The Plant Journal最新文献

{"title":"The transcription factor ZmMYB3R targets CYCB1;2 to modulate maize drought tolerance","authors":"Kang Guo,&nbsp;Yingli Jiang,&nbsp;Yuxin Guo,&nbsp;Jingtao Li,&nbsp;Li Cheng,&nbsp;Changyou Yu,&nbsp;Yun Yang,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Li,&nbsp;Chengyun Wu,&nbsp;Jiandong Wu","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71089","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.71089","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The R1R2R3-MYB (3R-MYB) transcription factor subfamily is associated with stress tolerance; however, the underlying mechanisms in crops remain poorly understood. This study investigates the function of maize MYB3R in regulating seedling drought tolerance. We characterised MYB3R overexpression lines and CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function mutants in maize and rice using physiological assays and transcriptome profiling. DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) and molecular interaction assays were employed to identify direct downstream targets. MYB3R overexpression enhanced drought tolerance by promoting root development, stomatal closure and antioxidant defence, whereas mutants displayed hypersensitivity. MYB3R binds the mitosis-specific activator (MSA) motif to directly transactivate the B-type cyclin gene <i>CYCB1;2</i>, and <i>cycb1;2</i> mutants phenocopied the <i>myb3r</i> drought defects. These findings establish that the MYB3R–CYCB1;2 module positively regulates maize drought tolerance by coordinating developmental and physiological adaptations. This pathway provides a valuable molecular target for breeding drought-resilient crops.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The PavPIF3/PavMYC2-PavMYB75L/PavCOP1 regulatory module integrates light and jasmonic acid signaling to regulate fruit coloration in blush sweet cherry","authors":"Xiliang Qi,&nbsp;Manqing Wang,&nbsp;Lifeng Liu,&nbsp;Yuanxin Dong,&nbsp;Congli Liu,&nbsp;Lulu Song,&nbsp;Lei Chen,&nbsp;Dezhou Wang,&nbsp;Ming Li","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71084","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.71084","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Light induces blush sweet cherry fruit coloration. We determined that the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) is important for fruit coloration under light conditions. However, the genes and molecular mechanisms underlying the integrated regulatory effects of light and JA signaling pathways on anthocyanin biosynthesis in blush sweet cherry fruits remain unknown. On the basis of whole genome re-sequencing and comparative transcriptome analyses, we identified <i>PavMYB75</i>-<i>like</i> (<i>PavMYB75L</i>) as a candidate gene encoding an R2R3-MYB transcription factor that regulates light-dependent fruit coloration. <i>PavMYB75L</i> overexpression in sweet cherry calli, <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>, and <i>Fragaria vesca</i> enhanced anthocyanin accumulation and fruit coloration, whereas silencing <i>PavMYB75L</i> in sweet cherry fruits suppressed coloration. PavMYB75L was revealed to bind directly to the promoters of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes, leading to increased expression. An E3 ubiquitin ligase PavCOP1 was identified by IP-MS. Notably, PavCOP1 interacts directly with PavMYB75L and ubiquitinates PavMYB75L, targeting it for degradation through the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway, ultimately downregulating anthocyanin accumulation in darkness. We observed that PavCOP1 regulates fruit coloration by decreasing PavMYB75L abundance and stability. Light-responsive factor PavHYH and JA-responsive TF PavMYC2, which were identified by yeast one-hybrid screening, interact directly with the <i>PavMYB75L</i> promoter and activate expression, thereby promoting fruit coloration. Furthermore, phytochrome-interacting factor PavPIF3 interacts with PavHYH and PavMYC2 to accelerate the activation of <i>PavMYB75L</i> expression. Thus, PavPIF3/PavMYC2–PavMYB75L/PavCOP1 is a regulatory module that integrates light and JA signaling to promote blush sweet cherry fruit coloration, providing new insights into the molecular basis of anthocyanin accumulation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular recognition in plant root endosymbiosis","authors":"Tora Fougner-Økland,&nbsp;Maria Spezzati,&nbsp;Katarzyna Parys","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71067","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.71067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Root endosymbiosis is one of the most intimate types of plant–microbe interactions in which a symbiont is hosted within a living plant cell. In this symbiosis, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi support plant nutrient provisioning in exchange for carbohydrates and lipids. To establish these mutually beneficial interactions, plants have evolved complex surveillance mechanisms. These largely rely on the perception of microbe-derived N-acetylglucosamine derivatives by cell-surface receptors that feature a lysine-motif (LysM) ectodomain. Because these derivatives are not exclusive to symbiotic microbes, understanding how plants specifically recognise microsymbionts from the diverse array of soil rhizosphere microbiota has driven genetic, molecular and structural studies in recent years. In this review, we will summarise the current state of the art in molecular recognition by LysM receptors, provide an updated inventory of LysM receptors in land plants with annotated functionalities and highlight key aspects of signal transduction that lead