The Plant Journal最新文献

{"title":"Arabidopsis WSS1A, a DNA-protein crosslink repair protease, delays leaf senescence in cooperation with SUMO3","authors":"Sanghoon Park,&nbsp;Hyunwoo Oh,&nbsp;Ukcheol Jeong,&nbsp;Jae Ho Lee,&nbsp;Hyeyoung Choi,&nbsp;Hyunsu Park,&nbsp;Jinkwang Kim,&nbsp;Yongmin Kim,&nbsp;Junmin Kwak,&nbsp;Yeong Seon Yoon,&nbsp;Zhonghai Li,&nbsp;Jong-Chan Lee,&nbsp;Hye Ryun Woo","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.71094","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Leaf senescence, the final stage of leaf development, is regulated by complex interplays of intrinsic genetic programs and environmental cues. Throughout their lifetimes, all living organisms encounter various endogenous and environmental challenges, many of which can cause potentially fatal DNA damage. Among these, DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) are particularly deleterious, as they obstruct essential processes such as replication and transcription, thereby compromising genome integrity and ultimately leading to premature aging across species. However, the biological significance of DPCs and their repair mechanisms in leaf senescence remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that cis-platin (cis-Pt), a potent DPC inducer, accelerates leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. We reveal that Arabidopsis DPC repair factor WSS1A, a WLM/Spr-T metalloprotease, plays a negative role in leaf senescence induced by cis-Pt treatment, darkness, and leaf age. WSS1A forms nuclear condensates via liquid–liquid phase separation both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>, which is cooperatively driven by its N-terminal segment and intrinsically disordered region. Mechanistically, WSS1A non-covalently interacts with SMALL UBIQUITIN MODIFIER 3 (SUMO3) through its SUMO-interacting motif and is also covalently SUMOylated by SUMO3. Genetic analysis further reveals that WSS1A and SUMO3 act in the same pathway to control cis-Pt-induced leaf senescence. Together, this study establishes a conceptual framework connecting DPC repair and SUMO3-dependent regulation of WSS1A in modulating leaf senescence in Arabidopsis.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.71094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels 14, 15, and 16 coordinate multiple signaling pathways to promote salt tolerance in rice","authors":"Lilin Luo,&nbsp;Xiaoli Gong,&nbsp;Dongyang Wang,&nbsp;Yanhua Chen,&nbsp;Baohong Zou,&nbsp;Shan Lu","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.71092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plants activate osmotic regulation, ion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis modulation, and plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated stomatal movement regulation for survival under salt stress. However, it is unknown if and how a single molecule coordinates multiple responses. Here we characterized the functions of three closest homologs, <i>cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 14</i>, <i>15</i>, and <i>16</i> (<i>OsCNGC14/15/16</i>), in regulating multiple signaling pathways in response to salt. Mutants of each of these three genes had reduced salt tolerance compared to the wild type. These mutants also had slower stomatal closure, lower Ca²⁺ influx, higher Na⁺/K⁺ ratio, and ROS accumulation under salt treatment. Conversely, overexpression of <i>OsCNGC16</i> led to enhanced salt tolerance, increased Ca²⁺ influx, lower Na⁺/K⁺ ratio, and ROS accumulation in response to salt. <i>OsCNGC14/15/16</i> also positively regulate shoot growth under ABA treatment. Exogenous ABA treatment rescued the defects in salt tolerance and stomatal closure of the <i>OsCNGC16</i> mutant. And treatment of ROS scavenger dimethylthiourea (DMTU) partially rescued the salt susceptibility of the <i>OsCNGC16</i> mutant. In addition, OsCNGC16 can interact with and be phosphorylated by Ca²⁺-dependent protein kinases 5 and 13 (CPK5/13). This study unveils multiple roles of OsCNGC14/15/16 proteins in salt tolerance and identifies common regulators of stomatal closure, Ca²⁺ influx, Na⁺/K⁺ homeostasis, ROS scavenging, and ABA signaling in response to salt stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.71092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"REK1 positively regulates salt stress by phosphorylating RBOHD to modulate ROS homeostasis in Arabidopsis","authors":"Ao Li,&nbsp;Shuo Wang,&nbsp;Xiushuo Liang,&nbsp;Sheng Luo,&nbsp;Honghong Hao,&nbsp;Renjing Wan,&nbsp;Shaowu Xue","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.71093","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Salinity induces the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants, thereby regulating plant growth and development, including seed germination. