The Plant Journal最新文献

{"title":"Drought inhibits thermomorphogenesis via salicylic acid-mediated suppression of ELF3 phase separation","authors":"Ruitian Song,&nbsp;Mande Xue,&nbsp;Huairen Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Li,&nbsp;Hui Li,&nbsp;Danhua Jiang","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70466","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Plants are constantly exposed to environmental changes and must respond carefully to ensure survival and growth. Under high temperatures, many plants exhibit a series of morphological and developmental adjustments, including increased hypocotyl and petiole elongation. These adaptations, collectively termed thermomorphogenesis, promote transpiration and water loss, thereby enhancing evaporative cooling. However, this phenomenon has primarily been described under well-watered conditions, whereas in nature, heat often coincides with other environmental challenges, such as drought. How thermomorphogenesis integrates with water shortage conditions, where excess water loss can be detrimental, remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that restricting water availability and mimicking drought stress with mannitol or PEG inhibit thermomorphogenesis. Mechanistically, both mannitol and PEG treatments reduce high temperature-induced transcriptional activation of <i>PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4</i> (<i>PIF4</i>), a central regulator of thermomorphogenesis. This suppression is contributed to by the enhanced production of plant phytohormone salicylic acid (SA), which disrupts phase separation and prevents the deactivation of EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), a repressor of <i>PIF4</i>, at high temperatures, thereby inhibiting <i>PIF4</i> activation. Our study highlights the trade-off between cooling at high temperatures and minimizing excessive water loss under water-limited conditions, providing insights into plant responses to complex environmental challenges.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salicylic acid reduces ELF3 phase separation and suppresses thermomorphogenic growth in Arabidopsis","authors":"Xiangbin Chen,&nbsp;Ying Li,&nbsp;Muhammad Redzuan Bin Jamil,&nbsp;Jolly Madathiparambil Saju,&nbsp;Rajani Sarojam,&nbsp;Nam-Hai Chua","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70335","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Salicylic acid (SA), a long-characterized defense hormone, is increasingly recognized for its roles in plant growth and development. However, its involvement in mediating plant growth responses to environmental cues remains less understood. Here, we show that SA negatively affects thermomorphogenic growth in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. SA levels decrease in Arabidopsis when exposed to warm temperatures (29°C). Seedlings treated with exogenous SA, as well as transgenic plants with elevated SA levels, exhibit significantly reduced thermoresponsive hypocotyl elongation compared with control seedlings. By contrast, SA-deficient mutant seedlings display enhanced elongation. SA significantly decreases warmth-induced expression of <i>PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4</i> (<i>PIF4</i>), a central regulator of thermomorphogenesis, and of downstream auxin biosynthesis and signaling genes. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of SA on thermomorphogenic growth and warmth-induced <i>PIF4</i> expression are largely dependent on <i>EARLY FLOWERING 3</i> (<i>ELF3</i>). SA reduces liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of ELF3 prion-like domain (ELF3-Prd) <i>in vitro</i>, although the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Correspondingly, elevated SA levels in plants decrease ELF3 nuclear speckle formation and enhance ELF3 binding to the <i>PIF4</i> promoter at warm temperatures, whereas reduced SA levels in plants lead to the opposite effect. Collectively, our study uncovers a previously unrecognized role of SA in plant growth adaptation to the changing climate.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"JMJ720 encodes an H3K9me2 demethylase that regulates grain size in rice","authors":"Xiaoche Wang,&nbsp;Zhiwen Yu,&nbsp;Xiang Li,&nbsp;Jiahao Lu,&nbsp;Ying Tang,&nbsp;Fengcheng Li,&nbsp;Hai Xu,&nbsp;Wenfu Chen,&nbsp;Quan Xu","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70462","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grain size is a crucial determinant of rice yield, yet the molecular mechanisms controlling this trait remain only partially understood. Here, we identified the <i>JMJ720</i> locus as a key regulator of grain size through map-based cloning. The <i>jmj720</i> mutant was found to exhibit significantly larger grains when compared to the wild type (WT). <i>JMJ720</i> encodes a protein with a Jumonji C (JmjC) domain that serves as a histone H3K9me2 demethylase. In this study, we found that JMJ720 decreases the methylation level of H3K9me2 at the <i>OsNDB2</i> locus, which codes for a putative rotenone-insensitive type II NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, thereby promoting <i>OsNDB2</i> expression. Elevated expression of <i>OsNDB2</i> was associated with reduced grain size, whereas increased H3K9me2 methylation at the <i>OsNDB2</i> locus in the <i>jmj720</i> mutant led to the repression of its expression, resulting in larger grain size. These findings unveil a novel epigenetic mechanism by which a JmjC-domain protein regulates grain size and offer a potential strategy for breeding rice varieties with enhanced grain size and yield.