The Plant Journal最新文献

{"title":"How DEAR4 keeps plants cool under pressure","authors":"Gwendolyn K. Kirschner","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70276","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) describes a process in which biomolecules spontaneously separate from a uniform solution into two liquid layers—a dense condensate phase and a dilute phase. These so-called biomolecular condensates are composed of concentrated proteins and nucleic acids and can be found in the nucleus, the cytoplasm and membranes. They play roles in many biological processes, including transcriptional regulation, RNA splicing, protein degradation and stress granule formation (Liu et al., <span>2024</span>).</p><p>In plants, stress granule formation is a mechanism for temperature sensing: high temperature induces a condensation of thermosensors by LLPS into nuclear subdomains, where they interact with heat stress-responsive genes. One example is the temperature-sensing transcriptional co-regulator THERMO-WITH ABA-RESPONSIVE 1 (TWA1), which interacts with the co-repressor TOPLESS (TPL) in nuclear stress granules and thereby regulates the expression of heat stress-responsive genes, such as genes encoding HEAT SHOCK PROTEINs (HSPs) and HEAT SHOCK FACTORs (Hsfs) (Bohn et al., <span>2024</span>).</p><p>Condensate formation by LLPS is also a way to integrate light signalling with a response to high temperature (Wang & Zhu, <span>2022</span>). During their research on thermomorphogenesis, Qi Wang, Zhen Gong and Ziqiang Zhu, authors of the highlighted publication, read a publication by Shimada and colleagues, who had generated a collection of Arabidopsis lines with inducible transcription factors and screened them for light-related phenotypes after induction (Shimada et al., <span>2022</span>). Among these transcription factors, the DEHYDRATION-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING (DREB) transcription factor, DREB AND EAR MOTIF PROTEIN 4 (DEAR4), caught the attention of Wang and colleagues. Overexpression of <i>DEAR4</i> caused hypocotyl elongation under both far-red/red and blue light (Shimada et al., <span>2022</span>). Since some DEARs are also responsive to temperature stress, Wang and colleagues decided to analyse the response of <i>DEAR4</i> overexpression to high temperature (Wang et al., <span>2025</span>).</p><p><i>Dear4</i> single mutants resembled the wild-type phenotype, but <i>DEAR4</i> overexpressors had a higher survival rate under elevated heat stress temperature (43°C) (Figure 1a), suggesting that there is a high redundancy between family members. Interestingly, while <i>DEAR4</i> transcription decreased under heat stress, the protein accumulation increased. After a temperature shift from 22°C to 38°C, the proteins formed speckle-like condensations in the nuclei of Arabidopsis roots (Figure 1b), which were reversible upon a return to normal temperature. To analyse the nature of the condensates, the authors used fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). Unlike solid aggregates, the condensates formed by LLPS exhibit liquid-like behaviours such as fluidity, fusion and dripping. In FRAP experiments, fluorescently l","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"122 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A suppressor screen of an Arabidopsis thaliana REDUCED COMPLEXITY (RCO)-expressing strain provides insight into the genetics of leaf margin complexity","authors":"Yi Wang,&nbsp;Neha Bhatia,&nbsp;Miltos Tsiantis","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70278","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The varied leaf morphologies of seed plants provide an attractive system for studying the development and evolution of biological forms. Here, we consider the genetic mechanisms underlying variation in leaf margin geometry, as leaves can bear protrusions ranging from shallow serrations to lobes to fully separated leaflets. Leaflet formation in the complex-leaved species <i>Cardamine hirsuta</i> requires the <i>REDUCED COMPLEXITY</i> (<i>RCO</i>) homeobox gene. <i>RCO</i> was lost in the lineage of its simple-leaved relative <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, and re-introduction of <i>ChRCO</i> into <i>A. thaliana</i> as a transgene increases leaf complexity by triggering the generation of deep lobes in the leaf margin. As the genetic mechanisms for <i>RCO</i>-mediated outgrowth formation are only partially understood, we performed a mutagenesis screen for suppressors of lobe formation in <i>A. thaliana</i> plants harboring a <i>ChRCO</i> transgene. From this screen, we identified <i>CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 2</i> (<i>CUC2</i>), <i>PIN-FORMED 1</i> (<i>PIN1</i>), <i>CYCLOPHILIN 71</i> (<i>CYP71</i>), <i>NUCLEOLAR PROTEIN 2A</i> (<i>NOP2A</i>), <i>RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN L34</i> (<i>RPL34</i>), and <i>RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN L10aB</i>/<i>PIGGYBACK1</i> (<i>PGY1</i>). We also showed that the <i>C. hirsuta CYP71</i> gene is required for leaflet development, as the <i>cyp71</i> mutant has simplified leaves. Our results suggest that CUC2-auxin-PIN1-mediated marginal patterning, the <i>CYP71</i> gene, and ribosome biogenesis are required for <i>RCO</i> to drive increased leaf complexity.