Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants最新文献

{"title":"Deciphering the immune blueprint: a holistic view of <i>Arabidopsis</i> (host) responses to hemibiotrophic pathogen <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. tomato DC 3000.","authors":"Pooja Singh, Mohd Aamir, Fohad Mabood Husain, Mohd Adil, Altaf Khan","doi":"10.1007/s12298-025-01688-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-025-01688-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interaction between <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> and the hemibiotrophic pathogen <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) is a good model for understanding the dynamics of plant-pathogen interactions. We employed a multifaceted approach utilizing microarray based transcriptome analysis validated by real-time PCR, coupled with physiological changes, histochemical staining, and the SEM analysis, to investigate the molecular, biochemical, and physiological processes governing the host-pathogen interaction and its outcome. Transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation of defense genes, including key transcription factors (<i>WRKY, ERF, NAC, bZIP</i>), salicylic acid-responsive genes (<i>PR1</i>, <i>NPR1</i>), and MAPK signaling proteins, contrasted by the downregulation of genes specific to photosynthesis and auxin signaling. Physiological analyses confirmed an oxidative burst, evidenced by an elevated ROS and NO (validated via DAB and NBT staining), and accompanied by a decrease in stomatal conductance. SEM analysis confirmed significant morphological and structural changes, including disrupted trichomes and compromised silique development. Functional annotation highlighted a biphasic defense mechanism, characterized by an initial SA-mediated response transitioning to JA signaling. The observed modified auxin signaling likely enhances pathogen virulence by undermining host defenses. This study provides in-depth insight into these molecular interactions, demonstrating how Pst DC3000 exploits host defense pathways, thereby identifying potential targets for agricultural strategies to enhance bacterial resistance.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-025-01688-x.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 3","pages":"547-589"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12988949/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147469181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression analysis of phosphatase III-B subfamily in common bean reveals two storage proteins highly expressed during seed formation and germination.","authors":"Lucia O Pareja, Mercedes Diaz-Baena, Gregorio Galvez-Valdivieso, Pedro Piedras","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01711-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-026-01711-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Germination and seedling development are crucial phases in the plant life cycle with economical and agronomical implications. During these stages, seedlings activate a wide range of strategies to ensure an adequate supply of nutrients and defence against environmental stress. The common bean phosphatase III-B subfamily comprises 11 genes, named <i>PvNTD1</i> to <i>PvNTD11</i>. Phylogenetic alignment with <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> III-B phosphatases identified PvNTD9, PvNTD10 and PvNTD11 as candidates Vegetative Storage Proteins (VSP) homologs. Among these, <i>PvNTD9</i> and <i>PvNTD10</i> exhibited high expression in developing seedlings, flowers and developing pods, tissues characterized by an intense mobilization and accumulation of nutrient. These genes showed different expression kinetics during post-germinative development, with <i>PvNTD9</i> reaching maximum expression earlier than <i>PvNTD10</i>, which suggests that their expression is not coordinated. To investigate its biochemical function, PvNTD9 was transiently overexpressed in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> and purified. The recombinant protein lacked phosphatase activity, suggesting it may exert a function unrelated to enzymatic phosphate hydrolysis. Additionally, the expression of <i>PvNTD9, PvNTD10 and PvNTD11</i> was strongly induced by methyl jasmonate treatment and mechanical wounding, supporting their potential roles as jasmonate-responsive VSPs. In this study we have identified two putative VSPs genes in common bean which are highly expressed in all seedling parts after germination. Furthermore, the expression of both genes follows a different temporal pattern. The possible physiological functions of these proteins during early development and stress responses are discussed.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-026-01711-9.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 3","pages":"449-461"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12988940/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147469271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel QTL discovered for grain protein content without grain weight penalty in wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.).","authors":"Vikas Fandade, Ankita Mishra, Deepak Das, Vinita Sharma, Prashant Kumar, Akansha Madhawan, Dalwinder Singh, Jitendra Kumar, Pradeep Singh, Shrikant Mantri, Shailendra Sharma, Manoj Oak, Joy Roy","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01707-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-026-01707-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) is a global food crop with a relatively low protein content of 9-12%. Enhancing grain protein content (GPC) without compromising grain yield remains a challenge due to the negative correlation between yield and GPC. However, recent advances in genome-wide DNA markers, high-throughput phenotyping, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping have facilitated the identification of important QTLs. This study utilized a stable recombinant inbred line (RIL) F_7 - 9 population, genotyped using high-depth genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), and phenotyped across multi-environmental