The Plant Journal最新文献

{"title":"The FIBRILLIN multigene family in tomato, their roles in plastoglobuli structure and metabolism","authors":"Juliana Almeida,&nbsp;Laura Perez-Fons,&nbsp;Margit Drapal,&nbsp;Kit Liew,&nbsp;Eugenia M. A. Enfissi,&nbsp;Paul D. Fraser","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70447","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plastoglobuli (PG) are plant lipoprotein compartments, present in plastid organelles. They are involved in the formation and/or storage of lipophilic metabolites. FIBRILLINs (FBNs) are one of the main PG-associated proteins and are particularly abundant in carotenoid-enriched chromoplasts found in ripe fruits and flowers. To address the contribution of different FBNs, independently and in combination, to isoprenoid formation and sequestration, a multiplex gene editing approach was undertaken in tomato. This approach generated a suite of single and high-order <i>fbn</i> mutants that were shown to lack transcripts and respective protein products. The major PG-related FBNs in tomato chosen for this study are <i>Sl</i>FBN1, <i>Sl</i>FBN2a, <i>Sl</i>FBN4 and <i>Sl</i>FBN7a. When knocked out independently, functional redundancy was revealed. However, paralog-specific roles were detected regulating specific isoprenoids (e.g. plastochromanol 8) or plastidial esterification capability. In addition, high-order <i>fbn</i> mutants displayed altered isoprenoid chromoplast sequestration patterns, notably with a significant reduction in carotenes (phytoene and phytofluene) in the PG fraction. Proteomic analysis confirmed the absence of PG-core associated proteins, including NAD(P)H-ubiquinone oxidoreductase C1, tocopherol cyclase (VTE1) and phytol esterase (PES1/PYP). Perturbations to the ultrastructure of the plastid were revealed, with aberrant PG formation and morphology predominating in high-order mutants. Global lipidome profiles also highlighted broader changes directly affecting storage and plastid membrane lipids, for example, tri- and diacylglycerides and galactolipid species. Collectively, these results support both structural and metabolic roles of <i>Sl</i>FBNs in PGs. The findings expose fundamental aspects of metabolic compartmentalisation in plant cells and the importance of lipoprotein particles for plastid integrity and functionality.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70447","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ONAC005 enhances salt stress tolerance by promoting suberin deposition in root endodermis","authors":"Yeonjoon Kim,&nbsp;Boyeong Kim,&nbsp;Jinku Kang,&nbsp;Sang-Il Bae,&nbsp;Hyeryung Yoon,&nbsp;Hee-Ji Shin,&nbsp;Ji-Young Lee,&nbsp;Nam-Chon Paek,&nbsp;Kiyoon Kang","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70469","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Salt stress impairs photosynthetic efficiency and consequently reduces the growth, development, and grain yield of crop plants. The formation of hydrophobic barriers in the root endodermis, including the suberin lamellae and Casparian strips, is a key adaptive strategy for salt stress tolerance. In this study, we identified the role of the rice NAC transcription factor, ONAC005, in salt stress tolerance. <i>ONAC005</i> expression was induced by NaCl and abscisic acid (ABA). Expression analysis using the β-glucuronidase reporter gene driven by the <i>ONAC005</i> promoter revealed that <i>ONAC005</i> is predominantly expressed in the stele and endodermis of rice roots. The null mutation of <i>ONAC005</i> increased sodium ion levels in the shoots and roots, indicating susceptibility to salt stress, whereas <i>ONAC005</i> overexpression enhanced tolerance to salt stress by reducing sodium ion accumulation. Yeast one-hybrid, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and dual-luciferase assays demonstrated that ONAC005 upregulates the expression of <i>trehalose-6-phosphate synthase 8</i> (<i>OsTPS8</i>) by directly binding to its promoter region, leading to increased trehalose accumulation. <i>ONAC005</i> enhances the formation of the root hydrophobic barrier by upregulating <i>OsTPS8</i> expression under salt stress. Furthermore, considering the altered expression of ABA signaling and responsive genes, ONAC005 regulates the expression of genes in specific stress-responsive pathways that are independent of <i>OsTPS8</i>-mediated signaling. These results indicate that <i>ONAC005</i> positively regulates hydrophobic barrier formation in the roots, thereby enhancing salt stress tolerance in rice.