The Plant Journal最新文献

{"title":"Haplotype-resolved telomere-to-telomere genome assembly of Populus lasiocarpa unveils retrotransposon-driven centromere evolution","authors":"Tengfei Shen,&nbsp;Yihang Ning,&nbsp;Yaolin Wang,&nbsp;Zihe Song,&nbsp;Mengli Xi,&nbsp;Huixin Pan,&nbsp;Meng Xu","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70504","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.70504","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Centromeres, essential for chromosome segregation, exhibit remarkable evolutionary dynamism in sequence composition and structural organization. Here, we report the first haplotype-resolved, telomere-to-telomere genome assembly of <i>Populus lasiocarpa</i> (PLAS) and precisely map all 38 functional centromeres through CENH3 ChIP-Seq. Unlike classical satellite-rich centromeres in model plants, PLAS centromeres lack abundant satellite arrays but are dominated by retrotransposons, particularly RLG and RIL elements, which form intricate nested TE arrays within the functional centromeric regions, disrupting their structural integrity and driving their evolution. Comparative analysis with <i>P. trichocarpa</i> reveals a conserved retrotransposon-dominated architecture, despite minimal sequence conservation. We propose a cyclic model of centromere evolution in which autonomous retrotransposons destabilize functional centromeres through epigenetic erosion, triggering neocentromere formation at pericentromeric sites enriched in transposable elements (TEs) and tandem repeats (TRs). These neocentromeres either succumb to recurrent retrotransposon invasions or stabilize through KARMA-mediated TR expansion, ultimately giving rise to satellite-rich centromeres. Our work redefines centromeres as dynamic, epigenetically plastic domains shaped by retrotransposon-TR antagonism, challenging the satellite-centric paradigm and offering novel insights into plant genome evolution.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145184351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DROL1/DIB1 determines U5 snRNP specificity for intron terminal dinucleotide in Arabidopsis","authors":"Takamasa Suzuki,&nbsp;Tomoko Niwa,&nbsp;Ayami Furuta,&nbsp;Daisuke Aramaki,&nbsp;Kokone Toyama,&nbsp;Mizuho Ito,&nbsp;Rio Kikuchi,&nbsp;Sanetaka Ishikawa,&nbsp;Takeki Ohsumi,&nbsp;Tatsuki Inonue,&nbsp;Yoshiaki Shiotani,&nbsp;Yuma Ito,&nbsp;Yuriko Inami","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70493","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.70493","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Most introns contain GT–AG terminal dinucleotides; although some eukaryotes have introns with AT–AC termini whose splicing is impaired in the <i>Arabidopsis defective repression of OLE3::LUC 1</i> (<i>drol1</i>) mutant. We identified seven <i>drol1</i> suppressors across four loci, all encoding subunits of the U5 snRNP. Although AT–AC splicing was partially restored in these suppressors, their phenotypes were almost completely rescued. Artificial introns with either GT–AG or AT–AC termini showed a splicing preference for GT–AG termini in <i>drol1</i> and its suppressors. These results suggest that AT–AC introns are spliced by a GT–AG specific spliceosome in the suppressors, with DROL1 influencing U5 snRNP specificity at the 5′ splice site. We propose that mRNAs retaining unspliced AT–AC introns impair translation and produce nuclear signals that contribute to the complex phenotypes seen in <i>drol1</i>.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145184389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Omics insights into OsZFP252-OsGA20ox5 mediated drought tolerance in rice through stomatal and vascular regulation","authors":"Ming Yin,&nbsp;Mingyue Huo,&nbsp;Shanwen Wang,&nbsp;Yong Zhao,&nbsp;Yuxin Lei,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Chu,&nbsp;Liying Zuo,&nbsp;Yawei Liang,&nbsp;Dapu Liu,&nbsp;Xiuqin Zhao,&nbsp;Fan Zhang,&nbsp;Binying Fu,&nbsp;Zichao Li,&nbsp;Zhikang Li,&nbsp;Jianlong Xu,&nbsp;Wensheng Wang","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70497","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.70497","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rice growth is highly dependent on water availability, and drought stress significantly impacts its entire life cycle. However, previous studies lack systematic investigations into drought-responsive candidate genes across the full life cycle of rice. This study integrates transcriptomic and phenotypic data from two rice lines, IR64 (drought-sensitive) and DK151 (drought-tolerant), under varied environmental conditions at distinct growth stages. Using k-means clustering, 13 369 genes were categorized into 17 distinct expression patterns, revealing drought-responsive genes specifically upregulated or downregulated under drought stress. Weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) further identified four gene modules strongly correlated with drought-related phenotypes, co-localizing 