field trials to identify stable QTLs for GPC. In contrast to the often-reported negative correlation between GPC and Thousand Grain Weight (TGW), the RIL population exhibited a significant positive correlation of 0.143 (<i>p</i> < 0.001) between the two traits. Significant genetic variation in GPC was observed in the population, with a heritability of 0.72, indicating a strong genetic influence. Further genetic analysis revealed the presence of ten QTLs responsible for GPC variation, located on chromosomes 1D, 2B, 4B, 5 A, and 5B. Among these, <i>QGPC.nabi-2B.2</i> and <i>QGPC.nabi-5B.1</i> were identified in more than three environments as major QTLs. Precise mapping of <i>QGPC.nabi-2B.2</i>, using indigenously designed SSRs, identified potential candidate genes involved in GPC regulation. Three SNPs from this region were converted into Tetra-ARMS-PCR markers and validated in Indian wheat varieties and a genetically different RIL population. This study provides a foundation for future research into the genetic regulation of GPC in wheat, suggesting key candidate genes that could improve wheat's nutritional quality without compromising grain weight.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-026-01707-5.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 3","pages":"529-545"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12988935/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147469208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of nanoplastics uptake on modulation of plant metabolism and stress responses: a multi-omics perspective on remediation and tolerance mechanisms.","authors":"Ayan Adhikari, Rinku Balhara, Kashmir Singh","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01717-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-026-01717-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The demand for plastics is increasing in daily life due to their versatile properties and multiple applications. Environmental breakdown of non-biodegradable single-use plastics into nanoscale fragments (< 100 nm) releases nanoplastics that accumulate in plant tissues, reducing productivity and posing risks to human health through the food chain. The complex interaction between the surface chemistry of nanoplastics and rhizosphere favours the bioavailability and transportation of nanoplastics in plants and soil. The toxic chemical nature of nanoplastics hinders nutrient uptake and metabolism by causing overaccumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various cellular compartments, thus reducing normal growth and development. To maintain the redox balance, differential modulation of antioxidant defense system minimizes high ROS-induced oxidative stress in plants. The literature review highlights current findings regarding the negative impacts of nanoplastics, transport of nanoplastics, modulation of stress-responsive gene expression, role of non-coding RNAs, protein expression, and essential metabolites associated with plant growth and development under NPs stress. The present review offers an overview of omics approaches aimed at enhancing our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in plant responses to nanoplastic stress. In addition, we also highlight the nanoplastics extraction techniques from plant samples and various analytical techniques for their identification and quantification. Knowledge gaps and future research directions are also discussed to get new insights into phytoremediation and tolerance mechanisms in plants.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-026-01717-3.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 3","pages":"427-448"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12988947/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147469239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into the effects of ecologically relevant concentrations of nitrate and ammonium on the physiological traits of two lichen species.","authors":"Jakub Styburski, Kaja Skubała","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01704-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-026-01704-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lichens are known for being highly sensitive to air pollution, including nitrogen-related compounds, both reduced and oxidized. The future scenarios forecast a decline in nitrate emissions in Poland, with a subsequent increase in ammonia deposition. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrate and ammonium on selected physiological parameters of two lichen species differing in N-sensitivity: <i>Hypogymnia physodes</i> and <i>Xanthoria parietina</i>. Reduced and oxidized nitrogen doses corresponding to wet nitrogen deposition scenarios in 2050 were used to verify whether future changes in nitrogen pollution could potentially affect the physiology of these lichen species. Selected lichen species were kept in a climatic chamber for three weeks and sprayed with different ammonium and nitrate solutions, and the content of photosynthetic pigments, TBARS concentration, and dehydrogenase activity were checked. We found that nitrate and ammonium treatment did not cause clear signs of oxidative stress in both species. Ammonium treatment caused a significant decline in mycobiont's vitality of <i>Hypogymnia physodes</i>, while <i>Xanthoria parietina</i> handled the nitrogen treatment well. No clear pattern in photosynthetic pigment concentration for both species was found. We concluded that <i>Xanthoria parietina</i> is well suited to nitrogen stress, in both reduced and oxidized forms, and that the forecast decline in nitrate emissions may still impact the vitality of N-sensitive lichen species. We also propose the assessment of dehydrogenase activity in N-sensitive lichen species as a potential early indicator of elevated nitrogen concentration in the environment.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-026-01704-8.