Bioelectromagnetics最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field Exposure (50 Hz, 200 µT) on Cell Viability, DNA Damage and Micronucleus Formation of Human Skin Cells","authors":"Vivian Meyer,&nbsp;Karen Drees,&nbsp;Isabel Alexandra Gronau,&nbsp;Alexander Lerchl","doi":"10.1002/bem.70046","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Both everyday electrical devices and high voltage transmission lines produce electric and magnetic fields with a frequency of 50 Hz in Europe and most other countries. Although several studies have already been investigating the effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure on biological material, this topic is still debated. High-quality research is still needed to keep the available data up to date and to decrease the low-quality study design bias. We investigated the effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields with an intensity of 200 µT (rms) on HaCaT cells, an immortal keratinocyte cell line derived from adult human skin cells. The exposure system allowed standard in vitro cultivation and blinded experimental design with simultaneous exposure and sham-exposure for 2 or 24 h. The biological endpoints were measured using the WST-1 assay (cell viability), the alkaline comet assay (DNA integrity), and the micronucleus test (chromosomal distribution). The results show no significant effects of the parameters mentioned. Our data support the assessment that 50 Hz ELF-MF up to 200 µT do not cause health effects. This study contributes valuable knowledge to the existing pool of evidence for the effects of ELF-MF on human cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"47 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12877723/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146123537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of 4.0 GHz RF Exposure Effects on Bioaerosols Containing Bovine Coronavirus","authors":"Zane W. Cohick,&nbsp;Brad W. Hoff,&nbsp;David Revelli,&nbsp;Jason Cox,&nbsp;Hammad Irshad,&nbsp;Amanda Snider,&nbsp;Ariel Arndt,&nbsp;Daniel A. Enderich,&nbsp;Jeremy W. McCohaha,&nbsp;James A. Schrock,&nbsp;Bennett L. Ibey,&nbsp;Robert J. Thomas,&nbsp;John W. Luginsland,&nbsp;William P. Roach,&nbsp;Donald A. Shiffler","doi":"10.1002/bem.70040","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates the interaction between 4.0 GHz microwave radiation and bovine coronavirus (BCoV). Previous work by the authors at 5.6 GHz demonstrated mild (~74%) but statistically significant reductions in virus survival, attributed to a combination of thermal as well as non-thermal effects, such as Structure-Resonant Energy Transfer (SRET). This research aims to expand the frequency dataset to better elucidate the roles of thermal and non-thermal effects in radio frequency (RF)-induced viral inactivation. These experiments were performed in a waveguide containing a flowing aerosol stream and were limited to a single RF waveform: ∼2 μs square envelope, 4.0 GHz, 4.8 kHz repetition rate. Aerosol streams were exposed to RF electric field amplitudes in the range of 41.5 ± 5.2 kV/m. Under laminar flow conditions, 80% of the total collected aerosol stream spends 1.0 s or less in the RF exposure region. Analysis via TCID₅₀ assays revealed no statistically significant reduction in virus survival compared to controls, nor significant changes in data variance or standard deviation. Results align with prior observations that higher frequencies (~7–8 GHz) produce more pronounced inactivation effects, while lower frequencies exhibit reduced efficacy. The findings underscore the frequency dependence of microwave inactivation mechanisms and highlight the need for further studies at higher frequencies. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00–00, 2025. © 2025 Bioelectromagnetics Society.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146050005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Parameters Attenuates Mechanical Hyperalgesia and Selectively Modulates Inflammatory and Oxidative Markers in a CFA-Induced Inflammatory Pain Mouse Model","authors":"Jennifer Hummel,&nbsp;Rafaela Hardt da Silva,&nbsp;Heloiza dos Santos Baldança,&nbsp;Helena Mafra Martins,&nbsp;Isadora Paravisi,&nbsp;Khiany Mathias,&nbsp;Anita dal Bó Tiscoski,&nbsp;Naíla Maciel Andrade,&nbsp;Daniel Fernandes Martins,&nbsp;Josiel Mileno Mack,&nbsp;Fabricia Petronilho,&nbsp;Franciane Bobinski","doi":"10.1002/bem.70044","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pain poses a global challenge involving sensory, cognitive, and emotional mechanisms, necessitating effective treatments. In this study, we evaluate the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF), a noninvasive low-frequency signal with potential anti-inflammatory effects, in male Swiss mice after a complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation. The aim was to identify the optimal PEMF pulse frequency (5, 50, or 75 Hz) and treatment duration (10, 20, or 30 min) for analgesic effects, assessed by mechanical hyperalgesia, and to investigate peripheral (paw) and central (spinal cord, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex) inflammatory and oxidative responses following CFA administration. Emotion-related behaviors were also assessed; however, CFA did