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70469","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progestogens and androgens influence root morphology of angiosperms in a brassinosteroid-independent manner","authors":"Karl Ludwig Körber,&nbsp;Sudip Paul,&nbsp;Jana Oklestkova,&nbsp;Emanuel Barth,&nbsp;Felix Feistel,&nbsp;Henk Oppermann,&nbsp;Ceren Oktay,&nbsp;Maja Dorfner,&nbsp;Miroslav Strnad,&nbsp;Jennifer Munkert,&nbsp;Alexandra C. U. Furch,&nbsp;Jan Klein","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70459","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Progestogens and androgens are steroids found in a wide range of plants, but little is known about their physiological functions. In this study, we sowed seeds of angiosperms on progestogen- and androgen-containing medium and analysed their morphological effects. We further investigated the effects of progesterone and testosterone on brassinosteroid profiles and gene expression in <i>A. thaliana</i>. Additionally, we examined the effects of progesterone and testosterone on <i>A. thaliana</i> plants overexpressing the steroid 5α-reductase DET2. We found that progestogens and androgens have strong negative effects on root length, especially in <i>Brassicaceae</i> species. In addition, these steroids led to uncoordinated cell growth and increased lateral root formation. We failed to detect an effect on endogenous brassinosteroid levels and gene expression of brassinosteroid-regulated genes. The overexpression of DET2 led to increased root growth, but the effects of progesterone and testosterone were not reduced. We conclude that progestogens and androgens act in a brassinosteroid-independent manner. This suggests that progestogens and androgens could represent a potential new class of plant steroid signalling molecules.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70459","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An oomycete effector targets host calmodulin to suppress plant immunity","authors":"Peng Li,&nbsp;Lizhu Xie,&nbsp;Wen Li,&nbsp;Gangqiang Zhou,&nbsp;Junjian Situ,&nbsp;Zijing Zhang,&nbsp;Minhui Li,&nbsp;Pinggen Xi,&nbsp;Zide Jiang,&nbsp;Guanghui Kong","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70457","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tropical and subtropical fruit trees face serious threats of oomycete-caused plant diseases. However, the molecular mechanism by which oomycete pathogens suppress the immunity of these fruit trees remains largely unclear. Effectors play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of plant pathogenic oomycetes. Here, we found that a conserved RXLR-type effector protein PlAvh222 from the pathogen <i>Peronophythora litchii</i> is required for its full virulence on litchi. Expression of PlAvh222 in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> leaves suppressed INF1-induced immune responses and promoted <i>Phytophthora capsici</i> infection. Further research demonstrated that PlAvh222 interacted with litchi calmodulins (LcCaMs) <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. Silencing of <i>NbCaM1/2/3/4</i> attenuated the ability of PlAvh222 to enhance <i>N</i>. <i>benthamiana</i> susceptibility. The C-terminal CaM-binding region of PlAvh222 is required for targeting LcCaM and to suppress <i>N</i>. <i>benthamiana</i> immune responses, including programmed cell death (PCD) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst. In addition, the interaction between PlAvh222 and LcCaM1/2/3 increases the accumulation of LcCaM1/2/3 and reduces levels of cytosolic Ca²⁺ ([Ca²⁺]_cyt). Blocking [Ca²⁺]_cyt influx leads to compromised PCD in <i>N</i>. <i>benthamiana</i>. Our results reveal that the oomycete effector promotes pathogen infection through suppressing [Ca²⁺]_cyt-induced plant immunity.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought inhibits thermomorphogenesis via salicylic acid-mediated suppression of ELF3 phase separation","authors":"Ruitian Song,&nbsp;Mande Xue,&nbsp;Huairen Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Li,&nbsp;Hui Li,&nbsp;Danhua Jiang","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70466","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Plants are constantly exposed to environmental changes and must respond carefully to ensure survival and growth. Under high temperatures, many plants exhibit a series of morphological and developmental adjustments, including increased hypocotyl and petiole elongation. These adaptations, collectively termed thermomorphogenesis, promote transpiration and water loss, thereby enhancing evaporative cooling. However, this phenomenon has primarily been described under well-watered conditions, whereas in nature, heat often coincides with other environmental challenges, such as drought. How thermomorphogenesis integrates with water shortage conditions, where excess water loss can be detrimental, remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that restricting water availability and mimicking drought stress with mannitol or PEG inhibit thermomorphogenesis. Mechanistically, both mannitol and PEG treatments reduce high temperature-induced transcriptional activation of <i>PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4</i> (<i>PIF4</i>), a central regulator of thermomorphogenesis. This suppression is contributed to by the enhanced production of plant phytohormone salicylic acid (SA), which disrupts phase separation and prevents the deactivation of EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), a repressor of <i>PIF4</i>, at high temperatures, thereby inhibiting <i>PIF4</i> activation. Our study highlights the trade-off between cooling at high temperatures and minimizing excessive water loss under water-limited conditions, providing insights into plant responses to complex environmental challenges.