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of the PWWP-domain protein HUA2 and the H3K36 methylation in flowering time control","authors":"Qingxuan Xie,&nbsp;Zepeng Li,&nbsp;Wei Zhao,&nbsp;Aiwu Dong,&nbsp;Ying Ruan,&nbsp;Wen-Hui Shen","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70461","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Trimethylation of histone H3 at lys36 (H3K36me3) promotes gene transcription and governs plant development and plant responses to environmental cues. Yet, how H3K36me3 is translated into specific downstream events remains largely uninvestigated. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis PWWP-domain protein HUA2 binds methyl-H3K36 in a PWWP motif-dependent manner. Mutations of the PWWP motif impeded <i>HUA2</i> function to successfully rescue the <i>hua2-7</i> mutant phenotype. Genetic interaction analysis revealed that <i>HUA2</i> is hypostatic to the H3K36-methyltransferase gene <i>SDG8</i>, albeit both <i>hua2-7</i> and <i>sdg8-1</i> mutants display early-flowering phenotypes under long-day, medium-day, or short-day photoperiod. The mutant early-flowering phenotypes were found primarily associated with the reductions of expression of the transcriptional repressor genes <i>FLC</i> and <i>MAF1</i>. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that H3K36me3 levels at <i>FLC</i> and <i>MAF1</i> are <i>SDG8</i>-dependent but not <i>HUA2</i>-dependent. In contrast, histone acetylation (H3ac, H3K9ac) levels at <i>FLC</i> and <i>MAF1</i> were found reduced in <i>hua2-7</i> and the reductions were largely <i>SDG8</i>-dependent. Collectively, our results suggest that HUA2 functions as a H3K36me3 reader to promote H3ac/H3K9ac in the transcriptional activation of <i>FLC</i> and <i>MAF1</i> to prevent precocious plant flowering.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cooperative contribution of multiple energy substrate pathways to floral thermogenesis in sacred lotus","authors":"Miao Yu,&nbsp;Ruohan Wang","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70460","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Floral thermogenesis in lotus (<i>Nelumbo nucifera</i>) is a highly energy-intensive process, requiring substantial metabolic reconfiguration and substrate input. However, the mechanisms coordinating energy substrate supply during this process remain unclear. Here, we integrated microscale proteomics, time-series transcriptomics, and mitochondrial feeding assays to elucidate the substrate provisioning strategies supporting thermogenesis in lotus receptacles. Proteomic analysis revealed a concerted upregulation of major energy metabolism pathways at the thermogenic initiation stage, accompanied by enhanced expression of energy dissipation-related proteins (alternative oxidase and uncoupling proteins), indicative of a metabolic shift favoring heat production over ATP synthesis. Our results highlight the cooperative contribution of multiple pyruvate sources to mitochondrial respiration. Both the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC)-mediated cytosolic pyruvate import and the NAD-dependent malic enzyme (NAD-ME)-derived intramitochondrial pyruvate flux were significantly elevated at the thermogenic stage. Notably, isotopic feeding experiments revealed that NAD-ME-derived pyruvate may contribute more substantially than MPC-derived pyruvate under thermogenic conditions, reflecting a highly flexible substrate utilization strategy. In addition, increased expression of alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) and β-oxidation-related genes suggested that alanine transamination and fatty acid degradation may further expand the respiratory substrate pool. Collectively, this study uncovers a diverse and dynamic landscape of energy substrate supply that underpins heat production in thermogenic lotus tissues. These findings offer insights into how plants coordinate metabolic flexibility to meet the high energetic demands of floral thermogenesis.