not induce detectable anxiety- or depression-like alterations under the experimental conditions used. The best antihyperalgesic effect was at 75 Hz, particularly with 20 and 30 min of treatment, without affecting paw edema. A 20-min PEMF treatment at 75 Hz reduced TNF levels in the paw and increased SOD enzyme activity in the paw and spinal cord, indicating anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects both peripherally and centrally. These results confirm PEMF's antihyperalgesic effect, identifying 75 Hz and 20 min as optimal parameters. Understanding PEMF mechanisms could lead to new therapeutic targets, improving pain management in patients with inflammatory conditions, and altering the underlying pathological process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146040315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ameliorative Role of Coenzyme Q10 in RF Radiation-Associated Testicular and Oxidative Impairments in a 3.5-GHz Exposure Model","authors":"Hava Bektas,&nbsp;Seval Yildirim,&nbsp;Serife Cakir,&nbsp;Semih Dogu,&nbsp;Fikret Altindag","doi":"10.1002/bem.70043","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigated the biological effects of GSM-modulated 3.5 GHz radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field exposure on male reproductive function and evaluated the potential protective role of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Twenty-eight adult male Wistar rats were allocated into four groups: Control, RF, CoQ10, and RF + CoQ10. Animals were exposed to RF for 2 h/day over 30 days, while CoQ10 was administered intraperitoneally at 10 mg/kg/day. Hormonal (testosterone, LH, FSH), biochemical (MDA, GSH, TAS, TOS), and histopathological assessments were performed. Specific absorption rate (SAR) simulations estimated a whole-body SAR of  0.16995 W/kg and a testis-specific SAR of 0.02669 W/kg. RF exposure significantly reduced testosterone, LH, and FSH levels, increased MDA and TOS concentrations, and induced degenerative changes in testicular histology. CoQ10 treatment partially ameliorated these alterations by restoring testosterone and TAS levels and reducing tissue damage. These results indicate that even low-SAR GSM-modulated 3.5 GHz RF exposure may negatively impact male reproductive health, and CoQ10 supplementation may confer partial protective effects. Because the exposure consisted of a GSM-modulated waveform, the results cannot be extrapolated to FR1 5G NR signals used in real communication systems. Further studies are needed to clarify mechanisms and assess biological relevance under real-world exposure conditions. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00–00, 2026. © 2026 Bioelectromagnetics Society.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146040361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RF-EMF Risk Perception and Trust in Radiation Protection Authorities: A Comparative Study on Precautionary Information in Germany and Greece","authors":"Marie Eggeling-Böcker,&nbsp;Efthymios Karabetsos,&nbsp;Maria Christopoulou,&nbsp;Sarah C. Link,&nbsp;Ferdinand Abacioglu,&nbsp;Christoph Boehmert","doi":"10.1002/bem.70042","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates how different types of precautionary information affect risk perception and trust in national radiation protection authorities regarding radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from mobile communications, with a specific focus on 5G networks. A total of 2169 participants (1040 in Germany, 1129 in Greece) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) basic information, (2) simple precautionary information regarding possibilities to reduce personal RF-EMF exposure while using a mobile phone, and (3) conceptual precautionary information, including an explanation distinguishing “precaution” from “prevention” (1 × 3 factorial design). Contrary to the expectation that simple precautionary messages lead to higher risk perception and lower trust compared to basic messages, this was only the case for general conditional risk perception assuming that no precautions are taken, but not for affective risk perception, trust, or general conditional risk perception assuming that precautions are taken. Notably, providing a more elaborate explanation of the precaution/prevention distinction did not decrease risk perception or increase trust compared to giving simple precautionary information only, and even increased risk perception compared to basic information. This suggests limited benefit in emphasizing this conceptual nuance of precaution. Considering other variables, precautionary information increased feelings of self-efficacy and perception of message consistency. The findings reveal significant country differences: Greek participants reported higher perceived risks and lower trust than German participants. Gender differences also emerged, with women expressing higher risk perception and less trust than men. In contrast to the previous literature, the results suggest that precautionary information concerning personal mobile phone use can be communicated without leading to higher public concern about RF-EMF exposure from mobile communications. However, we found some evidence that adding conceptual explanations to precautionary information