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"122 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A FvERF3-FvNAC073 module regulates strawberry fruit size and ripening","authors":"Junmiao Fan,&nbsp;Minghao Cao,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Bi,&nbsp;Yuxuan Zhu,&nbsp;Qifei Gao,&nbsp;Liqing Zhang,&nbsp;Zheng Liu,&nbsp;Hongli Lian,&nbsp;Pengbo Xu","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70262","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The enlargement and ripening processes of fruit are crucial determinants of size, texture, color, flavor, and other attributes. However, compared to climacteric fruits, research on the key regulatory factors involved in the enlargement and ripening of non-climacteric fruits is limited. In this study, two transcription factors, FvNAC073 and FvERF3, were identified as master regulators for the fruit enlargement and ripening process of strawberry, a non-climacteric fruit. Knockout mutations of <i>FvNAC073</i> and silencing of <i>FvERF3</i> resulted in reduced fruit size and delayed fruit ripening. FvNAC073 promotes strawberry fruit expansion by upregulating <i>FvXTH3</i> (an elongation-specific cell wall hydrolase) and accelerates ripening by inducing <i>FvMYB10</i> and <i>FvPL1</i>, which regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis and softening, respectively. Additionally, FvNAC073 stimulates the expression of the ABA synthesizing gene <i>FvNCED5,</i> increases ABA content, which further enhances strawberry fruit ripening. Further investigation showed that FvERF3 directly binds to the promoter of <i>FvNAC073</i>, thereby activating <i>FvNAC073</i> expression to regulate strawberry fruit enlargement and ripening. Our findings uncover that FvNAC073 and FvERF3 form a core regulation module to control the enlargement and ripening of strawberry fruit.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"122 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SAL1-PAP retrograde signaling orchestrates photosynthetic and extracellular reactive oxygen species for stress responses","authors":"Estee E. Tee,&nbsp;Stephen J. Fairweather,&nbsp;Hanh M. Vo,&nbsp;Chenchen Zhao,&nbsp;Andrew Breakspear,&nbsp;Sachie Kimura,&nbsp;Melanie Carmody,&nbsp;Michael Wrzaczek,&nbsp;Stefan Bröer,&nbsp;Christine Faulkner,&nbsp;Jaakko Kangasjärvi,&nbsp;Zhong-Hua Chen,&nbsp;Barry J. Pogson,&nbsp;Kai Xun Chan","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70271","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cellular responses to abiotic stress involve multiple signals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca²⁺, abscisic acid (ABA), and chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signals such as 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphate (PAP). The mechanism(s) by which these messengers intersect for cell regulation remain enigmatic, as do the roles of retrograde signals in specialized cells. Here we demonstrate a mechanistic link enabling ABA and PAP to coordinate chloroplast and plasma membrane ROS production. Contrary to its role in upregulating processes leading to quenching of ROS in foliar tissue, we show that in guard cells, PAP induces chloroplast ROS accumulation via photosynthetic electron transport and apoplast ROS via the RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG (RBOH) proteins. Both subcellular ROS sources are necessary for stress hormone ABA-mediated stomatal closure, as well as PAP-mediated stomatal closure. However, PAP signaling diverges from ABA by activating RBOHD instead of RBOHF. Three calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) transcriptionally induced by PAP, namely CPK13, CPK32, and CPK34, concurrently activate RBOHD and the slow anion channel SLAC1 by phosphorylating two SLAC1 serine (S) residues, including S120, which is also targeted by the ABA signaling kinase OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1). Consequently, overexpression of the PAP-induced CPKs rescues stomatal closure in <i>ost1</i>. Our data identify