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of ROS homeostasis in response to salt stress remain largely unknown. Here, we showed that an leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinase, REK1, regulates ROS production by phosphorylating the NADPH oxidase respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (RBOHD) in Arabidopsis in response to salt stress. Salt-induced ROS accumulates extensively in <i>rek1</i> mutants, causing stress that reduces the seed germination rate of <i>rek1</i> below that of the wild-type (Col-0), resulting in the salt-sensitive phenotype. Furthermore, REK1 interacts with RBOHD and phosphorylates it at Ser163, thereby regulating its NADPH oxidase activity and influencing ROS production under salt stress. Genetic data revealed that the salt-sensitive phenotype of <i>rek1</i> is rescued in <i>rek1 rbohd</i> mutants. In summary, our study revealed a salt stress regulation mechanism that modulates ROS production in Arabidopsis through the REK1-RBOHD pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.71093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The structured mRNA element 45ABC mediates auto- and cross-regulation of RBP45 genes via alternative splicing","authors":"Maren Reinhardt,&nbsp;Rica Burgardt,&nbsp;Christoph Engel,&nbsp;Maximilian Sack,&nbsp;Zasha Weinberg,&nbsp;Andreas Wachter","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.71060","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alternative splicing (AS) is a common gene regulatory mechanism involving distinct interactions between <i>trans</i>-acting factors and <i>cis</i>-regulatory elements on the precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA). In this study, we have functionally characterized the structured motif <i>45ABC</i>, which is located in the pre-mRNAs of RNA-binding protein (RBP) 45 genes in many plant species. Our data revealed that this element mediates a negative auto- and cross-regulatory feedback loop via AS of the three <i>45ABC</i>-containing RBP45 genes in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. We identified a G-rich stretch within the first stem as a potential RBP45 binding site and observed increased RBP45-dependent AS upon structural weakening of this pairing element. The second stem includes the alternative 5′ splice site being activated in the presence of RBP45. Based on the known interaction between RBP45 homologs and U1 snRNP components required for 5′ splice site recognition, we propose that RBP45 recruitment to stem I of <i>45ABC</i> may induce usage of the alternative 5′ splice site in stem II. The resulting splicing variant is unproductive, thereby diminishing RBP45 expression. Analysing the splicing-regulatory impact of the three <i>At</i>-RBP45 genes in auto- and cross-regulation and a transcriptome-wide manner revealed unequal genetic redundancy with a major role of <i>RBP45B</i>. Furthermore, phenotypical analysis of single- and higher-order <i>rbp45</i> mutants pointed at these genes' functions in controlling primary root growth and flowering time. Taken together, we demonstrated that both sequence and structural features of <i>45ABC</i> are critical for proper splicing control, balancing RBP45 expression and functions in plants via a conserved mRNA motif.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.71060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GWAS-based identification of GmKASII and its interaction with GmFATA1B reveals their role in soybean oil composition and accumulation","authors":"Monan Sun,&nbsp;Ali Shahzad,&nbsp;Yinhe Zhang,&nbsp;Wenbo Yao,&nbsp;Yajing Liu,&nbsp;Ying Wang,&nbsp;Le Wang,&nbsp;Jingwen Li,&nbsp;Keheng Xu,&nbsp;Yan Zhao,&nbsp;Shuangkang Pei,&nbsp;Mengxue Zhu,&nbsp;Tianyi Liu,&nbsp;Zibo Xu,&nbsp;Yonggang Zhou,&nbsp;Fan Yan,&nbsp;Qingyu Wang","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.71086","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> L.) is a major oilseed crop worldwide, and its seed oil quality is largely determined by fatty acid composition. Although the enzymatic framework of plant fatty acid biosynthesis has been extensively characterized, the molecular mechanisms that regulate fatty acid partitioning and seed oil accumulation are not fully understood. In this study, genome-wide association analysis of soybean seed oil content identified <i>GmKASII</i> as a candidate gene underlying natural variation in seed oil accumulation, which was further supported by expression analysis and functional SNP characterization. Genetic manipulation of GmKASII significantly altered soybean seed oil accumulation and fatty acid composition. GmKASII overexpression increased seed oil content