leads to higher risk perception. The results also show that considering sociocultural and individual differences in risk communication can be relevant. Possible explanations for the findings and implications for risk communicators are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12777509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145910370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classification of Cancer Tissue With Machine Learning Algorithms Using Microwave Datasets","authors":"Rabia Toprak,&nbsp;Huseyin Duysak,&nbsp;Zeliha Esin Celik,&nbsp;Giovanni Maria Sardi","doi":"10.1002/bem.70039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The global incidence of cancer-related diseases and mortality continues to rise, making early and accurate diagnosis crucial for effective treatment. A key step in cancer treatment is the identification and removal of tumorous tissue, which is subsequently analyzed through pathological examinations. However, traditional pathology reports can take several weeks or even months to be processed. To expedite diagnosis, this study employs microwave measurement techniques to distinguish between healthy and cancerous colon tissue samples. The free-space measurement method is selected due to its suitability for evaluating sensitive pathological tissues. Measurements are conducted across 201 points within the 18–26 GHz frequency range, capturing the scattering parameters of various tissue types. Based on these measurements, four distinct datasets are created, incorporating features such as reflection coefficients, transmission coefficients, and frequency values. Three widely used classification algorithms—<i>k</i>-nearest neighbors (KNNs), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and Support Vector Machines (SVMs)—are evaluated for their performance on these datasets. The highest classification accuracy is achieved using the KNN algorithm on the dataset containing both reflection and transmission coefficients, along with measurement frequency. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00–00, 2025. © 2025 © 2025 Bioelectromagnetics Society.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145904873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different Orientations Moderate Static Magnetic Fields Prevent Bone Loss and Improve the Mechanical Properties in Ovariectomized Mice","authors":"Shenghang Wang,&nbsp;Jianbin Chen,&nbsp;Huiru Wang,&nbsp;Chao Cai,&nbsp;Weihao Ren,&nbsp;Junyu Liu,&nbsp;Yawei Hu,&nbsp;Ming Gong,&nbsp;Zhaoyu Liu,&nbsp;Zengfeng Guo,&nbsp;Peng Shang,&nbsp;Hao Zhang","doi":"10.1002/bem.70037","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Various studies have indicated that moderate static magnetic fields (MMFs) could inhibit bone loss and facilitate bone fracture healing. The biological effects of static magnetic fields vary depending on their orientation. Herein, we investigated the effects of MMF in different orientations on bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. The OVX mice were exposed to 20–100 mT MMFs with magnetic field lines oriented in the N-upward and S-upward directions for 8 weeks, respectively. Then, the bone mass, microarchitecture, mechanical properties, and turnover markers were evaluated. The results showed that both N-upward and S-upward MMFs exposure prevented the decrease of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) induced by OVX, improved the bone microstructure, and enhanced the bone mechanical properties. The serum bone formation markers propeptide of type I procollagen (P1NP) and osteocalcin (OCN) have been increased by MMFs exposure, while bone resorption marker beta-isomer of the C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX) has been decreased by MMFs exposure in OVX mice. Meanwhile, MMFs exposure decreased osteoclast distribution on the surface of trabecular bone and cortical bone. N-upward MMF exposure increased osteoblast number per bone surface (N.Ob/BS) in trabecular bone. Moreover, mice under N-upward orientation MMFs exposure exhibited higher stiffness, elastic modulus, and total energy absorption in terms of tibial mechanical properties compared to S-upward orientation MMFs exposure. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that 20–100 mT MMFs exposure with different orientations suppressed the ovariectomized-induced bone loss and mechanical properties degradation in mice, and the N-upward MMFs hold superior effects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145803027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a Planetary Health Impact Assessment Framework: Exploring Expert Knowledge and Artificial Intelligence for a RF-EMF Exposure Case-Study","authors":"Magdalini Stefanopoulou,&nbsp;Tabea S. Sonnenschein,&nbsp;Florence Poulletier de Gannes,&nbsp;Simon Scheider,&nbsp;Roel Vermeulen,&nbsp;Martin Röösli,&nbsp;Anke Huss","doi":"10.1002/bem.70038","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While recent WHO systematic reviews have comprehensively assessed the direct health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure, its potential indirect impacts on human health via ecosystem disruption remain unstudied. Therefore, we propose a Planetary Health Impact Assessment (PHIA) approach, which incorporates both direct