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organ-specific transcriptional and metabolic adaptations of potato plants to limited phosphate availability prior and after tuberization","authors":"Maryam Nasr Esfahani,&nbsp;Lisa Koch,&nbsp;Jörg Hofmann,&nbsp;Sophia Sonnewald,&nbsp;Uwe Sonnewald","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70445","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While plants adapt to fluctuating phosphorus (P) availability in soils by enhancing phosphate acquisition or optimizing internal P-utilization, the spatiotemporal dynamics of these responses, particularly in crops, remain poorly understood. This study systematically investigated how and when potato organs respond to fluctuating P availability across different developmental stages using transcriptomic, metabolomic, and physiological analyses of leaves, roots, and tubers. Transcriptomic data revealed dynamic, organ- and stage-specific responses to P-deficiency, with the highest number of differentially expressed genes in leaves before tuberization and in roots during tuberization. P-deficiency led to a marked accumulation of proline in tubers and nitrogen-rich amino acids, particularly glutamine and asparagine, in roots and leaves. Carbohydrate metabolism exhibited severity- and time-dependent changes: severe P-deficiency triggered earlier, stronger, but transient carbohydrate accumulation, whereas medium P-deficiency led to a gradual and sustained increase in leaves and roots. Hexose phosphates and organic acids accumulated in roots under P-stress, especially severe P-stress, during early vegetative growth, followed by a marked reduction during tuberization. During tuber filling, severe P-deficiency reduced sucrose and starch in roots, decreased leaf starch but increased leaf sucrose, likely due to impaired translocation, and a decrease in tuber sucrose alongside increased starch due to reduced degradation. Under medium P-deficiency, sucrose and starch remained stable in leaves and tubers but declined in roots, reflecting a moderate shift in carbon allocation that maintained tuber development at the expense of root metabolism. These findings highlight the spatiotemporal regulation of metabolic and molecular responses to P-deficiency in potato and provide insights for improving nutrient use efficiency and stress resilience in crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70445","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of light on chloroplast translation in Marchantia polymorpha are similar to those in angiosperms and are not influenced by light-independent chlorophyll synthesis","authors":"Prakitchai Chotewutmontri,&nbsp;Rosalind Williams-Carrier,&nbsp;Susan Belcher,&nbsp;Alice Barkan","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70458","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Translation of the chloroplast <i>psbA</i> mRNA in angiosperms is activated by photodamage of its gene product, the D1 subunit of photosystem II (PSII), providing nascent D1 for PSII repair. The involvement of chlorophyll in the regulatory mechanism has been suggested due to the regulatory roles of proteins proposed to mediate chlorophyll/D1 transactions and the fact that chlorophyll is synthesized only in the light in angiosperms. We used ribosome profiling and RNA-seq to address whether the effects of light on chloroplast translation are conserved in the liverwort Marchantia (<i>Marchantia polymorpha</i>), which synthesizes chlorophyll in both the dark and the light. As in angiosperms, ribosome occupancy on <i>psbA</i> mRNA decreased rapidly upon shifting plants to the dark and was rapidly restored upon a transfer back to the light, whereas ribosome occupancy on other chloroplast mRNAs changed very little. The results were similar in a <i>Marchantia</i> mutant unable to synthesize chlorophyll in the dark. Those results, in conjunction with pulse-labeling data, suggest that light elicits a plastome-wide activation of translation elongation and a specific increase in <i>psbA</i> translation initiation in <i>Marchantia</i>, as in angiosperms. These findings show that light regulates chloroplast translation similarly in vascular and non-vascular plants, and that constitutive chlorophyll synthesis does not affect light-regulated <i>psbA</i> translation initiation. Additionally, the translational outputs of chloroplast genes are similar in <i>Marchantia</i> and angiosperms but result from differing contributions of mRNA abundance and translational efficiencies. This adds to the evidence that chloroplast mRNA abundance and translational efficiencies co-evolve under selection to maintain protein outputs.