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 3","pages":"519-528"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12988922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147469264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytotoxicity of systemic fungicides Blitox and Roko in <i>Brassica rapa</i> and tolerance mechanisms in <i>Rorippa indica</i>.","authors":"Samrat Banerjee, Sujit Roy","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01714-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-026-01714-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple studies have emphasized the efficiency of fungicides against fungal pathogens and their target hosts. However, considerable research gaps still exist that currently hinder towards understanding of the effects of exposure to doses exceeding the recommended concentrations of fungicides to non-target crops in agricultural fields. Here, we report the phytotoxic effects of two systemic fungicides, Blitox and Roko, in the non-target crop <i>Brassica rapa</i> L. (<i>B. rapa</i>) at the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Both Blitox and Roko appreciably inhibited seed germination and seedling establishment rates at higher doses (~ 0.3% - 0.5% higher compared with recommended doses). In addition, higher doses of fungicide treatment strongly activated oxidative stress response, thus adversely affecting membrane integrity, photosynthetic machinery, and reducing root apical meristem cell viability. At higher doses (~ 0.3-0.5% higher than recommended concentrations), both fungicides showed prominent cyto-genotoxic effects, resulting in DNA strand breaks and cell cycle arrest in <i>B. rapa</i> seedlings. Interestingly, the wild crucifer <i>Rorippa indica (R. indica)</i>, which grows in the field alongside <i>B. rapa</i>, showed characteristically less phytototoxicity in the presence of both Blitox and Roko. <i>R. indica</i> plants showed lesser accumulation of the fungicides and improved antioxidant response. Collectively, these results at one end comprehensively demonstrate how the two fungicides adversely affect plant health in the non-target crop, like <i>B. rapa</i>. On the other side, improved tolerance response of <i>R. indica</i> to both the fungicides provides meaningful information towards the identification of specific targets in wild plant genomics to create the scope for minimizing the adverse effects of agrochemicals in non-target crops through genetic manipulation.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-026-01714-6.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 3","pages":"613-641"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12988948/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147468336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cysteine-mediated modulation of the glyoxalase system and HSP90 proteins enhances high-temperature stress tolerance in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>.","authors":"Selda Durmuşoğlu, Dilek Ünlüer, Aykut Sağlam, Asim Kadıoğlu","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01710-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-026-01710-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-temperature (HT) stress poses a major threat to plant growth and physiological functions by disrupting cellular homeostasis and metabolic processes. Despite extensive studies, the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying plant adaptation to HT stress remain incompletely understood. This study investigates the role of cysteine (CYS), a thiol-containing amino acid, in enhancing high-temperature tolerance in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (<i>A. thaliana</i>) through the regulation of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and the glyoxalase (GLX) system. Our research demonstrates that CYS treatment under HT stress significantly enhances key physiological parameters, including relative water content (RWC), and total chlorophyll levels while reducing oxidative damage markers like thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). In this study, findings from <i>A. thaliana</i> (Col-0, <i>hsp90.1</i> and <i>hsp90.4</i> mutants, and those subjected to Glyoxalase I inhibitor (S-p-bromobenzylglutathione cyclopentyl diester (BBGD) treatment) reveal that CYS acts as a positive regulator of the GLX system by boosting the activities of Glyoxalase I (GLXI) and Glyoxalase II (GLXII) enzymes involved in methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification, particularly in conjunction with HSP90.1 and HSP90.4. The effects of GLXI inhibitor on the GLX system were experimentally studied for the first time on plants by applying to <i>A. thaliana</i> seedlings (Col-0 and <i>hsp90.4</i> mutant). Moreover, CYS treatment enhances the expression of genes related to the GLX system and HSPs, leading to improved thermotolerance in <i>A. thaliana</i>. In conclusion, our findings highlight a synergistic interaction between CYS, the GLX system, and HSP90 proteins, suggesting promising genetic and chemical approaches for enhancing plant tolerance to high-temperature stress.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-026-01710-w.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 3","pages":"463-477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12988944/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147469217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolomic analysis of coloration mechanism of bamboo sheaths in different cultivars of <i>Chimonobambusa utilis</i>.","authors":"Yan Lan, Xiao Zhu, Guang-Qian Gou, Ai-Juan Tan, Zhao-Xia Dai, Shi-Ping Huang, Gui-Li Yang","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01712-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-026-01712-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Chimonobambusa utilis</i> is an advantageous bamboo species known for its edible shoots, which are celebrated as \"the crown of bamboo shoots\". The coloration of bamboo sheaths is related to the color, flavor and nutritional components of bamboo shoots. However, the process of bamboo sheath coloration remains unexplored in scientific literature. Therefore, the pigment content and color difference values of the bamboo sheaths of five distinct cultivars of <i>Chimonobambusa utilis</i> (Keng) Keng