Veterinary Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Targeted Macrophage Modulation as a Disease-Modifying Approach in Canine Osteoarthritis: The Efficacy of EF-M2 (Immutalon^TM) in a Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study.","authors":"Evgeny Pokushalov, Dmitry Kudlay, Nikolai Revkov, Anastasya Shcherbakova, Michael Johnson, Richard Miller","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090919","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoarthritis is a prevalent and disabling condition in companion dogs, yet existing treatments are primarily symptomatic and limited by safety concerns. EF-M2, a defined derivative of vitamin D-binding protein, selectively biases macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype in vitro. We conducted a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (IMPAWS-OA-1) in 60 client-owned dogs with naturally occurring hip or elbow osteoarthritis. Animals were allocated to subcutaneous EF-M2 (0.1 µg/kg) given thrice weekly or twice weekly, or to saline placebo for four weeks, followed by four weeks off-drug. The primary endpoint was change in Canine Brief Pain Inventory-Pain Severity Score (CBPI-PSS) at Day 28. EF-M2 produced dose-frequency-dependent benefits: LS-mean ΔPSS was -2.11 for thrice weekly, -1.42 for twice weekly, and -0.54 for placebo (arm effect <i>p</i> < 0.001). Objective measures showed parallel improvements in peak vertical force and accelerometery. Serum biomarkers confirmed macrophage repolarisation (ARG1/iNOS ratio, IL-10 increase, TNF-α decrease), correlating with clinical response. Adverse events were infrequent and mild, with no excess over placebo. In conclusion, EF-M2 achieved clinically meaningful pain relief, functional gains, and biomarker shifts without safety signals, establishing first-in-species proof that targeted macrophage modulation may be a viable disease-modifying approach for canine osteoarthritis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474438/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Chimeric Fiber-C4/D11 Subunit Vaccine Induces Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies and Provides Better Protection Against Fowl Adenovirus (FAdV) Type 4 and Type 11 Than the Fiber-D11/C4 Subunit Vaccine.","authors":"Xiangqin Wang, Kuan Zhao, Baishi Lei, Wenming Jiang, Yanliang Qiao, Wanzhe Yuan","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090920","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The widespread prevalence of different serotypes of fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) has led to diverse vaccine demands, especially for subunit vaccines targeting FAdV-4 and FAdV-11, which cause hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS) and inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), respectively. Although the Fiber protein is known to elicit robust immune protection, further exploration is needed to enhance the production of cross-neutralizing antibodies. This study utilized structural prediction and homology modeling techniques, employing domain-swapping strategy to integrate neutralizing epitope-containing amino acid sequences (274-451aa and 364-543aa) into the shaft domain of the Fiber protein. Two novel chimeric proteins were recombinantly expressed and developed into subunit vaccines: Fiber-C4/D11 and Fiber-D11/C4. Immunogenicity assessments revealed that the Fiber-C4/D11 vaccine group rapidly induced an antibody response against FAdV-11 within 7 days post-vaccination. By 28 days post-vaccination (dpv), the Fiber-C4/D11 vaccine group exhibited significantly higher levels of cross-neutralizing antibodies compared to the Fiber-D11/C4 group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Challenge experiments demonstrated that both vaccines effectively alleviated clinical symptoms and prevented mortality in SPF chickens. Compared to Fiber-D11/C4, Fiber-C4/D11 significantly reduced body weight loss, liver lesions, viral titers in tissues, and viral shedding. Notably, no cross-neutralizing antibodies were detected following FAdV-4 or FAdV-11 infection, indicating a lack of natural cross-protection between the two serotypes. The chimeric vaccine addressed this gap, offering a promising multivalent approach to mitigate FAdV infections and advancing fowl adenoviral subunit vaccine strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474205/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rational Use of Bethanechol in Dogs and Cats with Bladder Dysfunction.","authors":"Franco Galluzzi, Alessandro Menozzi, Roberta Saleri, Fabio De Rensis, Giliola Spattini","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090918","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bethanechol chloride, a nonselective muscarinic agonist, is the most frequently employed drug in dogs and cats to induce detrusor smooth muscle contraction under conditions characterized by poor or absent bladder emptying. Although this drug has minimal or absent nicotinic activity, at higher doses, weak stimulation of neuronal nicotinic receptors may occur, causing the release of noradrenaline, which induces contraction of the urethral smooth muscle by activating α-adrenergic receptors. In the presence of total or partial suprasacral lesions, the elaboration and initiation phase of the urination process is absent due to an interruption of afferent signals from the bladder to the brainstem. In such cases, hypertonicity of the urethral sphincters is expected, and bethanechol is contraindicated. Bethanechol is also not indicated for reflex dyssynergia. In the presence of complete injuries involving the sacral segments, cauda equina, or pelvic nerve, both reflex and voluntary micturition are abolished, and bethanechol is usually