Staphylococcus</em>, and <em>Enterococcus</em>, while humidity and temperature correlated significantly with pathogen abundance (<em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Pseudomonas</em>). ARG profiling identified high temporal variability, with beta-lactamase, multidrug, and tetracycline resistance as predominant. RDA results revealed that many bacterial genera were positively associated with humidity, temperature, and lighting, while wind speed had a negative correlation. Fine particles (≤3.3 μm) comprised the majority of bioaerosols, while health risk assessment indicated that the health risk due to inhalation of culturable bacteria was within acceptable limits. This study highlights the role of environmental factors in shaping dynamics of subway microbes and ARGs and provides a framework for monitoring airborne health risks in urban transit systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102662"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban cyclists’ exposure to PM2.5: A quantitative analysis using trajectory data and mobile monitoring","authors":"Ting Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao Zhou ,&nbsp;Han Wang ,&nbsp;Xinmin Zhang ,&nbsp;Wanyun Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cyclists are particularly vulnerable to exposure to air pollutants, such as PM_2.5; however, few studies have systematically incorporated bicycle usage patterns into the assessment of cyclists' PM_2.5 exposure. This study introduces a novel framework that integrates shared bicycle trajectory data with mobile monitoring to quantitatively assess cyclists' PM_2.5 exposure. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, a pilot study was conducted in Shenzhen, China. The results show that 60.45 % of cycling distances are less than 2 km, demonstrating its effectiveness in addressing urban short-distance travel issues. Cycling activity peaks during the morning and evening rush hours, with major hotspots including the Shenzhen-Hong Kong border area, the southwest of Longhua District, the southern part of Baoan District, and the central part of Nanshan District. The PM_2.5 monitoring results show that the majority of the monitored routes recorded average PM_2.5 concentrations exceeding 15 μg/m³ during the monitored periods, which is the World Health Organization guideline. The average PM_2.5 inhalation dose for cyclists on weekdays is 7.49 μg/km, slightly higher than the 7.27 μg/km observed at weekends. Our results indicate that cyclists face increased health risks, such as respiratory diseases, due to prolonged exposure to elevated PM_2.5 levels. These findings can help city managers develop policies to improve the cycling environment for riders and promote low-carbon transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102655"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropogenic activities regulate the assembly strategy of conditionally rare taxa in airborne microbial communities","authors":"Yuanyuan Pan ,&nbsp;Xin Ke ,&nbsp;Dan He ,&nbsp;Renguo Zhu ,&nbsp;Cheng Liu ,&nbsp;Caixia Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Airborne microorganisms, vital components of particulate matter, usually distribute unevenly and most species belong to rare taxa. Conditionally rare taxa (CRT) are the active members among rare taxa, and occasionally become dominant. However, knowledge of CRT remains limited in airborne microbial community. Here, we explored the spatial distribution and assembly mechanism of airborne bacterial and fungal CRT in regions with different intensities of human activities (urban, suburban, forest). Our results showed that microbial CRT occupied 39.58 %–40.88 % bacteria and 14.09 %–19.89 % fungi, respectively, while they contributed more than half of richness of whole microbial community. Air pollutants showed strong correlations with richness and diversity of airborne microbial CRT. Significantly spatial differences were also observed for CRT composition. The neutral community model and normalized stochasticity ratio revealed that stochastic processes dominated in the assembly of airborne microbial CRT. Furthermore, stochastic processes exhibited an obviously stronger impact on fungal CRT (NST = 0.662) than bacterial CRT (NST = 0.503), likely due to the broader niche breadth and higher migration rate for fungal CRT. Additionally, correlation analysis demonstrated that NO₂ concentration was the most crucial factor regulating the CRT assembly and diversity. Overall, these findings advance our understanding of the assembly processes of airborne microbial CRT, which is critical to decipher their ecological functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102656"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between short-term exposure to PM2.5 and mortality in adults with dyslipidemia and asthma: a time-stratified case-crossover study in South Korea","authors":"Min Chae Kim ,&nbsp;Hyeokjong Lee ,&nbsp;Sun Jae Park ,&nbsp;Jaewon Kim ,&nbsp;Hye Jun Kim ,&nbsp;Jihun Song ,&nbsp;Sangwoo Park ,&nbsp;Hyun-Young Shin ,&nbsp;Hong Yun Jung ,&nbsp;Seung Ju Choi ,&nbsp;Youn Jae Lee ,&nbsp;Hyoung Gil Yoon ,&nbsp;Seong Hyok Kim ,&nbsp;Sang Min Park","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The harmful effects of particulate matter (PM) on health are well-documented, and recent studies have increasingly focused on its impact on vulnerable populations. While PM exposure is known to affect both lipid levels and asthma exacerbation, its impact on mortality risk in individuals with coexisting dyslipidemia and asthma has not been well studied, despite evidence linking these two conditions.