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salicylic acid reduces ELF3 phase separation and suppresses thermomorphogenic growth in Arabidopsis","authors":"Xiangbin Chen,&nbsp;Ying Li,&nbsp;Muhammad Redzuan Bin Jamil,&nbsp;Jolly Madathiparambil Saju,&nbsp;Rajani Sarojam,&nbsp;Nam-Hai Chua","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70335","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Salicylic acid (SA), a long-characterized defense hormone, is increasingly recognized for its roles in plant growth and development. However, its involvement in mediating plant growth responses to environmental cues remains less understood. Here, we show that SA negatively affects thermomorphogenic growth in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. SA levels decrease in Arabidopsis when exposed to warm temperatures (29°C). Seedlings treated with exogenous SA, as well as transgenic plants with elevated SA levels, exhibit significantly reduced thermoresponsive hypocotyl elongation compared with control seedlings. By contrast, SA-deficient mutant seedlings display enhanced elongation. SA significantly decreases warmth-induced expression of <i>PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4</i> (<i>PIF4</i>), a central regulator of thermomorphogenesis, and of downstream auxin biosynthesis and signaling genes. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of SA on thermomorphogenic growth and warmth-induced <i>PIF4</i> expression are largely dependent on <i>EARLY FLOWERING 3</i> (<i>ELF3</i>). SA reduces liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of ELF3 prion-like domain (ELF3-Prd) <i>in vitro</i>, although the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Correspondingly, elevated SA levels in plants decrease ELF3 nuclear speckle formation and enhance ELF3 binding to the <i>PIF4</i> promoter at warm temperatures, whereas reduced SA levels in plants lead to the opposite effect. Collectively, our study uncovers a previously unrecognized role of SA in plant growth adaptation to the changing climate.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"JMJ720 encodes an H3K9me2 demethylase that regulates grain size in rice","authors":"Xiaoche Wang,&nbsp;Zhiwen Yu,&nbsp;Xiang Li,&nbsp;Jiahao Lu,&nbsp;Ying Tang,&nbsp;Fengcheng Li,&nbsp;Hai Xu,&nbsp;Wenfu Chen,&nbsp;Quan Xu","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70462","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grain size is a crucial determinant of rice yield, yet the molecular mechanisms controlling this trait remain only partially understood. Here, we identified the <i>JMJ720</i> locus as a key regulator of grain size through map-based cloning. The <i>jmj720</i> mutant was found to exhibit significantly larger grains when compared to the wild type (WT). <i>JMJ720</i> encodes a protein with a Jumonji C (JmjC) domain that serves as a histone H3K9me2 demethylase. In this study, we found that JMJ720 decreases the methylation level of H3K9me2 at the <i>OsNDB2</i> locus, which codes for a putative rotenone-insensitive type II NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, thereby promoting <i>OsNDB2</i> expression. Elevated expression of <i>OsNDB2</i> was associated with reduced grain size, whereas increased H3K9me2 methylation at the <i>OsNDB2</i> locus in the <i>jmj720</i> mutant led to the repression of its expression, resulting in larger grain size. These findings unveil a novel epigenetic mechanism by which a JmjC-domain protein regulates grain size and offer a potential strategy for breeding rice varieties with enhanced grain size and yield.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of the PWWP-domain protein HUA2 and the H3K36 methylation in flowering time control","authors":"Qingxuan Xie,&nbsp;Zepeng Li,&nbsp;Wei Zhao,&nbsp;Aiwu Dong,&nbsp;Ying Ruan,&nbsp;Wen-Hui Shen","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70461","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Trimethylation of histone H3 at lys36 (H3K36me3) promotes gene transcription and governs plant development and plant responses to environmental cues. Yet, how H3K36me3 is translated into specific downstream events remains largely uninvestigated. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis PWWP-domain protein HUA2 binds methyl-H3K36 in a PWWP motif-dependent manner. Mutations of the PWWP motif impeded <i>HUA2</i> function to successfully rescue the <i>hua2-7</i> mutant phenotype. Genetic interaction analysis revealed that <i>HUA2</i> is hypostatic to the H3K36-methyltransferase gene <i>SDG8</i>, albeit both <i>hua2-7</i> and <i>sdg8-1</i> mutants display early-flowering phenotypes under long-day, medium-day, or short-day photoperiod. The mutant early-flowering phenotypes were found primarily associated with the reductions of expression of the transcriptional repressor genes <i>FLC</i> and <i>MAF1</i>. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that H3K36me3 levels at <i>FLC</i> and <i>MAF1</i> are <i>SDG8</i>-dependent but not <i>HUA2</i>-dependent. In contrast, histone acetylation (H3ac, H3K9ac) levels at <i>FLC</i> and <i>MAF1</i> were found reduced in <i>hua2-7</i> and the reductions were largely <i>SDG8</i>-dependent. Collectively, our results suggest that HUA2 functions as a H3K36me3 reader to promote H3ac/H3K9ac in the transcriptional activation of <i>FLC</i> and <i>MAF1</i> to prevent precocious plant flowering.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cooperative contribution of multiple energy substrate pathways to floral thermogenesis in sacred lotus","authors":"Miao Yu,&nbsp;Ruohan Wang","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70460","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Floral thermogenesis in lotus (<i>Nelumbo nucifera</i>) is a highly energy-intensive process, requiring substantial metabolic reconfiguration and substrate input. However, the mechanisms coordinating energy substrate supply during this process remain unclear. Here, we integrated microscale proteomics, time-series transcriptomics, and mitochondrial feeding assays to elucidate the substrate provisioning strategies supporting thermogenesis in lotus receptacles. Proteomic analysis revealed a concerted upregulation of major energy metabolism pathways at the thermogenic initiation stage, accompanied by enhanced expression of energy dissipation-related proteins (alternative oxidase and uncoupling proteins), indicative of a metabolic shift favoring heat production over ATP synthesis. Our results highlight the cooperative contribution of multiple pyruvate sources to mitochondrial respiration. Both the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC)-mediated cytosolic pyruvate import and the NAD-dependent malic enzyme (NAD-ME)-derived intramitochondrial pyruvate flux were significantly elevated at the thermogenic stage. Notably, isotopic feeding experiments revealed that NAD-ME-derived pyruvate may contribute more substantially than MPC-derived pyruvate under thermogenic conditions, reflecting a highly flexible substrate utilization strategy. In addition, increased expression of alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) and β-oxidation-related genes suggested that alanine transamination and fatty acid degradation may further expand the respiratory substrate pool. Collectively, this study uncovers a diverse and dynamic landscape of energy substrate supply that underpins heat production in thermogenic lotus tissues. These findings offer insights into how plants coordinate metabolic flexibility to meet the high energetic demands of floral thermogenesis.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organ-specific transcriptional and metabolic adaptations of potato plants to limited phosphate availability prior and after tuberization","authors":"Maryam Nasr Esfahani,&nbsp;Lisa Koch,&nbsp;Jörg Hofmann,&nbsp;Sophia Sonnewald,&nbsp;Uwe Sonnewald","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70445","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While plants adapt to fluctuating phosphorus (P) availability in soils by enhancing phosphate acquisition or optimizing internal P-utilization, the spatiotemporal dynamics of these responses, particularly in crops, remain poorly understood. This study systematically investigated how and when potato organs respond to fluctuating P availability across different developmental stages using transcriptomic, metabolomic, and physiological analyses of leaves, roots, and tubers. Transcriptomic data revealed dynamic, organ- and stage-specific responses to P-deficiency, with the highest number of differentially expressed genes in leaves before tuberization and in roots during tuberization. P-deficiency led to a marked accumulation of proline in tubers and nitrogen-rich amino acids, particularly glutamine and asparagine, in roots and leaves. Carbohydrate metabolism exhibited severity- and time-dependent changes: severe P-deficiency triggered earlier, stronger, but transient carbohydrate accumulation, whereas medium P-deficiency led to a gradual and sustained increase in leaves and roots. Hexose phosphates and organic acids accumulated in roots under P-stress, especially severe P-stress, during early vegetative growth, followed by a marked reduction during tuberization. During tuber filling, severe P-deficiency reduced sucrose and starch in roots, decreased leaf starch but increased leaf sucrose, likely due to impaired translocation, and a decrease in tuber sucrose alongside increased starch due to reduced degradation. Under medium P-deficiency, sucrose and starch remained stable in leaves and tubers but declined in roots, reflecting a moderate shift in carbon allocation that maintained tuber development at the expense of root metabolism. These findings highlight the spatiotemporal regulation of metabolic and molecular responses to P-deficiency in potato and provide insights for improving nutrient use efficiency and stress resilience in crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70445","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}