2859 drought-responsive genes through both approaches. Proteomics and metabolomics were supplemented at the booting stage, where phenotypic and transcriptomic differences under drought were most pronounced. Integrated omics results demonstrate gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) pathways play a key role during drought tolerance in rice, and 79 high-confidence drought-resistant candidate genes were prioritized from the 2859 drought-responsive genes. Among these, <i>Gibberellin 20-oxidase 5</i> (<i>OsGA20ox5</i>) was identified as a key negative regulator of drought tolerance. Furthermore, the transcription factor zinc finger protein 252 (OsZFP252) directly binds to the <i>OsGA20ox5</i> promoter, repressing its expression and enhancing ABA biosynthesis, thereby improving drought tolerance by increasing stomatal closure and expanding vascular bundle water transport capacity. Notably, the drought-tolerant haplotype 2–4 (Hap2–4) of <i>OsGA20ox5</i> provides valuable insights for drought-resistant breeding.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary dynamics and genetic diversity of transposable elements revealed by resequencing data in maize population","authors":"Jun-Jie Zhuang,&nbsp;Ting Li,&nbsp;Wen-Jing Li,&nbsp;Zhen-Kun Yang,&nbsp;Zhen Liu,&nbsp;Jian-Hong Xu","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70500","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.70500","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Zea mays</i> (maize) is a globally significant crop with a complex genome enriched with transposable elements (TEs), which are crucial drivers of genomic diversity and plant evolution. In this study, we identified the TE insertion loci (TILs) from resequencing data of 103 maize accessions with the developed pipeline, and 64 293 non-redundant unique TILs were obtained in 82 maize accessions after filtering; approximately 80% (51 361) of loci showed insertion polymorphisms within the population. All TE superfamilies have low frequency in the maize population except for short interspersed nuclear elements, while some TE families have high fixed TE insertions, revealing distinct evolutionary dynamics among TE superfamilies and families. Genetic analysis using the transposon insertion polymorphism information from the maize population showed that the TE polymorphism loci can reflect their geographical origin and evolutionary relationships. Furthermore, TE insertions could also significantly impact gene expression, implying functional consequences for maize phenotypes and adaptation. These findings provide valuable insights into the evolutionary dynamics and genetic diversity of maize genomes, offering a valuable resource for molecular markers and association studies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CsAPRR2 regulates cucumber immature fruit color by coordinating chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis-related gene expression","authors":"Hanqiang Liu,&nbsp;Mingming Cui,&nbsp;Kaihong Hu,&nbsp;Junyi Tan,&nbsp;Yiqun Weng,&nbsp;Yuxuan Ma,&nbsp;Ju Li,&nbsp;Zeqiang Huang,&nbsp;Birong Chen,&nbsp;Huanwen Meng,&nbsp;Yupeng Pan,&nbsp;Zhihui Cheng","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70496","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Immature fruit color (IFC) of cucumber (<i>Cucumis sativus</i> L.) is an important marketability trait affecting consumer preferences. We previously identified a single-base insertion (−/G) in <i>CsAPRR2</i> that introduces a premature stop codon, leading to loss of the conserved C-terminal GCT box that is essential for protein–protein interactions. This mutation is strongly associated with reduced <i>CsAPRR2</i> expression and white IFC. RNA interference (RNAi) and transgenic overexpression confirmed the critical role of <i>CsAPRR2</i> in regulating IFC. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis and transcriptome profiling identified 225 candidate targets of CsAPRR2, many of which encode thylakoid membrane proteins or key enzymes in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Knockdown of <i>CsAPRR2</i> expression in RNAi plants significantly reduced the expression of these genes, resulting in impaired thylakoid development, lower chloroplast numbers, and reduced pigment content. CsAPRR2 physically interacts with transcription factors CsTCP15 and CsTCP20B in a GCT box–dependent manner, supporting a model in which these interactions contribute to <i>CsAPRR2</i>-mediated regulation of chloroplast development. Notably, a <i>CsTCP20B</i> variant identified in a wild cucumber with light green immature skin and white mature skin supports its involvement in skin color regulation. Together, this work establishes CsAPRR2 as a central regulator of chloroplast biogenesis and immature fruit pigmentation in cucumber and underscores the importance of transcription factor interactions in modulating photosynthesis-related gene expression.