and ecologically mediated pathways. Developing the underlying framework requires a method for organizing and visualizing complex, interdisciplinary knowledge. This study explores an approach for constructing a PHIA framework in the form of knowledge graphs (KGs). Using RF-EMF exposure from mobile telecommunication technologies as a case study, we developed an expert-based KG in collaboration with 12 specialists. We further evaluated the potential of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based tool, incorporating Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Deep Learning, to extract relevant information from scientific literature and generate KGs to explore ways to enhance the expert-based approach. Experts developed and visualized jointly the hypothesized pathways linking RF-EMF exposure to direct health effects on organisms and indirect effects on human health through ecological consequences. The AI tool quickly processed large volumes of literature and visualized it into KGs with varied structures but required extensive expert validation due to limitations in precision and context sensitivity. The expert-based KG can serve as organizer of the available knowledge and as a first step in PHIA development. While AI tools offer potential for exploratory analysis, they currently require substantial human oversight and cannot replace expert judgment. The resulting KGs also identified possible gaps in the scientific literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12715659/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145779767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conceptualization and Realization of a Vibrating Intrinsic Reverberation Chamber for Plant Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields","authors":"Lukas Oppermann,&nbsp;Matthias Weidemeier,&nbsp;Cay Christin Schäfer,&nbsp;Yan Naing Win,&nbsp;Michaela S. Matthes","doi":"10.1002/bem.70036","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.70036","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increasing use of mobile communication devices and wireless data transfer leads to public concerns about potential negative impacts on the living world, resulting from the emitted radio frequency-electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). In order to provide knowledge-based information on how RF-EMF might affect biological organisms, well-controlled studies are needed, where the actual electric field parameters are monitored over time and at the location of the tested organisms. Such controlled studies are scarce, particularly regarding the assessment of potential effects of RF-EMF on plant growth and health. Here, we report the implementation of a vibrating intrinsic reverberation chamber (VIRC) inside a walk-in plant growth chamber for controlled RF-EMF studies on plants. The designed VIRC functions as a mode-stirred reverberation chamber and allows real-time monitoring of the electric field over the entire time of plant exposure within a defined working volume where the plants are placed. We demonstrate that the electric field inside the designed VIRC is stable and statistically uniform, that is, spatially homogeneous and isotropic, over multiple exposure times, various field strengths, and when loaded with different plant species. Therefore, it is a suitable setup for controlled experiments assessing the effects of RF-EMF on plants. Using the VIRC, we show that repeated short-term exposures (30 min) of rose cuttings to RF-EMF (900 MHz, 5 V/m) do not affect shoot growth or leaf development compared to sham exposure (0 V/m). The VIRC was designed for a frequency of 900 MHz and electric field strength ranging from 0 to 40 V/m. The concept, however, can be adapted to different RF-EMF exposure requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12703826/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145754679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of Bone Metabolic Balance by Electromagnetic Fields as a Novel Strategy for Osteoporosis Treatment","authors":"Jian Zhou,&nbsp;Ke-ming Chen,&nbsp;Zhuo Li","doi":"10.1002/bem.70035","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass and the deterioration of bone microarchitecture, which collectively increase bone fragility and fracture risk. The condition primarily arises from a metabolic imbalance in which bone resorption outstrips bone formation, leading to a net decrease in bone mass. Current pharmacological treatments, such as bisphosphonates and hormone replacement therapy, are limited by side effects and high costs. In contrast, electromagnetic fields (EMFs) represent a non-invasive and cost-effective physical intervention that has shown promise in promoting bone formation and slowing the progression of OP. This review summarizes current findings on the mechanisms by which EMFs influence bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, and discusses challenges in clinical translation, including parameter optimization and mechanistic complexity. Future research should focus on establishing standardized protocols and leveraging advanced technologies to fully realize the therapeutic potential of EMFs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145740278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}