</div><div>Using the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database, we identified 51,833 patients with dyslipidemia and newly diagnosed asthma who died between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2021. The study period spanned January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2021, for baseline data collection. The association between short-term PM_2.5 exposure and mortality was analyzed with conditional logistic regression using a time-stratified case-crossover design.</div><div>Short-term PM_2.5 exposure was significantly associated with increased mortality risk among individuals with dyslipidemia and newly diagnosed asthma. Across various lag periods and models, the odds ratio per 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5, with consistent trends of statistical significance (p-trend &lt;0.05).</div><div>This study is the first to demonstrate that increased short-term exposure to PM_2.5 elevates mortality risk in patients with comorbid dyslipidemia and asthma. Efforts to reduce PM_2.5 emissions and establish systematic PM concentration alert systems are expected to improve health outcomes for these patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102658"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollution characteristic and temporal trend of PM2.5-bound heavy metals in a megacity of Northeast China: Implication for the effect of air pollution control policy","authors":"Jin-Wen He ,&nbsp;Li-Yan Liu ,&nbsp;Chang-Yu Weng ,&nbsp;De-Qi Wang ,&nbsp;Shi-Ming Jia ,&nbsp;Wan-Li Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>PM_2.5-bound heavy metals present significant health risks especially in cold regions due to the enhanced coal combustion for space heating. This study conducted a comprehensive one-year observation of PM_2.5-bound heavy metals in Harbin City, a megacity in Northeast China, from August 2021 to July 2022. The findings revealed that zinc (Zn) and chromium (Cr) were the dominant heavy metals, with concentrations of 47 ng/m³ and 41 ng/m³, respectively. Notably, the levels of Cr(VI) exceeded both the WHO guidelines and the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards. Except for Cr, the concentrations of other heavy metals were significantly higher during the heating period than the non-heating period. Based on source apportionment, traffic emission and coal combustion were recognized as the primary sources in both periods, while coal combustion was the dominant source in the heating period. Health risk assessments revealed non-carcinogenic risk from arsenic (As) for infants and toddlers, while carcinogenic risk for most elements surpassed the threshold of 10⁻⁶. Nickel (Ni) and Cr(VI) emerged as the principal carcinogenic elements during the heating period and non-heating period, respectively. A comparative assessment demonstrated a substantial decline in the concentrations of targeted heavy metals, with an overall reduction of 75.9% compared to 2013. Importantly, the heating period accounted for 65.6% of this reduction, suggesting the effectiveness of air pollution control policies, especially those aimed at reducing coal combustion emissions. Therefore, the control policy addressing the specific sources of heavy metals is essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102660"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of IoT low-cost sensor networks for long-term outdoor and indoor air quality monitoring: a case study in Dublin","authors":"Jiayao Chen ,&nbsp;Óscar González ,&nbsp;David O'Connor ,&nbsp;Lindsay Tallon ,&nbsp;Francesco Pilla","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides a framework for Internet of Things based low-cost sensors (LCS) network implementation, using office environments in Dublin, Ireland, as a case study for long-term indoor air quality (IAQ) monitoring. It covers options and key decisions related to sensor technology, reporting systems and data management. Environmental and indoor data were collected from 1 June 2023 to 20 June 2024, using Smart Citizen Kit 2.1 and PurpleAir devices, and data retrieved from cloud-based data platforms for analysis. The standard deviation and coefficient of variation were calculated to evaluate intra-sensor precision. To improve data quality of LCS various correction models were