chloroplast retrograde signals as critical nodes in cellular stress response networks of guard cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"122 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70271","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TaHAL3-7A increases grain yield by enhancing photosynthetic pigment content in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","authors":"Huiyuan Xu,&nbsp;Jiajin Dong,&nbsp;Xiangrui Meng,&nbsp;Huijiao Jiang,&nbsp;Guangshuo Ding,&nbsp;Zixu Wang,&nbsp;Faxiang Wang,&nbsp;Yiming Wang,&nbsp;Meihui Wu,&nbsp;Linjia Ma,&nbsp;Guochen Miao,&nbsp;Ran Qin,&nbsp;Chunhua Zhao,&nbsp;Han Sun,&nbsp;Fa Cui,&nbsp;Yongzhen Wu","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70274","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Halotolerance 3 (HAL3) is known for its roles in salt tolerance, cell-cycle control, and cell wall integrity. However, its impact on photosynthesis- and yield-related traits in wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) remains unclear. In this study, we identified <i>TaHAL3</i> genes expressed in all wheat tissues, with higher levels in wheat shoots and grains. Haplotype analysis revealed that <i>TaHAL3-7A</i> haplotypes were associated with flag leaf length and photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll <i>a</i>/<i>b</i> and carotenoid). Overexpressing <i>TaHAL3-7A</i> in rice and wheat significantly increased pigment levels, enhancing grain number per spike and yield per plant, while <i>TaHAL3-7A</i> mutants exhibited reduced pigment contents and yield-related traits. Regional experiments showed increases in grain number per spike, thousand-grain weight, and yield per plot. Transcriptomic and qPCR analyses revealed that <i>TaHAL3-7A</i> enhanced photosynthesis-related traits by upregulating light-harvesting chlorophyll <i>a</i>/<i>b</i>-binding (LHC) genes. Additionally, we demonstrated the physical interaction between TaHAL3-7A and TaUFD1-3A, along with their coordinated expression changes. The <i>TaUFD1-3A</i> mutants exhibited significant reductions in pigment content, while <i>TaUFD1-3A-Hapl I</i> displayed higher pigment levels and grain yield. Notably, the combination of <i>TaUFD1-3A-Hapl I</i> and <i>TaHAL3-7A-Hapl I</i> further increased chlorophyll content, thousand-grain weight, and yield per plant. These findings highlight the crucial role of <i>TaHAL3-7A</i> in regulating wheat photosynthetic pigments and its potential application in improving wheat yield through molecular breeding.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"122 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graft union formation involves interactions among bud signals, carbon availability, dormancy release, wound responses and non-self-communication in grapevine","authors":"Grégoire Loupit,&nbsp;Josep Valls Fonayet,&nbsp;Joseph Tran,&nbsp;Virginie Garcia,&nbsp;Irène Hummel,&nbsp;Pierre Petriacq,&nbsp;Philippe Gallusci,&nbsp;Margot Berger,&nbsp;Céline Franc,&nbsp;Gilles de Revel,&nbsp;Nathalie Ollat,&nbsp;Sarah Jane Cookson","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70244","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Grafting plants uses intrinsic wound-healing mechanisms to join together different organisms, yet the processes underpinning graft union formation remain poorly understood. To further our understanding of the molecular reprogramming triggered by grafting and wounding in a perennial plant, we characterised the transcriptome and metabolome of intact and wounded un-grafted scions and rootstocks, and homo- and hetero-grafts at 0 and 14 days after grafting/wounding in grapevine. We show that grafting triggered the coordinated activation of gene expression and the accumulation of lipids and phenolic compounds in comparison with intact tissues. We highlight an asymmetry in gene expression above and below the graft interface, which is in part not only due to carbon status, but also to intrinsic differences in gene expression between un-grafted scions and rootstocks, and their differential responses to wounding. We found that β-1,4-glucanases were differentially expressed in response to both wounding and grafting and demonstrated that exogenous β-1,4-glucanase application increased grafting success rate. Grafting, wounding, homo-graft and hetero-graft-specific transcriptome responses were characterised. The comprehensive experimental design of the dataset containing all necessary control samples allowed the identification of genes and metabolites potentially involved in wounding and grafting responses in an iconic grafted fruit crop. This is important because knowledge of genes regulating graft union formation