to symbiont accommodation in living plant cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13441442/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant structural biology: State of the art and future prospects","authors":"Khaled A. Selim,&nbsp;Jani Bolla,&nbsp;Alexander Förderer,&nbsp;Veronica G. Maurino,&nbsp;Alisdair R. Fernie","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71012","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.71012","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Oxygenic photosynthesis first evolved in photoautotrophic cyanobacteria approximately 3 billion years ago and was later conveyed to eukaryotes via endosymbiosis, giving rise to plastids in algae and plants and subsequently enriching the Earth's atmosphere with O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. Today, life on Earth depends on photosynthetic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fixation via the activity of the Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle. This makes photoautotrophs the most influential organisms on our planet, contributing to our sustainability by driving global primary production, sustaining our biosphere, and regulating carbon and nitrogen (C/N) cycles. However, in their natural habitats, they are constantly exposed to various environmental stresses. This requires tight regulation and constant sensing of these stressors to activate specific pathways that drive appropriate cellular and physiological responses. Recent advances in structural biology technologies—including cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and tomography (cryo-ET), NMR, X-ray crystallography, super-resolution microscopy, and native mass spectrometry—have enabled us to uncover sophisticated regulatory mechanisms behind these stress responses. These findings help us understand how photoautotrophs perceive and transduce environmental cues, yielding novel insights into their evolutionary adaptation strategies and informing approaches for biotechnology and synthetic biology. Ultimately, this knowledge will drive future applications in agricultural efforts to enhance crop resilience in an ever-changing climate. In this Special Issue of &lt;i&gt;The Plant Journal&lt;/i&gt;, we highlight recent breakthroughs in “Plant Structural Biology: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects” through an exciting collection of original research and review articles.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the mini-review by Böhm and Maurino, they discuss how plant proteins are massively underrepresented in protein structure databases. They go on to describe how, with advances in cryo-EM, tomography, and AI-based modeling, it is now possible to study complex, dynamic, and plant-specific assemblies in unprecedented detail, paving the way from static protein snapshots to structural landscapes (Böhm &amp; Maurino, &lt;span&gt;2026&lt;/span&gt;). They advocate for greater focus in this area highlighting the transformative implications of such studies for crop improvement, stress resilience, and sustainability. The review of Durant et al. provides a comprehensive overview of the use of mass spectrometry techniques in the characterization of plant and algal proteins (Durant et al., &lt;span&gt;2026&lt;/span&gt;). Like Böhm and Maurino, Durant et al. highlight difficulties presented in the analyses of plant and algal proteins and provide complementary insights from the perspective of mass spectrometry. They outline the principles and practical application of cross-linking, covalent labelling, hydrogen–deuterium exchange, and both intact and native mass spectrometry illustrating recent case studies in which structu","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13440573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic infection of tobacco mosaic virus is limited by upward transport and phloem unloading without coat protein","authors":"Minhue Jung,&nbsp;Kook-Hyung Kim","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71082","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.71082","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coat protein (CP) is widely viewed as essential for systemic infection of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), yet the mechanistic basis of this requirement remains incompletely resolved. In this study, we show that TMV can still achieve long-distance vascular transport in the absence of CP, but systemic infection becomes intermittent because the processes underlying “systemic movement” can fail at multiple, separable steps. By resolving movement into phloem loading, vascular translocation, and phloem exit, we show that CP deficiency does not completely block entry into or transport within the vasculature. Instead, CP loss imposes a strong, route-specific defect in bicollateral phloem, disproportionately reducing use of the adaxial/internal pathway associated with efficient upward spread, while downward movement through abaxial/external phloem remains comparatively permissive. In systemic leaves, CP-deficient TMV frequently produces vein/phloem-associated reporter patterns rather than broad lamina invasion, indicating that phloem exit/unloading is an additional, independent bottleneck. Enhancing RNA silencing suppression markedly enhances systemic viral accumulation and symptoms. However, it does not proportionally increase lamina invasion. This finding further supports the idea that exit and establishment are the limiting steps. Finally, among several helper viruses tested, only cucumber mosaic virus consistently alleviates this exit barrier, enabling CP-deficient TMV to escape the vasculature and establish