tested, considering the impact of temperature and relative humidity. A multilinear model with additive relative humidity, using the piecewise regression, provided better performance (R² &gt; 0.7, RMSE &lt;5 μg/m³) and accuracy (&gt;0.88) for 24-h fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and inhalable particulate matter (PM₁₀). This study bridges the data gap by incorporating multi-brand LCS network for further application in outdoor supplementary and IAQ reporting. The results showed corrected indoor PM_2.5 data in offices complies with WHO air quality guidelines, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in naturally ventilated conditions remained below 800 ppm. Additionally, diurnal patterns reveal elevated levels of CO₂ and total volatile organic compounds during core office hours, while the contrasting patterns for PM_2.5 suggest outdoor infiltration as the dominant source. This study demonstrates the potential of data-driven techniques for real-time IAQ monitoring and reporting, providing valuable insights to promote healthier IAQ for occupants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102651"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source apportionment of primary and secondary fine particulate matter in Eskisehir/Türkiye using conventional and dispersion-normalized positive matrix factorization","authors":"Akif Ari ,&nbsp;Pelin Ertürk Ari ,&nbsp;Eftade O. Gaga","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the organic and inorganic components of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) were monitored daily in Eskisehir City/Türkiye, for one year, and the contributions of primary and secondary sources to the PM mass were investigated. A total of 94 components were characterized in PM_2.5 samples, including 5 anions, 46 trace elements, Organic and Elemental Carbon (OC &amp; EC), 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), 26 n-alkanes, levoglucosan, and 8 carboxylic acids to obtain a more holistic mass closure. In addition, the principal sources of PM_2.5 were apportioned by the Conventional and Dispersion-Normalized Positive Matrix Factorization (C-PMF and DN-PMF) to assess dispersion/dilution characteristics of local meteorological conditions on source contributions of PM. The main sources of PM were classified into 8 factors. A significant seasonal variation was observed in combustion-related PM_2.5 constituents, which increased in the winter, while the contribution of Secondary Organic Carbon (SOC) enhanced during the summer period. In addition, a visual effect of seasonal atmospheric dilution/dispersion conditions on measured pollutant levels was observed as a function of Ventilation Coefficients (VC). The mass percent of SOC in PM_2.5 varied between 2.3 % and 13.0 %, and the annual mean contribution was over 7.5 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102653"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of altitude on light gasoline vehicles: fuel consumption and air pollution","authors":"Yanxu Ren,&nbsp;Wenhan Yu,&nbsp;Lijun Hao,&nbsp;Yunshan Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Driven by the global carbon neutrality goal and emission regulations, gasoline vehicles' fuel consumption and emission characteristics in the plateau environment have received extensive attention. In this paper, the running resistance of light gasoline vehicles in a high-altitude environment laboratory is corrected by coasting resistance tests to ensure the accuracy of laboratory tests. Finally, a constant speed fuel consumption test and a New European Driving Cycle emission test were carried out in the high-altitude environment laboratory. The results of fuel consumption characteristics show that at low-to-medium speeds (below 5,000m altitude), fuel efficiency generally improved with increasing altitude. For the high-speed range, air resistance becomes more prominent below 5000m, which reduces overall fuel consumption. However, once the altitude approaches 5000m, all speed ranges show an upward trend in fuel consumption. Fuel consumption at high speeds enters an upward trend earlier (at relatively low altitudes). The results of emission characteristics show that the emission of CO and THC increases significantly with the increase of altitude due to combustion deterioration. The contribution of the cold start-up phase increased significantly (77.1 % CO and 66.3 % THC), which became the core factor of the increase in emissions. Due to the game between the combustion temperature and the efficiency of the three-way catalytic converter (TWC), NOx emission shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. Its instantaneous emission characteristics are not stable because of the gradual decline of TWC performance. In general, these results can be used to drive vehicle energy efficiency and emission reduction targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102652"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}