Bioelectromagnetics最新文献

{"title":"Advances in Female Chest Modeling: Enhanced 3D Dosimetric Models Across Two Illustrative Scenarios","authors":"Noemi Dolciotti,&nbsp;Simona D'Agostino,&nbsp;Micol Colella,&nbsp;Francesca Apollonio,&nbsp;Micaela Liberti","doi":"10.1002/bem.70034","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Image-based virtual human models are crucial for accurately assessing electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. However, conventional 3D female models often inadequately represent the chest area, particularly the natural shape of the breast, due to limitations in imaging posture. This study presents a novel methodological approach to generate anatomically realistic female models, addressing a critical gap in EMF exposure simulation of female chest. We developed an improved breast model with natural upright geometry and integrated it into an existing whole-body virtual human. This enhanced model was tested in two representative exposure scenarios, radiofrequency plane wave and low-frequency magnetic stimulation, to evaluate the dosimetric impact of realistic upright breast anatomy. Our results reveal significant differences in localized field distributions compared to conventional models, underscoring the importance of anatomical accuracy in EMF simulations. These findings have broader implications for exposure assessment in regulatory, occupational, and clinical contexts, supporting the need for more anatomically faithful modeling in computational dosimetry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145586214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Measurement-Based Assessment of Downlink RF-EMF Exposure in Urban Environments: Multi-Method Analysis and Intercomparison","authors":"Shanshan Wang,&nbsp;Yarui Zhang,&nbsp;Yukun Liu,&nbsp;Jiang Liu,&nbsp;Emmanuelle Conil,&nbsp;Ourouk Jawad,&nbsp;Theodoros Samaras,&nbsp;Lamine Ourak,&nbsp;Joe Wiart","doi":"10.1002/bem.70033","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a comprehensive measurement-based assessment of radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure level in a French city. Three types of assessment methods are used to collect measurement data: drive test (DT), spot measurements, and sensor networks. The DT measurements were conducted by a portable spectrum analyzer, i.e., Tektronix RSA 306B, connected to a 3-axis antenna mounted on the roof of the vehicle. DT system continuously recorded frequency-dependent electric field (E-field) values on a pre-defined outdoor route. The spot measurements were done in the same region, covered by DT, with both broadband and frequency-selective systems. Additionally, 19 sensors were installed on streetlamps in the same part of the city to measure the broadband E-field level. The overall statistical analysis on raw data shows good agreement on RF-EMF exposure level from three types of measurements. Then a distance-based moving average method was carried out to remove the random noise in the DT data, where the optimized window size is explored using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The smoothed DT data show a good correlation with nearby spot measurement values, as well as with base station antenna (BSA) density. Specific fifth-generation (5G) spot measurements, performed with and without traffic-attracting downloads, demonstrate the impact of beamforming on exposure levels in 5G new radio (NR) bands. Then spot measurements were used to build the exposure map using the kriging method, where the kriging prediction from the trained model is further compared with DT. Furthermore, the temporal variations observed in the sensor network were analyzed in relation to distance from the nearest BSA, revealing an inverse proportional relationship between E-field level and proximity to the nearest BSA. This study shows good reliability in assessing the RF-EMF exposure level using different systems. The advantages and limitations of different systems are also demonstrated by performing the intercomparison between data sets.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.70033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145501762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure Variability Between 1- or 6-Minute and 30-Minute Averaging Time Lengths in Radiofrequency-Electromagnetic Field Exposure Monitoring","authors":"Chhavi Raj Bhatt,&nbsp;Stuart Henderson,&nbsp;Masoumeh Sanagou,&nbsp;Sarah Loughran","doi":"10.1002/bem.70030","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Different averaging time lengths (ATLs) are widely used in radiofrequency-electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure monitoring. This study evaluated variability in RF-EMF exposure associated with the ATLs of 1- and 6-min normalised to 30-min data. For 15 frequency bands of interest, RF-EMF exposures were collected in contiguous 1-min blocks over 30 min at four sites (two outdoor and two indoor). Frequency-band and site-specific variability in exposure between the three ATLs was assessed. First, the variability in terms of relative deviation (in dB) between 1- or 6-min and 30-min were estimated. Second, the overall exposure variability (in μW/m²) were compared between 1- or 6-min and 30-min blocks statistically using the quantile regression method. The overall exposure variability on ATL of 1-min or 6-min was considered different to 30-min if a majority of respective sub-pair comparisons across different percentiles (<i>P</i>_<i>5</i>, <i>P</i>_<i>25</i>, <i>P</i>_<i>50</i>, <i>P</i>_<i>75</i>, <i>P</i>_<i>95</i>) were significantly different. The study largely showed that the exposure variability (i.e., relative deviation) of different ATLs was within +/− 3 dB. Further, the overall exposure variability between 1- or 6-min and 30-min ATLs showed inconsistent outcomes. Frequency bands of broadcast and most of the mobile services &lt; 2 GHz demonstrated overall similar exposure variability for 1-min and 6-min ATLs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain Tumor and Mobile Phone Risk Among Young People: Analysis of Japanese People Using the MOBI-Kids International Case-Control Study","authors":"Noriko Kojimahara,&nbsp;Kosuke Kiyohara,&nbsp;Yasuto Sato,&nbsp;Kanako Wake,&nbsp;Masao Taki,&nbsp;Gemma Castano-Vinyals,&nbsp;Naohito Yamaguchi,&nbsp;The Study Group of MOBI-Kids Japan","doi":"10.1002/bem.70032","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigated the association between mobile phone use and brain tumors in young people aged 10–29 years, specifically within the Japanese population. Building upon the international MOBI-Kids study, this Japanese case-control study included 120 brain tumor patients and 360 controls treated in the Kanto area, broadening the age range and including all primary brain tumors, unlike the international study. The data were evaluated using unconditional logistic regression, both unadjusted and adjusted for age and sex, with respect to the duration and intensity of mobile phone use. The analysis accounted for differences in the output power of various mobile phone generations prevalent in Japan, particularly the high-output 2G PDC system. Despite this rigorous exposure modeling, the study found no increased risk of brain tumors associated with mobile phone use, even when factoring in the weighted power output. The findings align with other recent international studies that also report no causal association. While acknowledging limitations such as potential recall bias and a relatively small sample size for sub-analyses, the study's strengths include its expanded age range and a realistic assessment of Japanese mobile phone usage patterns. Due to the ever-changing exposure conditions from wireless technology, further studies are needed to address their relation to young people's health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145443904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Definition and Validation of an Exposure Measurement Method for a Typical Load of a Base Station","authors":"Anna-Malin Schiffarth,&nbsp;Tam Julian Ta,&nbsp;Christian Bornkessel,&nbsp;Lisa-Marie Schilling,&nbsp;Matthias Hein,&nbsp;Dirk Heberling","doi":"10.1002/bem.70029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the context of risk communication in mobile radio, a discussion has emerged whether exposure at common load of a base station should be presented in addition to the theoretical maximum, especially with 5G massive-MIMO. However, a reproducible measurement method for instantaneous exposure independent of the utilization of the cell has yet to be developed. To fill this gap, 10 mobile phone use cases were identified, the corresponding data rates were measured and categorized into low (20 Mbps), medium (200 Mbps), and high (600 Mbps) data rates to generate a typical base station load. A measurement method was developed, using iPerf on a user equipment to generate the data rates at a measurement point, while a channel power measurement is used to determine the exposure of all mobile radio services installed. The method was validated at four base stations, considering various factors such as reproducibility in relation to the number of users in the cell, averaging time, and application buffering. The results show the reliability of the method across different times of day and base station loads and that averaging over 30 sweeps provides reproducible exposure results. Consequently, this study presents a validated approach for measuring typical instantaneous exposure in real-world mobile network conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.70029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145406578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cohort Study on Alzheimer's Disease in Relation to Residential Magnetic Fields From Indoor Transformer Stations","authors":"Anu Liimatainen,&nbsp;Päivi Roivainen,&nbsp;Jukka Juutilainen,&nbsp;Anne Höytö,&nbsp;Jonne Naarala","doi":"10.1002/bem.