ineffective. However, in cases of partial injuries, bethanechol is likely to be effective, as partial integrity of the micturition reflex is required to produce sustained bladder contraction. Bethanechol may benefit patients with myopathic decompensated bladder, although its effectiveness depends on the severity of detrusor damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474244/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interplay Between Thyrotroph Morphometry and Circulating Thyroid Hormones in Lactating and Non-Lactating Female Camels (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>).","authors":"Shaukat Ali Shaukat Jaspal, Muhammad Mubashar Shaukat, Robina Shaukat, Tahmina Shaukat, Abdul Majeed Cheema, Rifat Ullah Khan, Shabana Naz, Babar Maqbool, Caterina Losacco, Naila Chand, Ibrahim A Alhidary","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090917","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the morphometric characteristics of adenohypophyseal thyrotrophs and circulating thyroid hormone profiles in dromedary camels (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>) in relation to age and lactation status. Clinically healthy Brela breed camels were divided into lactating female, and non-lactating female groups across two age categories (5-10 years and ≥11 years), with fifty animals per group. Blood samples were collected before slaughter and pituitary glands were collected post-slaughter and processed for immunohistochemical detection of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) using anti-porcine TSHβ antibody, while morphometric measurements of thyrotrophs were conducted through image analysis. Plasma concentrations of TSH, triiodothyronine (T₃), and thyroxine (T₄) were quantified using validated ELISA and enzyme immunoassay kits. Group differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc comparisons, with statistical significance set at <i>p</i> < 0.05. Morphometric analysis revealed that lactating female camels exhibited significantly higher thyrotroph counts compared with non-lactating counterparts, whereas non-lactating females displayed larger cell and nuclear dimensions. Age influenced these patterns, with older camels showing hypertrophied thyrotrophs but reduced functional plasticity compared to younger animals. Plasma hormone assays demonstrated that non-lactating camels had higher TSH and T₄ concentrations, while lactating camels maintained elevated T₃ levels, suggesting enhanced peripheral conversion of T₄ to T₃ during milk production. Additionally, younger camels exhibited higher T₃ concentrations than older animals, indicating age-related decline in thyroidal activity. These findings highlight the dynamic regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in camels, demonstrating how lactation and age shape thyroidal morphology and function to meet diverse physiological demands. These findings not only broaden the comparative endocrinology of underexplored species but also provide physiopathological insights relevant to farm animal management, lactation efficiency, and adaptive metabolism in harsh environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474511/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Absence of <i>FGF4</i> Retrogene Insertion on Chromosome 18 Results in a Tall Phenotype in Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen Dogs.","authors":"Tendai Mhlanga-Mutangadura, Liz Hansen, Martin L Katz","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090916","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Every dog breed has characteristic physical features that have been fixed through numerous generations of selective breeding. For the Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen (GBGV) breed, short-leggedness has been established as the breed standard. Although breeders have been consistent in only breeding dogs that meet this standard, occasionally litters have included dogs that are significantly taller. In many dog breeds short leg length is associated with insertion of an <i>FGF4</i> retrogene (<i>FGF4RG</i>) at specific sites on either chromosome 12 (<i>12-FGF4RG</i>) and/or 18 (<i>18-FGF4RG</i>). A study was undertaken to determine whether <i>FGF4RG</i> genotype is the basis of the height difference. Of 47 GBGVs that were evaluated, 41 had leg lengths within the breed standard and 6 were significantly taller. None of the dogs had the <i>12-FGF4RG</i> insertion. The short-legged dogs were either homozygous or heterozygous for the <i>18-FGF4RG</i> insertion. All six long-legged dogs were homozygous for the non-insertion allele. This indicates that selective breeding based on phenotype alone has not been sufficient to fix short-leggedness in the breed due to retention of the non-insertion allele. The finding that one copy of the insertion is sufficient to confer short-leggedness indicates that expression of the retrogene during development is likely to inhibit growth of the limbs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474442/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Affecting the Applicability of Infrared Thermography as a Measure of Temperament in Cattle.","authors":"Paolo Mongillo, Elisa Giaretta, Enrico Fiore, Giorgia Fabbri, Bruno Stefanon, Lorenzo Degano, Daniele Vicario, Gianfranco Gabai","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090913","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal temperament, defined as consistent behavioral and physiological responses to stressors, plays a crucial role in cattle welfare, productivity, and safety during handling. This motivates researchers to identify objective, non-invasive methods for temperament assessment. Infrared thermography (IRT) has emerged as a promising tool to detect