f. -1, <i>Chimonobambusa utilis</i> (Keng) Keng f. -2, <i>Chimonobambusa utilis</i> (Keng) Keng f. -3, <i>Chimonobambusa utilis</i> (Keng) Keng f. -4, and <i>Chimonobambusa utilis</i> (Keng) Keng f. -5 (<i>C</i>1, <i>C</i>2, <i>C</i>3, <i>C</i>4, and <i>C</i>5) were measured in this study. According to the color difference values, <i>C</i>1 exhibits a color index of red leaf < 2, while the remaining four cultivars fall within 2 < color index of red leaf < 4. Regarding pigment content, <i>C</i>1 demonstrated the highest chlorophyll levels, <i>C</i>4 contained the most anthocyanins, and <i>C</i>5 had significantly higher carotenoid content compared to the other four cultivars. A targeted metabolome assay revealed a total of 28 flavonoids in the bamboo sheaths, with 25, 27, 26, 25, and 25 flavonoids identified in the five <i>C</i>. <i>utilis</i>, respectively. Analysis of these flavonoids indicated substantial variations among the five cultivars' bamboo sheaths. This study offers a reference point for the selection and breeding of distinctive bamboo shoots, as well as for understanding the coloration mechanism of the bamboo sheaths of <i>C. utilis</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 3","pages":"479-491"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12988938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147469257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speed breeding in perennial fruit crops as a novel strategy to reduce generation period.","authors":"Javid Iqbal Mir, Sadiah Shafi, M K Verma, Wasim Hassan Raja, Sajad Un Nabi, Om Chand Sharma, Mohammad Abbas Shah, Reena Prusty, Jyoti Priya, Mohammad Ashiq Kuchay, Nusrat Parveen, Aashiq Hussain Lone, Salwee Yasmeen, Uzma Rashid, Sheikh Mansoor","doi":"10.1007/s12298-026-01713-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-026-01713-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Speed breeding has transformed plant breeding by reducing the generation period of annual crops, yet its potential as a tool to accelerate genetic gain in perennial fruit crops has not been fully explored. Perennial crops including apple and walnuts face a major bottleneck in breeding owing to their extensive juvenile stage, which delays the assessment and selection of desired traits. This review and conceptual framework explore a novel integration of speed breeding with strategic use of early-bearing genotypes as intermediate parents in hybridization programs to expedite cultivars development. In apples, the strategy involves utilizing columnar varieties, while in walnuts, lateral-bearing genotypes are employed to introduce early fruiting traits into elite genetic backgrounds. In addition, speed breeding can be complemented by high throughput phenotyping and precision breeding techniques to increase selection accuracy and maximize genetic gain. By implementing these strategies, breeders can decrease generation period and enhance breeding efficiency as they strive to satisfy the increasing global demands for high-yielding, resilient perennial fruit cultivars. This forward-looking strategy aims to redefine the perennial fruit crop development, ensuring sustainability and productivity while addressing the pressing challenges of climate change and food security.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 3","pages":"409-425"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12988937/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147468390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RNAi-mediated silencing of <i>Vitellogenin receptor</i> and <i>Ryanodine receptor</i>, key genes, by using carbon nanotubes for management of whitefly (<i>Bemisia tabaci</i>).","authors":"Ankit Kumari, Archna Suhag, Yachna Jaiwal, Manish Sainger, Ranjana Jaiwal, Pawan K Jaiwal, Darshna Chaudhary","doi":"10.1007/s12298-025-01697-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-025-01697-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The whitefly <i>Bemisia tabaci</i> poses a significant threat to agriculture by transmitting various plant viruses, being globally invasive and polyphagous in nature. For the management of this pest, various cultural and chemical methods are employed, but challenges such as insecticide resistance and environmental impact have made management of whiteflies difficult, which has led to the exploration of RNA interference (RNAi) as a sustainable and precise alternative. RNAi using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) offers a promising, species-specific strategy for whitefly management. However, the naked dsRNA delivered exogenously on plant surfaces is unstable in nature, which limits its practical application. This study explores the use of Polyamidoamine dendrimer generation 5 (PAMAM) functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as a delivery vehicle to enhance dsRNA uptake. dsRNAs targeting the <i>B. tabaci</i>, Vitellogenin receptor (<i>BtVgR</i>) and Ryanodine receptor gene (<i>BtRyR</i>), designed to minimize off-target effects, were applied using the root dip method. To improve the biocompatibility and loading efficiency of carbon nanotubes, they were functionalized with PAMAM. In case of <i>BtRyR</i>, on day 7th, 83% mortality was observed at 80 µg/mL concentration of dsRNA loaded on CNT, and for dsRNA alone, mortality observed on the 7th day was 80%. In case of <i>BtVgR</i>, on day 7, a slightly higher mortality of 69% was observed with the dsRNA-CNT complex compared to 66% with dsRNA alone at a concentration of 80 µg/mL, indicating a modest improvement in delivery efficiency through CNTs. This study demonstrates that CNT-assisted RNAi targeting of <i>BtVgR</i>, <i>BtRyR</i> genes can serve as an efficient and environmentally friendly strategy for whitefly management.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-025-01697-w.</p>","PeriodicalId":20148,"journal":{"name":"Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants","volume":"32 3","pages":"509-518"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12988931/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147468477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}