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Meta-analyses of epidemiological studies have suggested that Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be linked with exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF). This is the first study investigating the association of AD with exposure to residential ELF MFs from indoor transformer stations, using a study design that avoids shortcomings of previous studies. All cohort members had lived in buildings with indoor transformer stations. MF exposure was assessed based on the location of their apartment in relation to the transformer room. AD patients were identified from Drug Purchase Register and Drug Reimbursement Register. Out of the 155,562 individuals, 5652 (111,357 person-years of follow-up) living in apartments next to transformer stations were considered as exposed, while 115,772 (2,289,526 person-years of follow-up) individuals living on higher floors of the same buildings were considered as referents. Associations between MF exposure and AD were examined using Cox proportional hazard models. The hazard ratio (HR) was 1.02 (95% confidence interval: 0.85–1.22), indicating that the risk of AD is not associated with residential ELF MFs present in apartments next to transformer stations. The duration of residence did not essentially change the HR. The risk of AD was slightly but not statistically significantly higher (HR 1.22, 95% confidence interval: 0.94–1.57) for those whose residence started before the age of 50 years. The results did not support positive findings from previous studies that have reported a link between AD and occupational or residential MF exposure. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00–00, 2025.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145407429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Enhance the Directional Migration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells","authors":"Xinping Li,&nbsp;Weikun Li,&nbsp;Jiayuan Ou,&nbsp;Mingsheng Zhang","doi":"10.1002/bem.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Electromagnetic fields (EMF) can promote various types of cell migration, including mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) migration; however, their effects on MSCs polarity and directional migration remain unclear. To investigate whether EMF enhances directional migration at wound edges, we exposed MSCs to EMF and analyzed β-COP (a polarity marker) and γ-tubulin (a centrosome marker) to assess cellular polarity. Migratory behaviors were systematically quantified. Results demonstrated increased β-COP asymmetric redistribution in EMF-treated cells, with β-COP localizing anterior to the nucleus and γ-tubulin accumulating in cortical regions at wound margins. Importantly, EMF significantly improved the directional persistence of MSCs migration toward wounds compared to controls. These findings indicate that EMF specifically enhances MSCs directional migration through polarity regulation, advancing our understanding of EMF's therapeutic potential in wound healing and clinical translation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145375179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Simultaneous In-Vitro Exposure to 5G-Modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-Modulated 1.8 GHz Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Neuronal Network Electrical Activity and Cellular Stress in Skin Fibroblast Cells","authors":"Annabelle Hurtier,&nbsp;Lorenza Patrignoni,&nbsp;Anne Canovi,&nbsp;Rosa Orlacchio,&nbsp;Hafsa Tjiou,&nbsp;Florence Poulletier de Gannes,&nbsp;André Garenne,&nbsp;Philippe Lévêque,&nbsp;Delia Arnaud-Cormos,&nbsp;Isabelle Lagroye,&nbsp;Noëlle Lewis,&nbsp;Yann Percherancier","doi":"10.1002/bem.70026","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The widespread deployment of 5G wireless networks alongside existing GSM technologies has increased the need to assess potential biological effects of co-exposure to multiple radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). This study evaluates the in-vitro impact of simultaneous exposure to 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-modulated 1.8 GHz signals on neuronal electrical activity, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cellular stress protein responses in neurons and skin fibroblasts. Primary cortical neurons and human immortalized skin fibroblasts were exposed to RF-EMF at specific absorption rates (SAR) of 1 or 4 W/kg for 15 min or 24 h, respectively. Neuronal activity was analyzed using multi-electrode arrays (MEAs), mitochondrial ROS production was measured using MitoSOX Red, and stress protein activity was assessed using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assays targeting RAS, PML, and HSF1 proteins. The results