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70458","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential regulation of calcium-activated plant kinases in Arabidopsis thaliana","authors":"Martin Zauser,&nbsp;Anja Liese,&nbsp;Anna Feldman-Salit,&nbsp;Melanie Krebs,&nbsp;Karin Schumacher,&nbsp;Tina Romeis,&nbsp;Ursula Kummer,&nbsp;Jürgen Pahle","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70413","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The decoding of calcium signals by plant calcium-dependent kinases (CPKs) is not fully understood yet. Based on kinetic <i>in vitro</i> measurements of the activity of several CPK proteins, their individual activity profile was modeled and coupled to cytosolic calcium concentration changes from <i>in vivo</i> measurements of guard cells and epidermal leaf cells. In addition, computationally produced surrogate data were used. It was analyzed how individual activity profiles of CPKs will change in response to the different calcium time courses. In addition, the impact of modeling explicitly individual elementary reaction steps for binding and unbinding in comparison to using a heuristic Hill equation for the binding process was investigated.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The RNA-binding protein OsDMCK1 is required for meiotic cytokinesis by regulating cell plate formation in rice","authors":"Ming Fu,&nbsp;Yuesheng Tian,&nbsp;Di Wu,&nbsp;Feiyang Xue,&nbsp;Hongbo Gao,&nbsp;Wanqi Liang","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70448","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Plant cytokinesis is distinguished from animal cytokinesis by the formation of a cell plate between dividing cells. While meiotic cytokinesis involves two successive nuclear divisions with distinct regulatory mechanisms from mitosis, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified OsDMCK1, a novel rice RNA-binding protein essential for male fertility. The <i>osdmck1-1</i> mutants exhibit defective meiotic cytokinesis, manifested by misoriented spindle orientation during meiosis II and disrupted callose deposition at both the cell plate and the outer wall of pollen mother cells (PMCs). Transcriptome analysis revealed significant downregulation of cytokinesis-related genes in <i>osdmck1-1</i> PMCs, including regulators of microtubule organization (<i>MAP65-3.2</i>, <i>BUB3.2</i>, <i>CDC20.3</i>, <i>TPX2</i>) and callose synthase genes (<i>GSL2</i>, <i>GSL5</i>). Importantly, RNA immunoprecipitation assays confirmed these genes as direct mRNA targets of OsDMCK1. Taken together, our study establishes OsDMCK1 as a crucial regulator of meiosis progression and reveals a novel post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism controlling rice meiotic cytokinesis.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plants maximise chloride uptake during early vegetative development to stimulate cell expansion, maturation of the photosynthetic apparatus, and growth","authors":"Procopio Peinado-Torrubia,&nbsp;Juan D. Franco-Navarro,&nbsp;Marta Lucas,&nbsp;David Romero-Jiménez,&nbsp;Francisco J. Moreno-Racero,&nbsp;Pablo Díaz-Rueda,&nbsp;Miguel A. Rosales,&nbsp;Marika Lindahl,&nbsp;Antonio Díaz-Espejo,&nbsp;Rosario Álvarez,&nbsp;José Manuel Colmenero-Flores","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70378","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite being an essential micronutrient and its recent classification as a beneficial macronutrient, chloride (Cl⁻) has traditionally been considered of limited agricultural relevance and a potentially toxic saline ion. This study provides the first comprehensive demonstration of the quantitative and qualitative importance of Cl⁻ during early vegetative development (EVD) of tobacco and <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> plants. During this developmental stage, these and other species (including celery, lettuce, Swiss chard, spinach, squash, tomato, chili pepper, eggplant, and perennial ryegrass) exhibit the highest demand and transport rate of this non-assimilable mineral nutrient to maximise growth of these herbaceous and also woody (such as citrus and olive) species. While Cl⁻ promotes cell expansion across all growth stages, its particularly pronounced stimulation of plant growth during EVD is associated with enhanced photosynthetic performance and PSII activity. This enhancement is in turn linked to a reduction in non-regulated energy dissipation in PSII and an increase in the electron transport rate, along with ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts, underscoring that Cl⁻ is specifically required during EVD to drive the maturation of the photosynthetic apparatus. Unlike adult plants, the growth deficiencies caused by sub-macronutrient Cl⁻ levels during EVD cannot be mitigated by equivalent nitrate (NO₃⁻) supplementation. As EVD concludes, plant demand for Cl⁻ gradually decreases, accompanied by a reduced growth response to Cl⁻ and an increased reliance on NO₃⁻, emphasising stage-specific nutrient needs. The relevance of Cl⁻ as a morphogenic driver during a critical stage of development has significant implications for optimizing agronomic practices, particularly by reducing dependence on nitrogen fertilisers.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70378","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}