lamina infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13434677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148667914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multilevel genomic constraints shape nuclear tRNA gene organization in plants","authors":"Guillaume Hummel,&nbsp;David Pflieger,&nbsp;Valérie Cognat,&nbsp;Laurence Drouard,&nbsp;Alexandre Berr","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71075","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.71075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are essential components of the translation machinery. Their abundance and diversity shape decoding capacity as well as the efficiency and accuracy of protein synthesis. Because tRNA abundance is encoded in the genome through tDNA copy number, chromosomal organization, and <i>cis</i>-regulatory sequences controlling transcription, these features are expected to influence the translational system. However, the principles governing nuclear tDNA organization remain poorly understood. Here, we analyzed nuclear tDNA repertoires across 53 photosynthetic eukaryotes spanning major Archaeplastida lineages and secondary endosymbionts, along with seven non-plant eukaryotic outgroups, using comparative genomic approaches at sequence, chromosomal, and genome-wide scales. To standardize these analyses and enable interactive exploration of tDNA organization, we developed ShinytRNA (https://nebula.ibmp.unistra.fr/shinytRNA/), a web application for genome-scale analysis of chromosomal tDNA organization. Nuclear tDNA copy numbers vary by more than two orders of magnitude across species, yet the relative representation of tRNA families corresponding to each amino acid remains strikingly conserved across lineages, revealing strong evolutionary constraints on tDNA dosage. Angiosperm tDNAs exhibit coordinated enrichment of <i>cis</i>-regulatory elements involved in RNA polymerase III transcription, including expanded AT-rich upstream regions, positional enrichment of CAA motifs, and extended poly(T) termination stretches. At the chromosomal scale, tDNAs are predominantly dispersed along chromosome arms, with homogeneous spacing that scales with genome size, while also showing non-random chromosomal distribution, exclusion from centromeric regions, and occasional clustering. Together, these patterns reveal conserved yet lineage-specific principles governing nuclear tDNA organization in plants and highlight how multiple genomic constraints shape the evolution of nuclear tDNA repertoires.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13437025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AHG1–AFP interaction as a regulatory node in the ABA response during seed germination","authors":"Noriyuki Nishimura,&nbsp;Sho Ushiyama,&nbsp;Masato Otagiri,&nbsp;Kouji Satoh,&nbsp;Nahomi Suzuki,&nbsp;Tomoko Irisa,&nbsp;Nobutaka Mitsuda,&nbsp;Taishi Umezawa,&nbsp;Hideki Nishimura,&nbsp;Keiichirou Nemoto,&nbsp;Wataru Tsuchiya,&nbsp;Ryoichi Yano,&nbsp;Tatsuya Sawasaki,&nbsp;Toshimasa Yamazaki,&nbsp;Takashi Hirayama","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71081","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.71081","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seed dormancy and germination are tightly regulated by complex signaling networks that integrate internal and external cues, including the endogenous phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). ABA HYPERSENSITIVE GERMINATION 1 (AHG1), a group A type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C), is thought to modulate the activity of transcription factors such as ABA INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5) in seeds and during germination. AHG1 is regulated by DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 (DOG1), a key regulator of seed dormancy, through physical interaction. We previously reported that AHG1 also interacts with ABI FIVE BINDING PROTEIN 2 (AFP2), a member of the AFP family; however, the molecular basis of AHG1–AFP coordination has remained unclear. In this study, we show that AHG1 interacts with all AFP family members and that AFP3 binds AHG1 and ABI5 through adjacent but distinct amino acid residues within its C-domain, allowing simultaneous association with both proteins. In addition, AHG1 modulates the phosphorylation status of AFP3 at Ser60 in a DOG1-dependent manner, suggesting that DOG1–AHG1 regulates AFP3 post-translationally. Transcriptomic analyses of AHG1- or AFP3-overexpressing lines revealed that these factors are associated with the regulation of a shared set of ABA-responsive genes, including AFPs, and that AFP3 overexpression is predominantly associated with altered expression of genes involved in transcriptional regulation. Large-scale protein interaction analyses showed that AFPs interact with multiple classes of transcription factors, suggesting their involvement in diverse regulatory pathways, including ABA signaling. Together, these findings demonstrate that DOG1 regulates ABI5 function and modulates ABA responses, at least in part, by controlling AHG1-mediated dephosphorylation of AFPs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148672718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phycobilisomes: modular light-harvesting systems of cyanobacteria and red algae","authors":"Henning Kirst,&nbsp;María Agustina Domínguez-Martín","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71065","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.71065","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phycobilisomes (PBSs) are supramolecular pigment–protein complexes that function as the principal light-harvesting antennae in