Veterinary Sciences最新文献

{"title":"RETRACTED: Edwards et al. The Lysine Methyltransferase SMYD2 Is Required for Definite Hematopoietic Stem Cell Production in the Mouse Embryo. <i>Vet. Sci.</i> 2020, <i>7</i>, 100.","authors":"Melissa A Edwards, Mark A Brown, Ilham Alshiraihi, Dillon K Jarrell, Haley O Tucker","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090966","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The journal retracts the article titled \"The Lysine Methyltransferase SMYD2 Is Required for Definite Hematopoietic Stem Cell Production in the Mouse Embryo\" [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13576370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148971520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-Wide Association Studies Reveal Key Candidate Genes for Egg Weight and Quality Components in an F₂ Japanese Quail Resource Population.","authors":"Natalia A Volkova, Michael N Romanov, Polina V Larionova, Nadezhda Yu German, Ludmila A Volkova, Alexander A Sermyagin, Alexey V Shakhin, Darren K Griffin, Johann Sölkner, Natalia A Zinovieva","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090967","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Identifying genetic markers for economically important egg traits is essential for advancing marker-assisted and genomic selection in poultry breeding. Here, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using genotyping-by-sequencing data to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and candidate genes associated with egg weight (EW) and its constituent components. We evaluated 102 laying Japanese quails from an F₂ resource population generated by crossing divergent Japanese and Texas White breeds. Phenotypic traits included EW, eggshell weight (ESW), albumen weight (AW), thick albumen weight (TAW), yolk weight (YW), and albumen-to-yolk ratio (AYR). We identified 16 significant SNPs and 88 candidate genes. Notably, seven prioritized candidate genes (<i>NTN4</i>, <i>CLDN10</i>, <i>AGAP3</i>, <i>DUSP19</i>, <i>STAB1</i>, <i>SFMBT1</i>, and <i>RNF130</i>) overlapped with significant SNPs associated with EW, ESW, AW, YW, and AYR. Three pleiotropic SNPs (12:309207, 12:335220, and 12:470023) were associated with multiple traits, while the <i>AGAP3</i> gene harbored two SNPs linked to AW. Our data offer insights into the polygenic regulation governing egg component development in quails. These newly detected genomic regions and candidate loci offer valuable targets for downstream replication studies aimed at enhancing avian breeding programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Red Fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) as a Natural Reservoir of <i>Trichinella britovi</i> from North-Eastern Romania: Epidemiological and Molecular Evidence.","authors":"Olimpia Iacob, Laura Andreea Olariu, Gianluca Marucci, Francesco Celani, Ciprian Chiruță, Mihai Mareș","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090964","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wild carnivores play an important role in maintaining <i>Trichinella</i> spp. infection in the sylvatic environment and may contribute to the transmission of the parasite to domestic animals and humans. Northeastern Romania hosts a large population of red foxes (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>), a species not routinely included in trichinellosis surveillance programs. This study aimed to determine the geographical distribution and prevalence of <i>Trichinella</i> infection in red foxes and to identify the species involved. Between 2023 and 2025, muscle samples (tongue, diaphragm, and intercostal muscles) were collected from 617 red foxes culled as part of epidemiological surveillance activities. Samples were examined by direct trichinelloscopy, and positive specimens were further analyzed by multiplex PCR at the European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites in Rome, Italy, for species identification. <i>Trichinella</i> infection was detected in foxes from all investigated counties of northeastern Romania, regardless of landforms. The overall prevalence was 24.3% (150/617). Of the 148 isolates subjected to multiplex PCR, 120 yielded positive amplification, all of which were identified as <i>Trichinella britovi</i>. The widespread distribution and high prevalence of <i>T. britovi</i> confirm the role of the red fox as an important natural reservoir, supporting the maintenance and circulation of the parasite in the sylvatic environment and highlighting the need for continued surveillance and further epidemiological studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Use in Dromedary Camels: Off-Label Practices, Welfare Implications, and Antimicrobial Resistance Within a One Health Framework-A Narrative Review.","authors":"Aftab Shaukat, Illahi Bakhsh Marghazani, Abdulrahman A Alkheraif, Mohamed Tharwat","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090959","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Camelus dromedarius</i> (the dromedary camel) plays a vital role in the lives, food security, and culture of pastoral people in many arid and semi-arid areas of Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. Despite their economic and nutritional value, camels are poorly represented in veterinary pharmacology, with limited numbers of antimicrobial agents formally licensed for use in this species. These practitioners and owners therefore depend heavily on off-label and extra-label administration of drugs developed and dosed for cattle, small ruminants or humans. This narrative review synthesizes published work related to antimicrobial use in dromedary camels, highlighting the pharmacokinetic uncertainties of extrapolating doses from other species. This review distinguishes between direct dromedary data and indirect evidence from other camelids, as well contextual practices within mixed livestock systems to fill evidence gaps. It addresses the non-clinical aspect of suboptimal antimicrobial use, such as under-analgesia, irrational dosing and untimely or off-formal treatment. It also discusses the ever-expanding literature on antimicrobial-resistant bacteria found in camel-derived products, camel ticks and camel feces, such as the presence of ESBL and MDR <i>E. coli</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. The findings are discussed in the context of the One Health paradigm, and possible routes of camel-to-human exposure through raw milk and meat, as well as environmental dissemination of resistance genes, are recommended for surveillance and stewardship.