could be leveraged for the selection of new, highly graft-compatible cultivars in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"122 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70244","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144264536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virus-induced systemic and heritable gene editing in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)","authors":"Bomi Kang,&nbsp;Sohee Lee,&nbsp;Da-hyeon Ko,&nbsp;Jelli Venkatesh,&nbsp;Jin-Kyung Kwon,&nbsp;Hyeran Kim,&nbsp;Byoung-Cheorl Kang","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70257","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas system enables rapid and efficient plant breeding by directly introducing desired traits into elite lines within a short time frame. However, challenges associated with conventional <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i>-mediated transformation and regeneration have limited gene editing in pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i> L.). In this study, we applied and optimized a virus-induced gene editing (VIGE) system to overcome these limitations. We inoculated transgenic pepper seedlings already expressing <i>Cas9</i> with vectors based on tobacco rattle virus 2 (TRV2) expressing single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeting <i>Phytoene desaturase</i> (<i>PDS</i>); shoots regenerated from inoculated cotyledons displayed photobleaching phenotypes. To promote sgRNA mobility and maintain its integrity, we modified the pTRV2-sgRNA vector by incorporating a self-cleaving hammerhead ribozyme (HH) sequence to produce an intact sgRNA fused to part of the mobile RNA of <i>FLOWERING LOCUS T</i>. Additionally, we tested alternative mobile elements, such as tRNA^Ile and tRNA^Met. Furthermore, we cultivated plants at the low temperature of 20°C following TRV inoculation to increase TRV persistence and spread. These optimizations, including vector modifications and cultivation conditions, resulted in a systemic editing efficiency of 36.3%, as evidenced by systemic leaves showing photobleaching phenotypes. We determined that 8.5% of progeny from plants inoculated with the pTRV-HH-<i>CaPDS</i>-sgRNA-<i>FT</i> construct were mutated at the <i>CaPDS</i> locus. In addition, we used our VIGE system to successfully edit <i>FASCICULATE</i>, producing mutants whose inflorescences showed a fasciculate phenotype. Direct inoculation with a TRV-based vector expressing a mobile sgRNA to bypass tissue culture, therefore, offers an effective tool for molecular studies and breeding in pepper.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"122 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144264537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arabidopsis ARA4 modulates HY5-mediated seedling growth and ABA responsiveness","authors":"Riya Basu,&nbsp;Abhideep Pal,&nbsp;Sudip Chattopadhyay","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70260","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>HY5, a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, acts as a positive regulator of photomorphogenesis across various wavelengths of light. HY5 also mediates crosstalk between light and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways. During transition from dark to light, HY5 regulates the transcription of about one third of genes in Arabidopsis, necessitating precise regulation of HY5 activity for proper seedling growth. On the other hand, ARA4 acts as a negative regulator of photomorphogenesis specifically in white light. Our study aims to understand how the developing seedlings integrate external cues with internal hormonal levels to maintain the homeostasis of key regulators like HY5 for optimal growth. Although HY5's role in integrating light and ABA signaling is well established, the regulation of HY5 itself during this process still needs to be explored. Here we report that <i>hy5</i> is epistatic to <i>ara4</i> in the regulation of hypocotyl length and light-responsive gene expression. Double mutant analyses further reveal that <i>ARA4</i> and <i>HY5</i> work additively to regulate ABA-mediated inhibition of seed germination. ARA4 physically interacts with HY5 and negatively regulates <i>HY5</i> promoter activity. The ARA4-mediated negative regulation on <i>HY5</i> expression is rescued by ABA. The transactivation and DNA–protein interaction studies reveal that ARA4 inhibits HY5 from binding to the promoter of its target, <i>AtMYB4</i>, and subsequent transcriptional activation. However, ABA enhances HY5 binding to the <i>AtMYB4</i> promoter. Overall, this study highlights the functional interplay between ARA4 and HY5 on the regulation of light and ABA-mediated growth responses during Arabidopsis seedling development.