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic acetylation of WRKY63 is antagonistically regulated by HAG1 and HDA6 in Arabidopsis thaliana","authors":"Yuan-Hsin Shih,&nbsp;Pei-Yu Lin,&nbsp;Fu-Yu Hung,&nbsp;Keqiang Wu","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70495","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lysine acetylation is a crucial post-translational modification that regulates protein function, stability, and subcellular localization. While extensively studied in mammalian systems, its role in plants remains largely unexplored. In this study, we identify the histone acetyltransferase HAG1 and the histone deacetylase HDA6 as key antagonistic regulators of the transcription factor WRKY63 acetylation. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, split-luciferase assays, and co-immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrate that WRKY63 interacts with HAG1 and HDA6. Furthermore, the N-terminal region of WRKY63 is essential for these interactions. HAG1-mediated acetylation enhances WRKY63 nuclear localization, whereas HDA6-mediated deacetylation reduces its nuclear retention. Moreover, transient transcriptional assays indicate that HDA6 represses WRKY63-mediated transcriptional activation. Our findings highlight the broader significance of lysine acetylation beyond histone modification, uncovering an antagonistic regulatory network that fine-tunes transcription factor activity in plants.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OsWRKY53 dictates wound responses in rice through fine-tuning crosstalk between PEP and PSK-mediated signalling","authors":"Chitthavalli Y. Harshith,&nbsp;Dipasmit Palchaudhuri,&nbsp;Riju Dey,&nbsp;Steffi Raju,&nbsp;Padubidri V. Shivaprasad","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70481","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wounding is a major event during the multitude of stresses that plants face in their natural environment. Wound response is very dynamic and involves the integration of various regulatory networks culminating in successful wound-induced downstream signalling. Plants depend on endogenous molecular signals predominantly, small peptides, to initiate wound responses. Transcriptional response is paramount in dictating a successful wound response. Here we show the involvement of a WRKY transcription factor (TF) named <i>OsWRKY53</i> that is upregulated upon wounding as well as wound-derived plant elicitor peptide (PEP), OsPep2 treatments. OsWRKY53 is involved in the positive regulation of gene expression of OsPep2-responsive genes. OsWRKY53 displays altered DNA occupancy in response to OsPep2 treatment over time, correlating with the altered gene expression. OsWRKY53 undergoes phosphorylation upon OsPep2 perception, and this contributes to the enhanced stability of the protein. Further, OsWRKY53 is involved in the simultaneous activation and suppression of OsPep2-responsive and phytosulfokine (PSK)-responsive genes, respectively. In agreement with these findings, perturbed expression of OsWRKY53 leads to compromised transcriptional responses post-wounding. Collectively, we establish that OsWRKY53 acts at the intersection of PEP and PSK-mediated transition of wound responses.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional genetics of rice PISTILLATA genes reveals new roles and target genes in flowering time, female fertility, and parthenocarpy","authors":"Mohamed Zamzam,&nbsp;Ritabrata Basak,&nbsp;Sharad Singh,&nbsp;Sandhan Prakash,&nbsp;Raghavaram Peesapati,&nbsp;Imtiyaz Khanday,&nbsp;Sara Simonini,&nbsp;Ueli Grossniklaus,&nbsp;Usha Vijayraghavan","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70490","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Floral organ identity is controlled largely by the combinatorial action of MADS domain homeotic transcription factors. Lodicules are specialized plant organs in cereals and grasses that are involved in floret opening and facilitate pollination and fertility in rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.). To understand the mechanisms underlying the specification of the rice lodicule, we investigated the developmental functions of the rice <i>PISTILLATA</i> (<i>PI</i>) paralogs, <i>OsMADS2</i>, and <i>OsMADS4</i>. Null <i>osmads2</i> mutants reiterated OsMADS2 nonredundant lodicule specification roles and revealed new roles in flowering time and floral organ number and fate. Doubly perturbed <i>osmads2 osmads4kd</i> florets had severe abnormalities, were female infertile, yet could initiate parthenocarpy. Ubiquitous <i>OsMADS4</i> overexpression rescued <i>osmads2</i> abnormalities. We also utilized genome-wide binding analyses and transcriptome profiling to identify putative target genes contributing to OsMADS2 functions. In <i>osmads2</i>^<i>d8/d8</i> null mutant, we observed deregulated genes in a plethora of processes including lodicule and stamen development, floral organ number, and cell wall development. Some examples are cell division regulators (Cyclin