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13612037/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-Wide Association Screening and Candidate SNP Analysis Identify an Intergenic Variant Near <i>CTNND</i>2 Associated with Litter Size Traits in Saanen Dairy Goats.","authors":"Jianqing Zhao, Shuhao Guo, Jianwu Li, Wenjie Sun, Yuqi Ma, Wei Wang, Weiming Gao","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090961","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090961","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Litter size is an economically important reproductive trait in dairy goats, but its genetic improvement remains challenging because of its complex genetic architecture and the influence of multiple environmental factors. This study aimed to identify genomic loci associated with litter size-related traits and to evaluate the potential of an intergenic variant near the candidate gene <i>CTNND</i>2 as a molecular marker in Saanen dairy goats. A total of 341 does with reproductive records were analyzed using a genome-wide association study (GWAS), followed by candidate SNP genotyping and association analysis. A shared association signal for litter size and live-born kid number was identified on chromosome 20, leading to the selection of the intergenic SNP CM048886.1:g.61357858G>A located near <i>CTNND</i>2 for further evaluation. Three genotypes (GG, AG, and AA) were detected, and the locus exhibited moderate genetic diversity (PIC = 0.27) while conforming to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Association analysis revealed nominal associations between the SNP and both litter size (<i>p</i> = 0.0445) and live-born kid number (<i>p</i> = 0.0448), whereas no significant association was observed with average kid birth weight (<i>p</i> = 0.125). Goats carrying the A allele showed numerically higher litter size and live-born kid number than those carrying the G allele. These findings identify CM048886.1:g.61357858G>A, an intergenic variant near <i>CTNND</i>2, as a promising candidate marker for litter size-related traits in Saanen dairy goats and provide a foundation for future validation studies and the development of molecular breeding strategies to improve reproductive performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13612026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classification of Foot-and-Mouth and Lumpy Skin Disease in Cattle Using Frozen Pretrained Encoders: A Comparison of Convolutional and Transformer Architectures.","authors":"Paulo Valerio, Wilfredo Ticona","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090962","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> To determine whether the architectural family of a pretrained encoder, convolutional or attentional, governs its transferability and the reliability of its probabilities under frozen transfer, and how much of the task can be solved once lesion morphology is removed from the input. <b>Methods:</b> Photographs of cattle labelled healthy, foot-and-mouth disease or lumpy skin disease were split into a development set of 1277 from a public Kaggle collection and an external set of 985 from two Zenodo records. Six encoders, three convolutional and three vision transformers (ViT-B/16), were frozen and read through an identical linear head under a grouped five-fold split with five seeds. Discrimination and calibration were co-primary, and the external set was read once. <b>Results:</b> External balanced accuracy ran from 0.906 to 0.819, both extremes being ViT-B/16 encoders; after Holm correction, the three leading encoders, two attentional and one convolutional, were indistinguishable. The lowest of the six returned a Brier skill score of -0.030. A 4 × 4 thumbnail reached 0.527 against 0.333 for chance and recovered 0.650 of the foot-and-mouth cases. <b>Conclusions:</b> The pretraining recipe, not the convolutional-attentional distinction, ordered both criteria. Discrimination gave no warning of the loss of probabilistic skill, so a proper scoring rule must be reported beside it. External validation cannot expose a cue present in both collections that travels with the label, and low-information controls must accompany it.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palm Kernel Meal Inclusion Does Not Compromise Performance of Growing and Finishing Pigs Regardless of Feed Form or Corn Processing.","authors":"Vetriselvi Sampath, In Ho Kim","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090963","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090963","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to assess the impact of different forms of feed and their processing methods on growth performance, nutrient absorption, and carcass quality in pigs across both growing and finishing stages. A total of 440 crossbred (Yorkshire × Landrace × Duroc) pigs were used in two experiments. Experiment 1 (Exp. 1) included 220 growing pigs (63 days of age; initial body weight [BW], 25.06 ± 1.82 kg), while Experiment 2 (Exp. 2) included 220 finishing pigs (105 days of age; initial BW, 54.80 ± 3.66 kg). In both experiments, pigs were assigned to four dietary treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with 11 replicates with five pigs (two gilts and three barrows)/pen. In Exp. 1, growing pigs were either fed mash and/or crumble diets with or without 5% PKM for 6 weeks. Herein, corn, soybean meal (SBM), and PKM were all processed into both mash and crumble forms. In Exp. 2., finishing pigs were fed with mash (extruded) and crumble (non-extruded) diets with and without PKM for 10 weeks. At the end of week 6, growing pigs fed neither mash nor crumble with and without PKM diets showed no significant (<i>p</i> > 0.05) changes in their growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Similarly, no notable (<i>p</i> > 0.05) changes were observed on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass grade quality in finishing pigs at the end of week 10. In summary, the present study had insufficient (less than 80%) statistical power to show possible differences between the treatment groups suggesting that current findings are preliminary evidence regarding the use of PKM and different feed-processing strategies in pig diets; however, further studies with greater experimental replication are warranted to validate these findings to clarify potential treatment effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611954/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transformation and Sustainable Development of China's Pig Industry in the Post-African Swine Fever Era: A One Health Perspective.","authors":"Ting Lin, Zengyong Zhu, Keyi Duan, Yakun Huang","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090960","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 2018 African swine fever (ASF) outbreak disrupted China's pig industry but spurred transformations in production, organisation, and governance. Using the One Health framework, this study examines post-ASF dynamics across animal health, environmental sustainability, public health, and economic sustainability. The findings indicate the following: (1) Policy, investment, biosecurity, and digital tech enabled rapid production recovery, yet the growth rate of production has significantly outpaced that of consumption, raising periodic overcapacity risks. (2) The shift from farrow-to-finish to specialised, large-scale operations improves efficiency and risk control but intensifies environmental pressure. (3) Digital tools and biosecurity promote precision and health-oriented farming. (4) Key sustainability challenges include crop-livestock decoupling, low manure utilisation, animal welfare gaps, and antimicrobial stewardship. The analysis reveals that while economic sustainability has driven rapid capacity recovery, it increasingly conflicts with environmental and animal health objectives. Therefore, the future pathways should adopt One Health to integrate capacity optimisation, green recycling, biosecurity governance, and digital transformation, balancing economic returns, animal health, environmental protection, and public health security.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13612062/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Appearances: The Hidden Coat Diversity of the Sicilian Mastiff Revealed by Integrated Phenotypic and Genetic Analyses.","authors":"Arianna Bionda, Viviana Floridia, Paola Crepaldi, Luigi Liotta","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090958","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coat colour is one of the most recognizable and traditionally selected traits in dog breeds. However, despite its apparent simplicity, it represents a biologically complex phenotype, shaped by the interaction of multiple genetic loci, modifier genes, and variable phenotypic expression, challenging standardized phenotypic classification. This study presents the first characterization of coat colour and texture in the Sicilian Mastiff, integrating pedigree records, photographic assessment, and genetic analyses. Breeder-declared pedigree coat colour was examined for 760 dogs to evaluate terminology and its consistency, while photographs from 197 individuals enabled standardized phenotypic classification. Fifty dogs, selected within a monitored subset, were genotyped for 40 coat-related variants using the MyDogDNA™ commercial test, with additional analysis of <i>KRT71</i> curly-related variants in nine animals. Pedigree records included 115 terms for only 23 colour categories, revealing substantial inconsistency in terminology. Photographic evaluation identified considerably greater phenotypic diversity than registry data, showing that complex traits like brindling, ticking, melanistic masks, and white markings were frequently omitted or simplified; for example, only 8/64 Brindle black and tan dogs were identified as such in the registry. Genetic analyses confirmed segregation of alleles influencing eumelanin/pheomelanin distribution, dilution, white spotting, and hair texture-including both <i>KRT71</i> variants contributing to the characteristic curly coat of the breed-, while no known variants associated with merle, harlequin, cocoa, or albinism were detected. Our findings could provide valuable support to the breed association in requesting that the Italian Kennel Club (ENCI) revise the breed standard terminology and coat colour recording process, including allowing updates during growth, to improve clarity and consistency. Finally, requiring photographic documentation for registration applications could improve the reliability of coat colour assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13612038/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Field-Applicable Method for Bluetongue Virus Detection Using Filter Paper Cards.","authors":"Estefanía Quiroga, Julieta Suyay Roldan, Nancy Cardoso, Juan Manuel Sala, Stefanía Selene Marucho, Cecilia Ferrufino, María José Dus Santos","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090955","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The diagnosis of Bluetongue Virus (BTV) in Argentina is primarily conducted via RT-qPCR and faces challenges due to the limited number of diagnostic laboratories, many of which are located in regions where BTV is exotic and far from primary sample collection areas. As a result, blood samples must be transported over considerable distances for analysis. This poses significant logistical challenges due to the specific transport conditions that are required. Consequently, the development of methodologies that optimize sample collection, preservation, and safe transport is of vital importance. The objective of this study was to standardize a sampling protocol for the detection of BTV using filter paper cards. This protocol was developed to ensure adequate preservation and transport of blood samples for diagnosis. Hydration with TE at 37 °C resulted in the lowest Cq among the tested treatments, with ~10 TCID₅₀/mL representing the lowest viral concentration that was consistently detected under the experimental conditions. The stability of the sample on the cards was evaluated through a series of storage trials at temperatures of 25 °C, 4 °C, -20 °C, and -80 °C for 1, 7, 30, 60, 120, and 360 days. Stability was verified up to 120 days at all temperatures. Furthermore, the absence of infectious material in the card eluate was confirmed. A preliminary field evaluation was conducted, in which blood samples from cattle and sheep were collected in tubes and on cards. According to the Cohen's Kappa index, the agreement between both methods was nearly perfect. The standardized methodology signifies a substantial advancement in BTV diagnosis, as it facilitates the transportation of samples without the necessity of refrigeration and with adequate biosafety conditions without losing diagnostic capacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}