and promoted the accumulation of specific C18 fatty acids, including stearic acid (C18:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2), whereas <i>gmkasII</i> knockout reduced seed oil content and resulted in increased palmitic acid (C16:0) and decreased C18:0 levels. Protein–protein interaction assays, including yeast two-hybrid, luciferase complementation, and co-immunoprecipitation analyses, demonstrated that GmKASII physically interacts with acyl-ACP thioesterase GmFATA1B, suggesting a potential functional connection between fatty acid chain elongation and acyl-ACP hydrolysis pathways. Transient expression analysis in tobacco further suggested that co-expression of GmKASII and GmFATA1B influences fatty acid composition in a heterologous system. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that GmKASII plays an important role in regulating plastidial fatty acid flux and seed oil biosynthesis, and reveal a potential regulatory connection between fatty acid elongation and acyl-ACP release pathways in soybean.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embryophyte-wide detection of natural Agrobacterium-mediated horizontal gene transfer reveals an ancient role for mini T-DNAs","authors":"Hai Liu,&nbsp;Weiqing Wang,&nbsp;Jiani Li,&nbsp;Yaxi He,&nbsp;Shengyuan Cao,&nbsp;Zenghui Hu,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Liu,&nbsp;Jie Hao,&nbsp;Yuehong Yan,&nbsp;Léon Otten,&nbsp;Ke Chen","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71087","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.71087","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Agrobacterium</i> transfers DNA into plant cells, leading to tumors, hairy roots (HR), and natural genetically modified organisms (nGMOs). Transferred DNAs (T-DNAs) from agrobacteria and T-DNA-derived cellular T-DNAs (cT-DNAs) from nGMOs vary considerably and may carry up to 15 different genes. Among these, opine synthase (<i>ops</i>) genes encode the synthesis of opines used as nutrients by the agrobacteria. Earlier studies predicted large numbers of naturally transformed plant species, but only few have been identified and studied so far. We therefore developed a general method to detect cT-DNAs in all publicly available whole genome sequences (WGS) and Sequence Read Archive (SRA) data from land plants. To avoid false positives, we only retained DNA sequences coding for T-DNA proteins. A total of 2614 nGMO species were identified, most are eudicots. However, cT-DNAs were also found in 82 mosses and 75 ferns, showing that <i>Agrobacterium</i> can also generate natural transformants among the early land plants. Analysis of 149 cT-DNA maps revealed different types of T-DNAs. Most notably, these included small T-DNAs (mini T-DNAs) with a single opine synthase gene. Mini T-DNAs are not expected to induce tumors or HRs. The predominance of mini cT-DNAs in mosses and ferns, and the presence of more complex cT-DNAs in spermatophytes, indicate that mini T-DNAs represent the earliest types of T-DNA. Our study also detected unusual T-DNA integration patterns, with multiple copies spread out over several hundreds of kilobases.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148756800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The C2H2-type zinc finger protein ZOS202 regulates leaf senescence in rice by targeting senescence-associated transcription factors and ROS homoeostasis","authors":"Weiwei Zou,&nbsp;Zhihui Gao,&nbsp;Sudi Li,&nbsp;Yugang Wang,&nbsp;Jiawei Zhao,&nbsp;Shuang Gao,&nbsp;Jiantao Yu,&nbsp;Yitong Bai,&nbsp;Yan Liu,&nbsp;Baoshuai Zhang,&nbsp;Shuangzhan Huang,&nbsp;Wenzhu Jiang,&nbsp;Chengcai Chu,&nbsp;Xinglin Du,&nbsp;Zhao Li,&nbsp;Zhihua Zhang","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71085","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.71085","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Leaf senescence is a tightly regulated developmental process orchestrated by multiple transcription factor (TF) families. Although C2H2-type zinc finger proteins are known to participate in various aspects of plant growth and abiotic stress responses, their specific role in regulating leaf senescence remains poorly understood. Here, we show that knockout mutation of the C2H2-type zinc finger TF gene <i>ZOS202</i> (<i>LOC_Os02g02424</i>) resulted in delayed leaf senescence under both dark-induced and natural conditions, while overexpression lines exhibit accelerated leaf senescence, as indicated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) overaccumulation, chloroplast degradation, and leaf cell death. As a dual-function transcription factor whose expression peaks at senescence onset, ZOS202 directly activates senescence-associated TF genes <i>OsWRKY42</i>, <i>OsWRKY53</i>, and <i>ONAC096</i>, while repressing peroxidase genes <i>OsPRX113</i>, <i>OsPRX114</i>, and <i>OsPRX122</i>, thereby disrupting ROS homeostasis and promoting senescence. Collectively, our findings uncover ZOS202 as a positive regulator of leaf senescence that acts by coordinating chlorophyll breakdown and ROS accumulation, providing promising strategies for fine-tuning leaf senescence in rice breeding.