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"122 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant ADH1 promoter acts as an H3K27me3-associated hyper-long cold-responsive promoter","authors":"Hanako Shimizu,&nbsp;Haruki Nishio,&nbsp;Hiroshi Kudoh","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70248","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Detecting long-term environmental trends is a fundamental requirement for organisms living in fluctuating environments to optimize their physiological and developmental responses. This characteristic depends on long-term memory. However, whether gene promoters alone confer week-scale environmental responses (WERs) and the mechanisms governing the appearance of these responses at different levels of gene expression—including phenotype, protein, histone modification, and mRNA levels—remains unknown. Herein, we performed a genome-wide screening for WER promoters using 1-year-long time-series data of a repressive histone modification, H3K27me3, in the promoter region of <i>Arabidopsis halleri</i> growing in a natural population. We further analyzed the characteristics of the selected WER promoter using the promoter–reporter lines of <i>A. thaliana</i>. H3K27me3 levels in the endogenous <i>A. halleri ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 1</i> (<i>ADH1</i>) promoter showed WERs, and it responded to 2-week-long low temperatures but not to 1-day-long low temperatures. Moreover, the fusion of the <i>ADH1</i> promoter to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene conferred WER capacity to the GUS protein independently of the mRNA response. The fusion of the coding regions of the <i>FLOWERING LOCUS C</i> and <i>PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4</i> genes to this promoter successfully modified the WERs of the flowering and petiole elongation phenotypes, respectively, directionally opposite to conventional responses. Overall, these results reveal that the <i>A. halleri ADH1</i> promoter alone can confer WERs at the phenotypic, protein, and H3K27me3 levels, and may potentially confer long-term environmental responsiveness to other genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"122 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RsWRKY49 promotes cold tolerance via activating the expression of RsCBF2 and RsNR2 in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)","authors":"Sen Chen,&nbsp;Nannan Liao,&nbsp;Hongyu Bi,&nbsp;Liang Xu,&nbsp;Yan Wang,&nbsp;Baozhen Mao,&nbsp;Xiaoli Zhang,&nbsp;Feng Cui,&nbsp;Yingbo Ma,&nbsp;Liwang Liu","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70256","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cold stress adversely affects crop growth and development. WRKY transcription factors play the critical role in regulating abiotic stress response and balancing plant growth and cold stress defense. However, the roles of WRKY in the trade-off between root growth and cold stress response are still rarely known in radish. Herein, <i>RsWRKY49</i> was specifically expressed in the radish root and the expression was highly induced by low temperature in the root of cold-tolerant radish genotype ‘NAU-RG’ compared to the cold-sensitive radish genotype ‘NAU-XBC’. Overexpression of <i>RsWRKY49</i> in ‘NAU-XBC’ enhanced cold tolerance, while interference of its expression in ‘NAU-RG’ increased cold sensitivity. The increase in cell division activity and root meristem size was observed in the radish hairy root overexpressing <i>RsWRKY49</i> under both normal and low-temperature conditions, demonstrating its ability to regulate cold stress response and root growth. Natural variation in the <i>RsWRKY49</i> promoter affects the differences in its expression level in different cold-tolerant radish genotypes, thereby modulating cold tolerance. Comparative promoter analysis identified additional <i>cis</i>-acting regulatory elements (ten TATA boxes, two ABRE elements, and one DRE element) in the <i>RsWRKY49</i> promoter of ‘NAU-RG’, which showed enhanced promoter activity compared to that of ‘NAU-XBC’ under cold stress. In addition, RsWRKY49 could transactivate <i>RsCBF2</i> and <i>RsNR2</i> expression to regulate cold stress response. These results provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying WRKY TFs balancing root growth and defense to cold stress in radish and would facilitate achieving genetic improvement of cold-tolerant cultivars in radish breeding programs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"122 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}