superficial temperature changes associated with stress and temperament in cattle. This study aimed to evaluate how superficial temperature variations measured by IRT in fattening bulls are influenced by environmental temperature, humidity, and temperament. The study involved 223 bulls at approximately 7.5 months old, while thermal images of eye and muzzle regions were captured at baseline and during restraint in a squeeze chute. Temperament was assessed using chute score and flight time, and environmental conditions were recorded via a temperature-humidity index (THI). Results showed significant increases in eye and muzzle temperatures during handling. Notably, changes in eye temperature were independent of environmental THI but correlated with flight time, with more temperamental bulls displaying larger temperature increases. In contrast, changes in muzzle temperature were strongly influenced by ambient THI and its variation at handling, consistent with the region's thermoregulatory function. Temperament explained a small proportion of temperature variation. A follow-up experiment on a subset of 104 bulls around 11 months old showed no significant age effects on the IRT-temperament relationship. These findings indicate that IRT, particularly of the eye region, holds promise as a non-invasive, objective method to assess stress responses related to temperament in cattle. Careful selection of thermal regions and accounting for environmental influences are critical. While IRT alone accounts for limited variability, its integration with other behavioral and physiological measures could enhance temperament evaluation. This approach offers novel opportunities for improving animal welfare and management by identifying highly temperamental individuals without invasive procedures. Future research with higher temporal resolution and varied stressors is warranted to further elucidate temperature dynamics associated with temperament.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Trends of Canine Uropathogens in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Northern Italy: A 10-Year Retrospective Study (2014-2023).","authors":"Filippo Tagliasacchi, Jari Zambarbieri, Guido Grilli, Valerio Bronzo, Emanuele Giacobbe Zampollo, Angelica Stranieri, Sara Pansecchi, Piera Anna Martino, Paola Scarpa","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090910","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a major driver of antimicrobial use in canine veterinary practice. The International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines recommend that empirical antimicrobial therapy be guided by locally updated data on pathogen prevalence and resistance patterns. This retrospective study analyzed 201 positive urine cultures obtained via cystocentesis from dogs at a veterinary teaching hospital in northern Italy between 2014 and 2023. The aim was to assess uropathogen distribution and antimicrobial resistance trends before and after the 2019 ISCAID guideline release. <i>Escherichia coli</i> was the predominant isolate (47.5%) showing stable prevalence over time. High resistance rates were observed for amoxicillin (62.4%), whereas resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was lower (33.6%). Importantly, resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate declined significantly from 52.6% to 25.6% (<i>p</i> = 0.0002). These findings suggest amoxicillin alone may be suboptimal for empirical therapy locally, while amoxicillin-clavulanate and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole remain suitable first-line agents. Ongoing local surveillance is essential to support evidence-based antimicrobial stewardship.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474177/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Blood Parameters in Free-Ranging Red Deer (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>) from the Eastern Carpathians Between Autumn and Early Winter.","authors":"Mircea Lazăr, Răzvan Mihail Radu-Rusu, Ioana Acornicesei, Roxana Lazăr","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090915","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090915","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding physiological variability in wild ungulates is essential for ecological monitoring and sustainable wildlife management. This study aimed to examine whether sex and season (autumn vs. early winter) significantly influence hematological and biochemical parameters in free-ranging red deer (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>) from the Eastern Carpathians, Romania. A total of 40 legally harvested adult individuals (20 males, 20 females) were included, and blood samples were collected post-mortem under standardized conditions to minimize pre-analytical variability. Hematological parameters (WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, PLTs) and serum biochemical markers (glucose, urea, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein) were analyzed using automated veterinary analyzers. Statistically significant sex-related differences were found in hematocrit during autumn and hemoglobin concentration during winter, with higher values in males. Seasonal variation within sex groups was not significant but indicated a physiological trend toward hemoconcentration in winter. Biochemical values remained within reference ranges and showed no significant differences across groups. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a strong association between hematocrit and urea, and moderate correlations were observed between WBC and glucose, suggesting links between oxygen transport, protein metabolism, and energy balance. Environmental factors such as reduced food availability and temperature shifts during winter likely contribute to these physiological adjustments. These results provide baseline data for the physiological assessment of red deer populations and support the development of ecological health indicators in wildlife monitoring programs. Future studies incorporating hormonal and immunological biomarkers across multiple seasons are encouraged to further understand adaptive responses in cervids.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474014/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Riboflavin Metabolism Pathway in HepG2 Cells Expressing Genotype IV Swine Hepatitis E Virus ORF3 Protein.","authors":"Jing Tu, Shengping Wu, Lingjie Wang, Chi Meng, Gengxu Zhou, Jianhua Guo, Jixiang Li, Liting Cao, Zhenhui Song, Hanwei Jiao","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090912","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090912","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: Hepatitis E (HE) is a novel zoonotic disease caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV). In particular, swine hepatitis E virus (SHEV) genotype IV is one of the main genotypes that infect humans. Open reading frame 3 (ORF3) is an important virulence protein of SHEV, which is involved in virus assembly, release, and regulation of host cell signaling pathways. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), as a type of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA), have a closed-loop structure and are special non-coding RNA molecules. They participates in the regulation of multiple biological processes by adsorbing microRNAs (miRNAs). Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a component of the coenzyme of flavoenzymes in the body. When there is a deficiency of riboflavin, it will affect the biological oxidation process of the host, leading to metabolic disorders. In addition, riboflavin can also affect the synthesis, transportation and decomposition of lipids in the body. It mainly maintains the normal transportation process of fat in the liver. Therefore, the deficiency of riboflavin will lead to the disorder of lipid metabolism in the body. Thus, viral hepatitis is closely related to riboflavin metabolism. However, there are very few reports on SHEV ORF3 affecting the riboflavin metabolism of target cells and thereby influencing viral infection. Therefore, this study investigates this highly significant scientific issue. (2) Methods: In the previous research of our group, adenovirus was used to mediate the overexpression of SHEV ORF3 genotype IV in HepG2 cells. Total RNA was extracted for high-throughput sequencing of circRNAs and transcriptome. KEGG functional enrichment analysis was performed on the data to identify the differentially expressed circRNAs and miRNAs after SHEV infection, and the relevant circRNA-miRNA network in the riboflavin metabolism pathway in HepG2 cells was found. (3) Results: We identified 4 circRNAs in the riboflavin metabolism pathway of HepG2 cells expressing the ORF3 protein of SHEV genotype IV and successfully found 26 relevant circRNA-miRNA networks. (4) Conclusion: We successfully screened and identified circRNAs related to riboflavin metabolism, further identifying the circRNA-miRNA network and its functional targets. For the first time, we investigated the key mechanism by which ORF3 protein influences riboflavin metabolic pathways in target cells through circRNAs, preliminarily revealing that ariboflavinosis can lead to lipid metabolic disorder in the organism. This indicates a close association between viral HE and riboflavin metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474235/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compounding and Use of Human Medicinal Products in Small Animal Practice: What Are the Perspectives of Veterinarians?-A Pilot Study.","authors":"Zorana Kovačević, Gordana Gregurić Gračner, Dragana Tomanić, Ksenija Vlahović, Ljubiša Šarić, Dragana Novaković, Ivan Galić, Katarina Pajić, Dragoljub Marić, Marko Samardžija, Olga Sič","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090914","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090914","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Compounded medications (CMs) have become increasingly relevant in veterinary pharmacotherapy, particularly due to the limited availability of licensed veterinary medicinal products (VMPs). Despite the importance of CMs, data on their use all over the world, as well as in Serbian veterinary practice, remain limited. The aim of this study is to understand Serbian veterinarians' attitudes towards the use of CMs and human medicinal products in small animal practice, with a focus on challenges and needs they experience related to this type of therapy. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted from January to May 2024 among licensed veterinarians, covering sociodemographics, antibiotic prescribing practices, and attitudes toward CMs. Most respondents (85.4%) reported difficulties in accessing appropriate medications, with 45.8% frequently prescribing human medications for reasons of availability and cost. While 58.3% were familiar with CMs, many emphasized their benefits in tailoring doses and formulations. A majority (65.6%) believed CMs could improve treatment outcomes, yet 87.5% expressed the need for further education. This study shows that Serbian veterinarians frequently prescribe human medications due to limited and costly veterinary medicinal products. While they see the benefits of CMs for personalized treatments, there is a clear need for improved training and clearer regulations to enhance treatment outcomes and ensure safer veterinary care.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474484/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}