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148758352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haplotype-resolved genome assembly of a male Dioscorea alata cultivar reveals the structure and evolution of young sex chromosomes","authors":"Komivi Dossa,&nbsp;Xiaojun Su,&nbsp;Yedomon Ange Bovys Zoclanclounon,&nbsp;Yao Chen,&nbsp;Muhammad Amjad Nawaz,&nbsp;Peng Ni,&nbsp;Ting Qiu,&nbsp;Gang Chen,&nbsp;Erick Malédon,&nbsp;Marie-Claire Gravillon,&nbsp;Christophe Perrot,&nbsp;Elie Nudol,&nbsp;Lévy Laurent,&nbsp;Moussa Diouf,&nbsp;Petre I. Dobrev,&nbsp;Benjamin Karikari,&nbsp;Bertrand Fouks,&nbsp;Gemma Arnau,&nbsp;Pierre Mournet,&nbsp;Jianxin Wang,&nbsp;Hanâ Chaïr","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71091","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.71091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Dioscorea alata</i> L., the most widely cultivated yam species, exhibits dioecy (XY system) and a strong male-biased sex ratio. These two major constraints limit parental combinations and hinder breeding progress. To get insight into the sex chromosome structure and evolution in <i>D. alata</i>, we present a haplotype-resolved, near-complete genome assembly of the male cultivar “Kabusa,” spanning 958 Mb across 40 chromosomes. DalaChr6A is identified as the Y chromosome which exhibits early signs of heteromorphism, including a slight reduction in size (∼400 Kb difference) and a potential centromere shift relative to the X chromosome. Our findings also reveal a sex chromosome turnover between <i>D. alata</i> and <i>D. rotundata</i>. The sex chromosomes of <i>D. alata</i> are evolutionarily young (approximately 4.32 million years ago) and emerged after the divergence from the <i>D. rotundata</i> lineage. The sex-determining region (SDR) is refined to approximately 7.6 Mb, representing approximately 44% of the Y chromosome. It contains several inversions and a divergence gradient was observed across these inversions. INV4 identified as the oldest pericentric inversion likely marks the early step in <i>D. alata</i> SDR evolution. Despite structural divergence, both X and Y chromosomes remain transcriptionally active. Among the 231 genes annotated in the SDR, 97 are sex-biased and enriched in functions associated with floral organ formation and hormonal signaling pathways. This study enhances our understanding of sex chromosome evolution and sex determination in dioecious plants. It provides a gold-standard reference genome for the <i>Dioscorea</i> genus and lays the foundation for accelerated breeding and genetic improvement in yam.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.71091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148757303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondria and plastid response to genome duplication in diversified strategies to reconcile nucleo-cytoplasmic interaction in autotetraploid rice","authors":"Fengfeng Si,&nbsp;Lu Guo,&nbsp;Shuaizong Huo,&nbsp;Jianing Zou,&nbsp;Weilong Yang,&nbsp;Manman Liu,&nbsp;Fengfeng Fan,&nbsp;Xin Hou,&nbsp;Xianhua Zhang,&nbsp;Shaoqing Li","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.71083","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Whole-genome duplication is an important evolutionary mechanism in plants. Although numerous studies have morphologically characterized the polyploid plants, such as increased grain yield and enhanced resistance to pests and diseases, few studies are involved in the response of mitochondria and chloroplasts to the nuclear genome shock to reconcile the nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions in tetraploid rice. In this study, we employed the diploid rice cultivars Huang-Jin-Ke (HJK) and 032 and the artificially synthesized autotetraploid rice lines HJK-4n and 032-4n with normal fertility, to investigate their response of mitochondria and chloroplast genomes to the duplication of nuclear genome. Results revealed that, compared with diploid rice, autotetraploid rice exhibited extensive mitochondrial genome rearrangement and recombination, which led to significantly high expression of mitochondrial genes, and activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. Meanwhile, autotetraploid rice possessed a greater number of chloroplasts than diploid rice, leading to a significant increase in photosynthetic efficiency and biomass. Correspondingly, the nuclear genes associated with mitochondrial genome rearrangement and plastid duplication exhibited markedly elevated expression and high levels of H3K4me3 and H3K9me2 enrichment. This discovery reveals that the plastid and mitochondria reconcile the nucleo-cytoplasmic interaction in different ways in autotetraploid rice.