cyanobacteria, red algae (Rhodophyta), and glaucophytes, and to a lesser extent in cryptophytes. Because the intrinsic chlorophyll-based antennae of the photosystems absorb poorly in the green region of the spectrum, PBSs employ specialized bilin chromophores to capture complementary wavelengths that chlorophyll cannot efficiently harvest. Thus, PBSs broaden the photosynthetic active spectrum of oxygenic phototrophs and thereby increase their photosynthetic capacity. Structural studies using cryogenic electron microscopy and advanced spectroscopic techniques have revealed increasingly detailed insights into excitation energy-transfer pathways and the bilin microenvironments that support highly efficient energy funneling with minimal loss. These approaches have also uncovered previously unrecognized conformational dynamics, although the functional significance of these motions remains unknown. Together, these findings portray PBSs as both ancient and highly adaptable molecular machines, central to the ecological success of cyanobacteria and other phycobiliprotein-containing phototrophs, and still yielding new surprises as analytical techniques continue to improve. This review integrates foundational and recent advances in the structural organization, functional mechanisms, and emerging applications of PBSs. We examine PBS architectures and their distribution across lineages, energy-transfer and photoprotective processes, structural dynamics, evolutionary trajectories, and the expanding landscape of biotechnological uses. These insights establish a foundation for future efforts to link PBS structure with ecological function and biotechnological innovation.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13436157/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148667897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenases are key players for functional development in Arabidopsis","authors":"Eva Dörfer,&nbsp;Zahra Sadeghi,&nbsp;Vincent Frick,&nbsp;Katharina Ebel,&nbsp;Adrian Heide,&nbsp;Tom Niehoff,&nbsp;Susanne Zehner,&nbsp;Lisa Fischer,&nbsp;Claus-Peter Witte,&nbsp;Marco Herde,&nbsp;Torsten Möhlmann","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71072","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.71072","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In plants, nucleotide <i>de novo</i> synthesis is required throughout development to provide building blocks for the synthesis of DNA, RNA and nucleotide-derived cofactors. Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenases (IMPDH) are key enzymes in <i>de novo</i> guanylate synthesis. The genome of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> encodes two IMPDHs and we identify IMPDH2 as the major isoform, being enzymatically active in the plant cytosol. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC) analysis suggests that IMPDH1 and IMPDH2 interact with themselves and with Cytidine Triphosphate Synthetase (CTPS) isoforms, connecting purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Nucleotide quantification identifies IMPDH2 as a bottleneck in guanylate biosynthesis, and plants lacking this isoform suffer from nucleotide imbalance and limitation, causing reductions in ribosomal RNAs by reducing Target of Rapamycin (TOR) activity. Impaired photosynthesis and growth were further consequences thereof. In contrast, strong overexpression of IMPDH1 supported growth and led to altered organ development in 10% of corresponding plants presumably due to altered auxin metabolism during embryo development.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13435815/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148667864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The immunity paradox: how do plants survive without adaptive immunity?","authors":"Peter Balint-Kurti","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71080","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.71080","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Higher plants and mammals exist in similar microbial environments and face similar challenges from microbial pathogens. Both taxonomic groups encode proteins capable of recognizing and triggering responses to pathogens; however, their recognitional capacities differ substantially. The mammalian innate immune system encodes several dozen receptors capable of recognizing a variety of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and, in addition, has an adaptive immune system with a vast recognitional capacity based on the potential production of up to approximately 10¹⁶–10¹⁸ distinct antibodies through somatic recombination in specialized immune cells. By contrast, plants possess only innate immune receptors. The ability of fast-evolving microbial pathogens to evade the recognitional capabilities of plant innate immune receptors has been clearly demonstrated. Under these circumstances, how do plants, especially species with lifespans of hundreds of years, successfully counteract their populations of rapidly evolving pathogens? Here I discuss the ways that plants navigate their relationship with the microbial world without an adaptive immune system. I suggest that the importance of plant innate immune receptors in resisting infection, though crucial, may often have been overemphasized in the literature. I propose a view of plant immunity which highlights the ability of the plant to suppress, contain and tolerate infections and ways in which this perspective might influence our future actions.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13434188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148667905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}