indicate no significant effects on the mean bursting rate (MBR) or mean firing rate (MFR) of cortical neurons, consistent with previous findings at similar SAR levels. Mitochondrial ROS production in fibroblasts also remained unaffected by RF-EMF co-exposure. BRET assays detected minor variations in the basal activity of RAS and PML and in the maximal efficacy of PMA and As₂O₃ to activate these pathways. However, these effects were small, near the detection threshold, and showed no consistent pattern across different tests or chemical treatments. No change was observed in HSF1 basal activity or responsiveness to MG132. These findings suggest that co-exposure to 5G- and GSM-modulated RF-EMF at SAR levels up to 4 W/kg does not produce conclusive evidence of marked biological effects under the tested conditions. Observed variations, when present, are of low amplitude and likely to fall within the range of experimental variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145306767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Effects of Occupational Noise and Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Oxidative Response in Power Plant Workers","authors":"Sediqeh Jafarimanesh,&nbsp;Hadi Ehsani,&nbsp;Fatemeh Shaki,&nbsp;Mahmood Moosazadeh,&nbsp;Seyed Ehsan Samaei","doi":"10.1002/bem.70027","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Occupational noise and extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) are common in power plants and represent important risk factors that may contribute to oxidative stress. This study examined how simultaneous exposure to these hazards affects oxidative stress biomarkers in workers under real-world conditions. Participants were assigned to one of four exposure groups: Control (C), Noise (N), ELF-EMF (E), or a combined Noise and ELF-EMF group (NE). Occupational noise and ELF-EMF exposures were measured according to ISO 9612 and IEEE Std C95.3.1, respectively. To assess oxidative stress, venous blood samples were collected from all participants, and plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were analyzed using validated biochemical assays. The NE group showed the highest MDA levels, indicating elevated lipid peroxidation compared with controls (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). GSH concentrations were lower in NE relative to controls (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). SOD activity was significantly reduced in both the N and NE groups compared with the control group (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.005). TAC was lowest in the NE group, showing a significant decrease compared with both the control and Noise-only groups (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). While these findings suggest that concurrent exposure to noise and ELF-EMF can influence oxidative stress biomarkers, they do not provide direct evidence to mandate specific workplace monitoring or interventions. Further studies are needed to clarify potential health risks and to guide evidence-based occupational safety measures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145306748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Skin Model From 15 GHz to 110 GHz","authors":"Andreas Christ,&nbsp;Adrian Aeschbacher,&nbsp;Bernadetta Tarigan,&nbsp;Ninad Chitnis,&nbsp;Arya Fallahi,&nbsp;Sven Kühn,&nbsp;Myles Capstick,&nbsp;Niels Kuster","doi":"10.1002/bem.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Compliance testing of wireless devices with absorbed power density (APD) limits requires body models that conservatively reproduce the absorption characteristics of human skin. Previous studies indicate that impedance-matching effects are caused by the stratum corneum (SC) layer. The objective of this study is to develop a single macroscopic dielectric model reproducing absorption of electromagnetic fields by the skin up to 110 GHz. The reflection coefficient of the skin of human volunteers was measured at frequencies of 15 to 43 GHz with open waveguide probes, complementing previous data from 45 to 110 GHz. The measurements were made at various regions of the body. The statistical analysis of the results shows that the reflection coefficient in dB follows normal distribution in regions with thin SC, which permits the development of a conservative skin model. In regions with thick SC, for example, the palms, the reflection coefficient is not normally distributed because the thickness of the SC depends on the mechanical stress the hands are exposed to. The measured data allow the derivation of dispersive two-layer models representing absorption and reflection at the skin surface with known uncertainty. The models can be used to conservatively demonstrate compliance with the APD limits of wireless devices in any of the 5G and 6G bands.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145224427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}