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two roads to galanthamine turn out to be one","authors":"Charlay Wood","doi":"10.1111/tpj.71090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.71090","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Galanthamine is a plant-derived alkaloid licenced for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease and is produced naturally only by species within the Amaryllidoideae subfamily (Desgagné-Penix, &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). The ecological role of galanthamine itself is less clear, although many Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are toxic and are thought to contribute to chemical defence (Mehta et al., &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;). Clinical supply still depends on extraction from daffodils and &lt;i&gt;Leucojum aestivum&lt;/i&gt; (summer snowflake), so an alternative route to production would be valuable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;That prospect depends on knowing how the pathway ends, and its final steps have long been contested. Following CYP96T-mediated &lt;i&gt;para&lt;/i&gt;–&lt;i&gt;ortho&lt;/i&gt;' phenol coupling of 4′-&lt;i&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;-methylnorbelladine to yield nornarwedine (Lamichhane et al., &lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;; Mehta et al., &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;), two terminal routes were proposed (Figure 1A): reduction to norgalanthamine followed by &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-methylation (Liyanage et al., &lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;) or &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-methylation to narwedine followed by reduction (Mehta et al., &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;). These alternatives were first inferred from isotope-labelling studies (Eichhorn et al., &lt;span&gt;1998&lt;/span&gt;). What remained missing was direct evidence that nornarwedine could be methylated &lt;i&gt;in planta&lt;/i&gt;, leaving the field divided over which enzymes acted and in what order.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lamichhane et al. set out to settle that question. Mining the &lt;i&gt;Leucojum aestivum&lt;/i&gt; transcriptome, they compared three candidate methyltransferases: &lt;i&gt;La&lt;/i&gt;NMT, a coclaurine &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-methyltransferase-like enzyme characterised previously (Liyanage et al., &lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;), and two homologues of γ-tocopherol methyltransferases, &lt;i&gt;La&lt;/i&gt;TMT1 and &lt;i&gt;La&lt;/i&gt;TMT2, from an enzyme family repeatedly recruited for &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-methylation in specialised metabolism (Liscombe et al., &lt;span&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;). The authors showed that &lt;i&gt;La&lt;/i&gt;TMT2 methylates both nornarwedine and norgalanthamine. They also identified three aldo–keto reductases (&lt;i&gt;La&lt;/i&gt;AKR1–3) that interconvert the two redox pairs (Figure 1B). A single methyltransferase can therefore feed either route, while reversible reduction connects the two branches. Evidence from the native plant supported this model: &lt;i&gt;L. aestivum&lt;/i&gt; leaves contained the relevant metabolites and expressed the corresponding genes, while dialysed leaf extracts converted nornarwedine into narwedine, norgalanthamine and galanthamine. Corresponding author Isabel Desgagné-Penix recalls the point at which the picture changed: ‘We began to realize that both routes might coexist when we saw that the AKRs could accept intermediates from both proposed pathways and that &lt;i&gt;La&lt;/i&gt;TMT2 could also &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-methylate intermediates from both routes. At that point, it became difficult to argue that one pathway was right and the other wrong’. The decades-old either/or, it turned out, was the wrong question.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The most unexpected finding was where that met","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"127 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.71090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148754049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}