D6, Cyclin-P4-1-like), an aquaporin (PIP1A), a peptide transporter, a vascular developmental regulator (HOX1), and a cell wall modulator (GH9B16). The deregulation of these genes may be associated with the disrupted cell division, tissue differentiation, and physiology of the malformed lodicules in <i>osmads2</i> and <i>osmads2 osmads4kd</i> florets. Altogether, we reveal novel roles for the rice <i>PI</i> paralogs in flowering time, panicle exsertion, and embryo sac differentiation, identify gene targets for lodicule development, and provide mechanistic insights on the functional diversification of rice <i>PI</i> paralogs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LoZAT12 accelerates flower senescence by activating the biosynthesis of salicylic acid and ABA in Lilium oriental hybrid ‘Siberia’","authors":"Ziqiang Chen,&nbsp;Ruirui Li,&nbsp;Fengyuan Xu,&nbsp;Yiyi Yang,&nbsp;Cancan Yang,&nbsp;Jingjie Fang,&nbsp;Sitong Liu,&nbsp;Zhulong Chan,&nbsp;Linlin Zhong,&nbsp;Caiyun Wang,&nbsp;Fan Li,&nbsp;Guangfen Cui,&nbsp;Chunlian Jin,&nbsp;Shenchong Li,&nbsp;Jihua Wang,&nbsp;Hilary J. Rogers,&nbsp;Fan Zhang,&nbsp;Jing Luo","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70465","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.70465","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Flower senescence is an intrinsic developmental process in plants that is regulated by phytohormones, including salicylic acid (SA) and ABA. Senescence significantly influences the quality and duration of flower opening in ornamental plants, leading to the loss of their economic value. The C2H2-type zinc finger protein family is known to play a crucial role in plant stress responses; however, its involvement in the regulation of flower senescence has yet to be reported. In this study, LoZAT12, a <i>Lilium</i> oriental hybrid C2H2 zinc finger protein, was found to be a key regulator in SA- and ABA-mediated lily flower senescence. The expression of <i>LoZAT12</i> significantly increased during the late stage of flower opening, accompanied by the elevated levels of SA and ABA. Silencing of <i>LoZAT12</i> resulted in a delay of flower senescence, whereas overexpression of <i>LoZAT12</i> accelerated senescence in lily flowers, which was also confirmed in transgenic Arabidopsis. Furthermore, LoZAT12 was shown to directly bind to the promoters of SA and ABA biosynthesis-related genes, <i>LoPAL2</i> and <i>LoNCED3</i>, thereby activating their expression and enhancing the levels of SA and ABA. Additionally, LoZAT12 bound to the promoter of the protease gene <i>LoSAG39</i> and induced its expression, thereby facilitating lily flower senescence. The roles of <i>LoPAL2</i> and <i>LoNCED3</i> in promoting lily flower senescence were further confirmed through gene silencing. This study elucidates the dual-regulatory function of LoZAT12 in modulating the accumulation of SA and ABA, establishing a positive feedback loop that contributes to the coordinated flower senescence in lilies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145129782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic snapshot of pattern triggered immunity in the Arabidopsis leaf apoplast","authors":"Hsiao-Chun Chen,&nbsp;Carter J. Newton,&nbsp;Gustavo Diaz,&nbsp;Yaochao Zheng,&nbsp;Feng Kong,&nbsp;Yao Yao,&nbsp;Li Yang,&nbsp;Brian H. Kvitko","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70498","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.70498","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The apoplast is a critical interface in plant–pathogen interactions, particularly in the context of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which is initiated by recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns. Our study characterizes the proteomic profile of the Arabidopsis apoplast during PTI induced by flg22, a 22-amino-acid bacterial flagellin epitope, to elucidate the output of PTI. Apoplastic washing fluid was extracted with minimal cytoplasmic contamination for liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis. By comparing our data to publicly available transcriptome profiles of flg22 treatment from 1 to 18 h, we observed that several highly abundant proteins exhibit relatively unchanged gene expression across all time points. We also observed topological bias in peptide recovery of 19 enriched receptor-like kinases with peptides predominantly recovered from their ectodomains. Notably, tetraspanin 8, an exosome marker, was enriched in PTI samples. We additionally confirmed increased concentrations of exosomes during PTI. This study enhances our understanding of the proteomic changes in the apoplast during plant immune responses and lays the groundwork for future investigations into the molecular mechanisms of plant defense under recognition of pathogen molecular patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70498","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145136169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}